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A gas chromatography-electron ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (GC-EI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for determination of the major metabolites of zolpidem, zolpidem phenyl-4-carboxylic acid (ZPCA) and zolpidem 6-carboxylic acid (ZCA) in human hair. The sample preparation procedure involves decontamination, mechanical pulverization, incubation, extraction and purification prior to instrumental analysis. The extracts were derivatized using hexafluoroisopropanol and heptafluorobutyric anhydride and analyzed by GC-EI-MS/MS. The linear ranges were 8-100 pg/mg for ZPCA and 16-200 pg/mg for ZCA, with the correlation coefficients >0.997. The limits of detection were 1.8 pg/mg for ZPCA and 1.7 pg/mg for ZCA. The recoveries ranged from 77.6 to 111.7%. The intra- and inter-day precisions were within 16.9 and 11.7%, while intra- and inter-day accuracies were -7.0-8.7 and -2.8-7.8%, respectively. The developed method was applied for the analysis of forensic hair samples obtained from suspected zolpidem abusers and the following concentration ranges were monitored: ZPCA 11.9-35.9 pg/mg and ZCA 16.6-21.8 pg/mg. The method proved to be suitable for picogram-level determination of ZPCA and ZCA in human hair.

Benzodiazepines and zolpidem are generally prescribed as sedative, hypnotics, anxiolytics or anticonvulsants. These drugs, however, are frequently misused in drug-facilitated crime. Therefore, a rapid and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for identification and quantification of benzodiazepines, zolpidem and their metabolites in urine using deuterium labeled internal standards (IS). Urine samples (120 μL) mixed with 80 μL of the IS solution were centrifuged. An aliquot (5 μL) of the sample solution was directly injected into the LC-MS/MS system for analysis. The mobile phases consisted of water and acetonitrile containing 2mM ammonium trifluoroacetate and 0.2% acetic acid. The analytical column was a Zorbax SB-C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm, Agilent). The separation and detection of 18 analytes were achieved within 10 min. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges of 0.5-20 ng/mL (zolpidem), 1.0-40 ng/mL (flurazepam and temazepam), 2.5-100 ng/mL (7-aminoclonazepam, 1-hydroxymidazolam, midazolam, flunitrazepam and alprazolam), 5.0-200 ng/mL (zolpidem phenyl-4-carboxylic acid, α-hydroxyalprazolam, oxazepam, nordiazepam, triazolam, diazepam and α-hydroxytriazolam), 10-400 ng/mL (lorazepam and desalkylflurazepam) and 10-100 ng/mL (N-desmethylflunitrazepam) with the coefficients of determination (r(2)) above 0.9971. The dilution integrity of the analytes was examined for supplementation of short linear range. Dilution precision and accuracy were tested using two, four and ten-folds dilutions and they ranged from 3.7 to 14.4% and -12.8 to 12.5%, respectively. The process efficiency for this method was 63.0-104.6%. Intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 11.8% and 9.1%, while intra- and inter-day accuracies were less than -10.0 to 8.2%, respectively. The lower limits of quantification were lower than 10 ng/mL for each analyte. The applicability of the developed method was successfully verified with human urine samples from drug users (n=21). Direct urine sample injection and optimized mobile phases were introduced for simple sample preparation and high-sensitivity with the desired separation.

A simple and rapid GC-MS method has been developed for the screening and quantification of many illicit drugs and their metabolites in human urine by using automatic SPE and trimethylsilylation. Sixty illicit drugs, including parent drugs and their metabolites that are possibly abused in Korea, can be monitored by this method. Among them, 24 popularly abused illicit drugs were selected for quantification. Very delicate optimizations were carried out in SPE, trimethylsilylation derivatization, and GC/MS to enable such remarkable achievements. Trimethylsilylated analytes were well separated within 21 min by GC-MS. In the validation results, the LOD of all the analytes were in the range of 2-75 ng/mL. The LOQ of the quantified analytes were in the range of 5-98 ng/mL. The linearity (r(2)) of the quantified analytes ranged 0.990-1.000 in each concentration range between 10 and 1000 ng/mL. The mean recoveries ranged from 62 to 126% at three different concentrations of each analyte. The inter-day and inter-person accuracies were within -13.3 approximately 14.9%, and -10.1 approximately 13.0%, respectively, and the inter-day and inter-person precisions were less than 12.9%. The method was reliable and efficient for the screening and quantification of abused illicit drugs in routine urine analysis.

An analytical method was developed for evaluating the cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol, (CBN), and \gD9-tetrahydrocannabinol (\gD9-THC) level in human hair using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). hair samples (50 mg) were washed with isopropyl alcohol and cut into small fragments ( 0.9989). The intra-day precision and accuracy ranged from −9.4% to 17.7%, and the inter-day precision and accuracy ranged from −15.5% to 14.5%, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) for CBD, CBN, and \gD9-THC were 0.005, 0.002, and 0.006 ng/mg, respectively. The applicability of this method of analyzing the hair samples from cannabis abusers was demonstrated.

Gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometric (GC-HRMS) method is presented for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of methamphetamine (MA) and its major metabolite, amphetamine (AMP), in human hair. The method procedure involves decontamination of hair with distilled water and acetone, acidic hydrolysis and extraction in the presence of the internal standard, and GC-HRMS selective ion monitoring (SIM) analysis. The limits of detection (LOD) were 9 pg/mg for MA and 21 pg/mg for AMP using a 30-mg hair sample, and the SIM responses were linear with coefficients of correlation ranged from 0.9998 to 0.9999. The recoveries were found to be 91.1-92.3%. By using HRMS (resolution of 5000), detection sensitivity is improved because of the elimination of the biological background, and the LODs for MA and AMP were 2.4-4.4 times lower than those of low-resolution MS. The GC-HRMS method was successfully applied to the analysis of cosmetically treated hair, which is difficult to analyze with the conventional method.

An analytical method has been developed for determination of dextromethorphan (DMP) and dextrorphan (DRP) in human hair by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Hair samples (30 mg) were washed with distilled water and acetone and cut into small fragments ( 0.9995) for the drugs studied. The applicability of the method was proven by analysis of authentic hair samples.

An analytical method was developed for evaluating the cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) level in human hair using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hair samples (50 mg) were washed with isopropyl alcohol and cut into small fragments (1 mm). After adding a deuterated internal standard, the hair samples were incubated in 1.0 M NaOH for 10 min at 95 degrees C. The analytes from the resulting hydrolyzed samples were extracted using a mixture of n-hexane-ethyl acetate (75:25, v/v). The extracts were then evaporated, derivatized, and injected into the GC-MS. The recovery ranges of CBD, CBN, and delta9-THC at three concentration levels were 37.9-94.5% with good correlation coefficients (r20.9989). The intra-day precision and accuracy ranged from -9.4% to 17.7%, and the inter-day precision and accuracy ranged from -15.5% to 14.5%, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) for CBD, CBN, and delta9-THC were 0.005, 0.002, and 0.006 ng/mg, respectively. The applicability of this method of analyzing the hair samples from cannabis abusers was demonstrated.