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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent and has devastating consequences for college students. Online counseling (OC) may be a way to decrease barriers to help. This study seeks to determine openness to OC compared to face-to-face counseling (F2F) by examining: (1) How openness to OC varies depending on college students' personal and IPV characteristics and (2) How these characteristics vary compared to college non-IPV survivors. Two linear regressions were conducted using a sample from a cross sectional survey. First with the entire sample of college students (

The study examined the effect of community environments, such as community cohesion, community safety, and community poverty, in childhood on the likelihood of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization in young adulthood. The study used the cross-sectional survey data of 2,082 college students collected in 2016–2017 from six universities in the U.S. and the data for the childhood community environment from the 2007–2011 American Community Survey. Hierarchical regressions were performed separately by gender to 1) assess the effects of community factors in addition to individual factors for IPV perpetration and victimization, and to 2) identify the interaction effect of community cohesion with community poverty on IPV perpetration and victimization. Community factors of community cohesion and community poverty were significantly correlated to different types of IPV. For IPV perpetration, only community cohesion was significant for, the interaction effect between community cohesion and poverty showed that higher community cohesion lowered the risk of community poverty on later IPV perpetration in both genders. For IPV victimization, only female students were affected by community poverty, whereas none of the community factors had an impact on male students. The findings imply the significance of early interventions and policies strengthening the community environment, especially community cohesion, for preventing IPV. The findings also suggest that assessing risk and protective factors on IPV in multiple contexts during childhood is important to develop effective programs preventing IPV.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical treatment for male survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) who deal with depression, anxiety, stress, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Secondary data was used in the study, and a one-group pretest-posttest design was employed to compare pretest (n = 346) with posttest (n = 91) scores. The analysis shows statistically significant improvements with respect to depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD after treatment. There was no statistically significant difference between individual and mixed treatment (including group and individual counselling) regarding alleviating mental health symptoms. Despite a lack of statistical difference between treatments, the results confirm that interventions were equally effective in reducing negative mental health symptoms. The study contributes to the generation of evidence-based knowledge for treatment and its ability to reduce negative mental health symptoms for adult male survivors of CSA. It also informs practitioners of the utility of a male-specific treatment modality based on trauma-focused cognitive and behavioral therapies (TF-CBT) and the gender role strain paradigm (GRSP).Key Words: Adult Male Survivors, Childhood Sexual Abuse, Mental Health, Evaluation

Multiple types of childhood adversities are risk factors for dating violence among college-age youth and in turn, dating violence is associated with alcohol use. This work quantitatively examines associations of childhood adversity and dating violence with alcohol use among college students using a cumulative stress approach. Multi-campus surveys were collected from March to December 2016 in four universities across the United States and Canada ( n = 3,710). Latent class analysis identified patterns of childhood adversity and dating violence. Regression analyses investigated the associations of latent class patterns with past year number of drinks, alcohol use frequency, and problematic drinking. Latent class analysis produced seven classes: “low violence exposure” (18.5%), “predominantly peer violence” (28.9%), “peer violence and psychological child abuse” (10.8%), “peer and parental domestic violence” (9.9%), “peer and psychological dating violence” (17%), “peer and dating violence” (6.6%), and “childhood adversity and psychological dating violence” (8.3%). Compared to the “low violence exposure” group, “peer and psychological dating violence” ( B = .114, p < .05), “peer and dating violence” ( B = .143, p < .05), and “childhood adversity and psychological dating violence” ( B = .183, p < .001) groups were significantly associated with problematic drinking. Results highlight how childhood adversity and dating violence contribute to problematic alcohol use, suggesting interventions that address both childhood adversity and dating violence may be most effective at reducing alcohol misuse among college students.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health issue. Almost one third of college students in the U.S. experience IPV victimization. However, existing studies have focused primarily on college students without disabilities with little to no attention to college students with disabilities. In addition, few studies have explored the patterns of help-seeking and the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and IPV victimization among college students with disabilities. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of IPV victimization, ACEs, and help-seeking, the patterns of survivors’ help-seeking behaviors, and the relationship between ACEs and IPV victimization. Data from a cross-sectional online survey, which was conducted with samples from six universities in the U.S. and Canada (N = 3,308) between March 2016 and June 2017, were used. Descriptive bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. The results show clear evidence that compared to college students without disabilities, college students with disabilities experienced higher rates of IPV victimization and ACEs. In addition, 42% of the survivors with disabilities sought some sort of support and they sought more formal support than their counterparts without disabilities. Furthermore, the associations between ACEs and IPV victimization among college students with disabilities were substantial after controlling for other risk factors. Specific, targeted university policies and programs as well as increased investment in programs that prevent ACEs are urgently needed to reduce violence against college students with disabilities.

In a delegate authentication, a user can lend his/her own authentication data to the third parties to let them be authenticated instead of himself/herself. The user authentication schemes based on the memory of unique data such as password, are vulnerable to this type of attack. Biometric authentication could minimize the risk of delegate authentication since it uses the biometric data unique by each person. Group authentication scheme is used to prove that each group member belongs to the corresponding group. For applications such as an electronic voting or a mobile meeting where the number of group members is changing dynamically, a new group authentication method is needed to reflect the status of group in real time. In this paper, we propose biometric authentication based dynamic group signature scheme. The proposed scheme is composed of biometric key generation, group public key creation, group signature generation, group signature verification and member update protocols. The proposed member update protocol is secure against colluding attacks of existing members and could reflect group status in real time.

The wisdom contents consists of an ordinary person's ideas and experience. The Wisdom Market [1] is an online business model where wisdom contents are traded. Thus, the general public could do business activities in the Wisdom Market at ease. As the wisdom contents are themselves the thought of persons, there exists many similar or duplicated contents. Existing copyright protection schemes mainly focus on the primary author's right. Thus, it's not appropriate for protecting the contents of Collective Intelligence that requires to protect the rights of collaborators. There should exist a new method to be dynamic capable of combining and deleting rights of select collaborators. In this study, we propose collective copyright authentication scheme suitable for the contents of Collective Intelligence. The proposed scheme consists of collective copyright registration, addition and verification protocols. It could be applied to various business models that require to combine multiple rights of similar contents or to represent multiple authorships on the same contents.

We develop three types of organic–inorganic composite membranes based on a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) to explore the effects of membrane structure on the possible operating current densities of a non-aqueous redox flow battery (RFB) system. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) is selected as a supporting polymer matrix for improving the chemical and thermal stability of the organic–inorganic composite membranes. We also introduce silica nanoparticles (5 wt% of PVdF) into the membranes to ensure the low crossover of active species. The fabrication of SIPN through the addition of glycidyl methacrylate, 4-vinylpyridine, or N-vinylcarbazole enables control of the membrane structure. Depending on monomer type, the membrane structure is determined to be either aliphatic or aromatic in terms of chemical properties and either dense or porous in terms of physical properties. These chemical and physical structures affect the electrochemical properties that correspond to charge/discharge performance and to the range of possible operating current densities. An important requirement is to examine charge/discharge performance at the possible range of operating current densities by using various membrane structures. This requirement is discussed in relation to a proposed design strategy for non-aqueous RFB membranes.

The formation of ion channels is crucial in preparation of high-performance ion exchange membranes. We studied the alignment of ion channels in a desired direction to improve the ion conductivity of a membrane. In this study, sulfonic groups, attached to poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO), were aligned according to the direction of the applied electric field. For the proof-of-concept experiment, the ion channels were aligned on a glass plate under an electric field while drying the polymer solution. The formation of in-plane ion channels was confirmed by polarized ion conductivity, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM). The electrical alignment method was further tested to fabricate an ion exchange membrane with aligned ion channels in the through-plane (thickness) direction, which was then characterized in terms of ion conductivity, transport number, and water uptake. The results show that ion conductivity of the membrane was enhanced up to 12 times without loss of ion selectivity. This study successfully demonstrated an electrical alignment of nanoscale ion channels to increase the ion conductivity of an ion exchange membrane at a given ion exchange capacity.

As social network service (SNS) is set as life friendly service, the knowledge of ordinary individuals is being used in educational arena. That is, collective intelligence is built between students or between students and SNS, not between teachers and student in hierarchical educational situation, and the application plan for collective intelligence has been suggested as a new topic in cluster computing environment. This study suggests social learning platform in a specific way to realize the collective intelligence with the interaction between students, teachers and external helper (using API) in educational filed. In this study social learning platform means the aggregation of specific system that collective intelligence helps individual's creativity realize. This study is expected to help for application, expansion and creative linkage of collective intelligence which is able to use at social education in the future, also help the new relation between students and teachers in cluster computing environment.

aElectrochemistry Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA bIonic Liquids & Electrolytes for Energy Technologies (ILEET) Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA cSchool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea dElectrochemical Materials & Systems (EMS) Group, Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, USA

Most peoples are used to prefer to view the video contents rather than the other contents since the video contents are more easy to understand with both their eyes and ears. As the wide spread use of smartphones, the demands for the contents services are increasing rapidly. To promote the contents business, it`s important to provide security of subscriber authentication and corresponding communication channels through which the contents are delivered. Generally, symmetric key encryption scheme is used to protect the contents in the channel, and the session key should be upadated periodically for the security reasons. In addition, to protect viewing paid contents by illegal users, the proxy authentication should not be allowed. In this paper, we propose biometric based user authentication and one time key generation models. The proposed model is consist of biometric template registration, session key generation and chanel encryption steps. We analyze the difference and benefits of our model with existing CAS models which are made for CATV contents protection, and also provides applications of our model in electronic commerce area.

Teaching research to social work students continues to be the topic of an ongoing dialog within the profession. The literature suggests that some form of a “real-world” or “hands-on” learning opportunity has many benefits for teaching a subject that students often are reluctant to engage in. Using online survey methods, researchers gathered feedback from graduate students and their field supervisors about their experience of completing a field seminar that integrated an agency-based research proposal as part of the course requirement. Although there were limitations to this approach, many of the same benefits of actually implementing research were reported by students who completed only a proposal.

With the wide spread use of smart phones and high-speed networks, the demands for video contents are growing rapidly, for which broad bandwidth is needed. Generally, the client–server model is used to stream video contents to customers. The downside is that the server can be overloaded if the traffic is converged to popular content. In P2P protocol, the client can act as a server, thus the load of the server can be distributed. But, P2P protocol cannot discriminate whether seeders have legal rights of distribution of paid contents. Thus, unsubscribed users can access and play the paid contents. There are too many seeders to apply the server policies, and the seeders are able to join or leave the network autonomically. Thus, for contents business, a hybrid P2P model seems to be best to apply by allowing the index server for management and the seeders for contents distribution. It’s necessary to use PKI certificates to authenticate the seeders to bind them to have legal right of distribution. However, in this case, if seeders are growing rapidly, the work load of PKI authentication may be increased too. The PKI is a static structure where trustful CAs are made by government policy. It’s not easy to reflect the status of dynamic seeder groups, the number of seeders whom the PKI authentication needed is unpredictable and the process of certificate based signing is complex. In addition, the seeder who has not certificate cannot participate in contents distribution. Biometric based signing can replace the role of PKI based signing, as the biometric key is only bound to a specific person, thus the key itself has legal binding forces. We focus on how to stream video contents with safety and efficiency in the hybrid P2P model. Firstly, only subscribed users should be able to join the contents sharing, and the sales and delivery transactions are to be operated with different protocols. Secondly, the distributed authentication is needed to alleviate the work load of signing seeders responsible for contents distribution. Thus, to decrease the traffic converged to the PKI server, in a hybrid P2P based business model, it’s preferable to apply PKI based signing to the seller, and biometric based signing to the seeders. The index server should be able to control the sales and delivery transactions in a static manner, and the seeders should be dynamically grouped and managed. If the trust relationship from the index server to the seeder is established, the trust chain, the delegate signature could be legally accepted. In this study, we propose the biometric signature delegation scheme. The proposed scheme consists of a biometric key generation, signature delegation, signature generation and verification protocols. We also show how our scheme could be applied to distribute the contents in a hybrid P2P networks.

Electrodialysis (ED) has been used for concentration and dilution of salts in aqueous phases. Applications of ED processes are expanded to high purity water production, wastewater treatment, production of acid and base by water splitting, and conversion of chemical energy into electricity through various process integration. The process integration includes ion exchange, electro-adsorption, electrolysis, and microbial fuel cell to enhance the performance of ion removal from process streams or wastewater. In this article, recent development of ED and ion exchange membrane processes integrated with electrochemical and biological devices, that is, water splitting electrodialysis (WSED), continuous electrodeionization (CEDI), membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), reverse electrodialysis (RED), microbial desalination cell (MDC), and their applications are reviewed. Such processes draw attention increasingly due to growing demand for cleaner energy and environment.

The demand for messenger service goes on growing rapidly with widespread use of smartphones. Generally, the smartphone messenger provides group communication functions in which users can make the group and communicate with each other. In the mobile meeting, the attendees can participate in the meeting with use of smartphone messengers wherever they are. To make the mobile meeting put to practical use, the mobility and privacy should be ensured to attendees. To satisfy the mobility requirement, the user which is not belong to the group members should not be able to participate in the meeting. To ensure the privacy requirement, the attendees should have not to repudiate the meeting results. In this study, the mobile meeting authentication scheme is proposed which provides mobility and privacy. The proposed scheme consists of meeting group creation, group key generation, group signature and verification protocols. All attendees should have to participate in the signature verification because it is based on the challenge-response type protocol. Thus, it's not possible to collude with malicious attendees to change the meeting results.

Convergence refers to create a new one by combining the different elements of two or more. Currently convergence has expanded academy, industry and education from the concept of combining heterogeneous inter-technology. The most important key to the convergence in success is to derive ideas for problem solving. However, the idea derivation is done in companies to hire professional people for letting the innovation of corporate planning and new product in most cases. It is hard to get the expected results of convergence’s variety. In this research, the creation of the general public for their ideas is main focus on developing a curriculum. Development models are: 1) strengthening the internal capacity for creative thinking, 2) curriculum meets the consumer 3) an understanding of convergence technology 4) creative ideas and planning ability is composed of four concepts. It is expected that convergence man power having the creative idea is trained in case of applying the proposed education model to the convergence education.

To play the networked video contents in a client's mobile device in real time, the contents should be delivered to it by the contents server with streaming technology. Generally, in a server-client based commerce model, the server is in charge of both the authentication of the paid customer and distribution of the contents. The drawback of it is that if the customers' requests go on growing rapidly, the service quality would be degraded results from the problems of overloaded server or restricted network bandwidth. On the contrary, in P2P based networks, more and more the demand for service increasing, the service quality is upgraded since a customer can act as a server. But, in the P2P based network, there are too many servers to manage, it's possible to distribute illegal contents because the P2P protocol cannot control distributed servers. Thus, it's not suitable for commercial purposes. In this paper, the dymanic group authentication scheme is proposed which is suited to P2P based applications. The proposed scheme consists of group based key generation, key update, signature generation and verification protocols. It can control the seeder's state whether the seeder is joining or leaving the network, and it can be applied to hybrid P2P based commerce model where sales transactions are covered by the index server and the contents are distributed by the P2P protocol.

In this study, we report the relative stabilities of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) comprised of different functional groups. The base membrane was synthesized from vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) that was cross-linked by divinylbenzene (DVB) using a porous polyethylene (PE) substrate, and subsequently quaternized by functional groups including ammonium, diammonium, and phosphonium types. Every synthetic process was confirmed by FTIR spectra, and hydroxide ion conductivity, ion-exchange capacity, and water uptake. For the various functional groups, the membrane stabilities were examined under alkaline and accelerated oxidative conditions. The membranes were found to be reasonably stable under alkaline conditions, whereas the oxidative stability was significantly dependent on the structures of the functional groups. Moreover, an alkaline fuel cell test was performed at 60 °C for selected membranes. Membranes quaternized with trimethylamine (PE-TMA) and triethylamine (PE-TEA) showed the highest power density, while PE-TEA exhibited a higher oxidative stability. Also, the PE-TEA composite membrane was successfully tested for a non-aqueous vanadium redox flow battery.

Anion exchange membranes (PE/VBC) are successfully synthesized by pore-filling a porous polyethylene (PE) substrate with poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride) followed by amination with pyridyl functional groups for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) applications. The membrane crosslinked with 10% of DVB content (PE/VBC(10)), 33 μm in thickness, exhibits a low swelling ratio of 3.4% and a water uptake of 23%. In addition, the vanadium crossover rate of the PE/VBC(10) membrane is lower than Nafion 117 by 48% at a similar electrical area resistance. Electrochemical properties of the PE/VBC membranes are examined in terms of the transport number and migration of ions as well as the electrical area resistance. Transport numbers for anions of the PE/VBC(10) membranes are 0.96 and 0.97 in NaCl and NaOH solutions, respectively. In acidic solutions of HCl and H2SO4, the membrane shows remarkably higher cation transport numbers of 0.20 and 0.72, which imply that the membrane allows high proton permeation and it is advantageous in VRFB operations. Furthermore, the migration of ions reveals reasonably low fluxes of other cations through the anion exchange membrane. Finally, the energy efficiency of the PE/VBC (10) membrane is 90.2%, higher than Nafion 117 by 5.4%.