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Following a recent phylogenetic study, we here review the circumscription of the grammitid fern genus Oreogrammitis (Polypodiaceae: Grammitidoideae). We propose three new genera Calligrammitis, Devolia, and Glabrigrammitis, to accommodate the three clades resolved outside of the core Oreogrammitis. The taxonomic treatment is presented, and the morphology of each new genus is shown with a color plate.

Approximately 14% of all fern species have physiologically active chlorophyllous spores that are much more short-lived than the more common and dormant achlorophyllous spores. Most chlorophyllous-spored species (70%) are epiphytes, and these account for almost 37% of all epiphytic ferns. Chlorophyllous-spored ferns are also overrepresented among species in habitats with waterlogged soils, of which nearly 60% have chlorophyllous spores. Ferns in these disparate habitat types are also united by a low incidence of mycorrhizal associations. We therefore hypothesize that autotrophic chlorophyllous spores represent an adaptation of ferns to habitats with scarce mycorrhizal associations.We evaluated the co-evolution of chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns and their relation to habitat type using phylogenetic comparative methods.Although we did not find support for the co-evolution of the spore type and the mycorrhizal associations, we did find that chlorophyllous spores and the absence of mycorrhizal associations have co-evolved with epiphytic and waterlogged habitats. Transition rates to epiphytic and waterlogged habitats were significantly higher in species with chlorophyllous spores compared to achlorophyllous lineages.Spore type and mycorrhizal associations appear to play important roles in the radiation of ferns into different habitat types. Future work should focus on clarifying the functional significance of these associations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Devolia Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Ralf Knapp, gen. nov. Type: D. orientalis (T.C.Hsu) Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Ralf Knapp ≡ Oreogrammitis orientalis T.C.Hsu, Ferns Fern Allies Taiwan Second Suppl. 44. 2017. (Fig. 3). Etymology —In honor of the late professor Charles E. DeVol (1903–1989) based at NTU for his contributions to oriental botany, especially to the Flora of Taiwan. He was one of the five committee members of Flora of Taiwan and a specialist of pteridophytes. Diagnosis — Devolia differs from other genera of Grammitidoideae by the following combination of characters: rhizomes dorsiventral, not articulated to rhizome, rhizome scales glabrous or with an apical seta, concolorous, stipes absent or very short, fronds not articulated to rhizome, laminae simple, without sclerotic margin, setae present, branched hairs with setae as branches present, veins simple, vein endings with hydathodes present on adaxial surface of lamina, sporangia glabrous. Description —Rhizome scales medium yellowish-brown. Stipes very short or absent. Laminae oblanceolateoblong, apex obtuse, base long-attenuate, margin entire; midrib sometimes slightly prominent and concolorous to slightly darker on abaxial surface, not evident or slightly immersed on adaxial surface; veins extending beyond sori, ending with very evident hydathodes, visible in transmitted light. Sori superficial close to or slightly spaced from midrib in apical 1/6 to 1/2 of lamina, 1–9 in each row, one row each side of midrib. Lamina hairs pale yellowish brown, setae frequent on all parts of lamina, slightly denser at margin and around sori; forked hairs scattered along abaxial surface of midrib and sometimes occasional on other parts of lamina (Knapp & Hsu, 2017). Taxonomy —Currently only one species is known from East Asia.

Glabrigrammitis Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Parris, gen. nov. Type: G. subevenosa (Baker) Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Parris ≡ Polypodium subevenosum Baker, Syn. Fil. (Hooker & Baker) 320.186 7 (Fig. 4). Etymology —Latin glabri-, glabrous, and Grammitis, a genus of ferns, referring to the glabrous sporangia in comparison with the setose sporangia in the most similar genus, Oreogrammitis. Diagnosis — Glabrigrammitis differs from other genera of Grammitidoideae by the following combination of characters: rhizomes dorsiventral, rhizome scales glabrous, concolorous, stipes absent or very short, fronds not articulated to rhizome, laminae simple, without sclerotic margin, setae present, branched hairs with setae as branches present, hairs pale, veins simple or 1-branched, vein endings with hydathodes present on adaxial surface of lamina, sometimes with a white deposit, sporangia glabrous. Glabrigrammitis is similar to Oreogrammitis but differs in having glabrous, rather than setose sporangia. Glabrigrammitis is particularly similar to O. adspersa, but Glabrigrammitis has glabrous sporangia and always has a white deposit on the hydathodes, while the latter has setose sporangia and sometimes has a white deposit on the hydathodes (Parris, 2013). Glabrigrammitis differs from nearly all species of Oreogrammitis in having branched hairs with setae as branches. Description —Rhizomes short creeping. Stipes sometimes with hairs. Laminae linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to acute at apex, margin entire or undulate. lateral veins visible or not transmitted light. Sori circular to elongate, superficial or sunken in lamina, in one row each side of midrib, receptacles sometimes prominent on adaxial surface of lamina. Taxonomy — Oreogrammitis subevenosa was formerly regarded as a synonym of O. adspersa (Copeland 1952, Parris 1983, 2007, 2010) but was later separated from it by Parris (2013). Here we recognize two species in Glabrigrammitis. Glabrigrammitis nuda is distinguished from G. subevenosa by broadly elliptic to elliptic sunken sori versus circular to broadly elliptic superficial sori. The former is endemic to Taiwan Island; the latter is in Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Maluku, New Guinea, and Solomon Islands., Published as part of Yang, Jian-Jun, Parris, Barbara, Knapp, Ralf, Sundue, Michael, Zhang, Li-Bing & Zhou, Xin-Mao, 2023, Circumscription of the grammitid fern genus Oreogrammitis (Polypodiaceae) with the description of three new genera: Calligrammitis, Devolia, and Glabrigrammitis, pp. 28-36 in Phytotaxa 597 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7918770, {"references":["Parris, B. S. (2013) Archigrammitis, a new genus of grammitid fern (Polypodiaceae) from Malesia and Polynesia. Fern Gazette 19: 135 - 138.","Copeland, E. B. (1952) Grammitis. Philippine Journal of Science 80: 93 - 269.","Parris, B. S. (1983) A taxonomic revision of the genus Grammitis Swartz (Grammitidaceae: Filicales) in New Guinea. Blumea 29: 13 - 222.","Parris, B. S. (2007) Five new genera and three new species of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) and the re-establishment of Oreogrammitis. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 58: 233 - 274.","Parris, B. S. (2010) Grammitidaceae. In: Parris, B. S., Kiew, R., Chung, R. C. K., Saw, L. G. & Soepadmo, E. (Eds.) Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, Series I: ferns and lycophytes, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong. pp. 131 - 206."]}

Devolia orientalis (T.C.Hsu) Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Ralf Knapp, comb. nov. Basionym: Oreogrammitis orientalis T.C.Hsu, Ferns Fern Allies Taiwan Second Suppl. 44. 2017. Type: China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, Mt. Shengtang (ShengTangShan), 1800–1900 m, 2 April 2013, T.C.Hsu 6455 (holotype TAIF; isotypes AK, IBK, TAIF, TNM). This species occurs in Taiwan Island, Mainland China (Guangxi), and Japan (Knapp & Hsu, 2017).

Glabrigrammitis subevenosa (Baker) Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Parris, comb. nov. Basionym: Polypodium subevenosum Baker, Syn. Filic. (Hooker & Baker) 320. 1867. Type: [Malaysia] Penang, Mactier s.n. (holotype K001044343!; isotypes E00195211!, 00195212!) ≡ Grammitis subevenosa (Baker) C.Chr. & Tardieu, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 8: 179. 1939 ≡ Oreogrammitis subevenosa (Baker) Parris, Fern Gaz. 19(6): 207. 2013 = Grammitis sessilifolia J.Sm., Hist. Filic. 181. 1875, nom. nov. pro Polypodium sessilifolium Hook., Sp. Filic. 4: 168. 1863 non Liebm. 1849. Type [Malaysia] Malacca, Cuming 382 (lectotype K000784941!; designated here by Parris to replace Cuming 222 K000784942!, selected as lectotype by Parris, 1983; the latter is the specimen illustrated by Hooker, tab. CCLXXII A, but is not listed as a type) = P. malaicum Alderw., Malayan Ferns 577. 1909, nom. nov. pro P. sessilifolium Hook. 1863 non Liebm. 1849 ≡ G. malaica (Alderw.) Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 173. 1939, nom. superfl. pro G. sessilifolia J.Sm. = P. maxwellii Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1893: 221. 1893. Type: Borneo, Sarawak, Mt Gading, 1891, Hose 296 (holotype K000547579!; isotypes E00194230!, SAR! both 1892, but labelled as type by Hose) ≡ G. maxwellii (Baker) Parris, Fern Gaz. 12(2): 118. 1980. This species occurs in Southeast Asia, Malesia, and Solomon Islands., Published as part of Yang, Jian-Jun, Parris, Barbara, Knapp, Ralf, Sundue, Michael, Zhang, Li-Bing & Zhou, Xin-Mao, 2023, Circumscription of the grammitid fern genus Oreogrammitis (Polypodiaceae) with the description of three new genera: Calligrammitis, Devolia, and Glabrigrammitis, pp. 28-36 in Phytotaxa 597 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7918770, {"references":["Parris, B. S. (1983) A taxonomic revision of the genus Grammitis Swartz (Grammitidaceae: Filicales) in New Guinea. Blumea 29: 13 - 222."]}

Calligrammitis havilandii (Baker) Parris, Sundue, Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou & Ralf Knapp, comb. nov. Basionym: Polypodium havilandii Baker, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4(2): 253. 1894. Type: Malaysia. Sabah Kinabalu, March 1892, G.D. Haviland 1438 (holotype K000548235!) ≡ Grammitis havilandii (Baker) Copel., Gen. Filic. 211. 1947) ≡ Radiogrammitis havilandii (Baker) Parris, Gard. Bull. Singapore 58(2): 242. 2007 ≡ Oreogrammitis havilandii (Baker) Parris & Sundue, Phytotaxa 436(1): 48. 2020 = Polypodium multisorum Copel., Philipp. J. Sci., C Bot. 12(1): 61. 1917. Type: [Malaysia, Sabah] Mt Kinabalu, Paka Cave, Topping 1665 (lectotype MICH1190874!; designated by Parris, 1990; isotypes BM!, US!). This species occurs in Malaysia., Published as part of Yang, Jian-Jun, Parris, Barbara, Knapp, Ralf, Sundue, Michael, Zhang, Li-Bing & Zhou, Xin-Mao, 2023, Circumscription of the grammitid fern genus Oreogrammitis (Polypodiaceae) with the description of three new genera: Calligrammitis, Devolia, and Glabrigrammitis, pp. 28-36 in Phytotaxa 597 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7918770, {"references":["Parris, B. S. (1990) Grammitidaceae. In: Kramer, K. U. & Green, P. S. (Eds.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Volume I. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, pp. 153 - 157."]}

Glabrigrammitis nuda (Tagawa) Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Parris, comb. nov. Basionym: Grammitis nuda Tagawa,Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 10(4): 284. 1941. Type: Formosa (Taiwan), Takaio, between Daizyurin and Taito border, Tyosyo-gun, c. 1000 m, 22 January 1939, Tagawa 2092 (holotype KYO!) ≡ Oreogrammitis nuda (Tagawa) Parris, Gard. Bull. Singapore 58(2): 264, 2007. This species is endemic to Taiwan Island.

Calligrammitis Parris, Sundue, Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou & Ralf Knapp, gen. nov. Type: C. beddomeana (Alderw.) Parris, Sundue, Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou & Ralf Knapp ≡ Polypodium beddomeanum Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg sér. 2, 28: 39. 1918 (Fig. 2). Etymology —Greek, calli = beautiful, and Grammitis, a genus of ferns in which both species were previously placed. Diagnosis — Calligrammitis differs from other genera of Grammitidoideae by the following combination of characters: rhizomes radial, rhizome scales absent, stipes present, fronds not articulated to rhizome, laminae simple, without sclerotic margin, sometimes slightly crenulate, setae present, branched hairs with setae as branches present, basally stellate hairs present, veins simple, 1-forked or pinnately branched, hydathodes sometimes present at vein endings on adaxial surface of lamina, sporangia glabrous. Species of Calligrammitis were placed in Radiogrammitis (Parris 2007) and / or Oreogrammitis (Knapp & Hsu 2017, Kuo et al. 2019). More recently Parris & Sundue (2020) synonymized Radiogrammitis with Oreogrammitis. Calligrammitis differs from similar species of Oreogrammitis that lack rhizome scales and sporangial setae by the presence of basally stellate hairs. It is closely related to Prosaptia, which also has branched hairs with setae as branches and lacks sporangial setae, but can be easily distinguished from it by having radial rhizomes without rhizome scales, and superficial sori on the abaxial surface of the lamina, while Prosaptia has dorsiventral rhizomes with stipes articulated to prominent phyllopodia and clathrate ciliate rhizome scales, with sori sunken in marginal pouches or in pits on the abaxial surface of the lamina or superficial on the abaxial surface of the lamina. Description —Lamina narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, or narrowly oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, texture membranous to coriaceous, setae usually of two different lengths; veins visible or not in transmitted light. Sori ± circular to broadly elliptic, superficial, one or more rows on each side of the midrib. Taxonomy — Calligrammitis contains two species in Taiwan Island, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Sri Lanka (Parris et al. 2015, Kuo et al. 2019)., Published as part of Yang, Jian-Jun, Parris, Barbara, Knapp, Ralf, Sundue, Michael, Zhang, Li-Bing & Zhou, Xin-Mao, 2023, Circumscription of the grammitid fern genus Oreogrammitis (Polypodiaceae) with the description of three new genera: Calligrammitis, Devolia, and Glabrigrammitis, pp. 28-36 in Phytotaxa 597 (1) on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7918770, {"references":["Parris, B. S. (2007) Five new genera and three new species of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) and the re-establishment of Oreogrammitis. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 58: 233 - 274.","Knapp, R. & Hsu, T. C. (2017) Ferns and Fern Allies of Taiwan: Second Supplement. KBCC Press, Gaoshu.","Kuo, L. - Y., Hsu, T. - C., Chao, Y. - S., Liou, T. - W., Chang, H. - M., Chen, C. - W., Huang, Y. - M., Li, F. - W., Huang, Y. - F., Shao, W., Lu, P. - F., Chen, C. - W., Chang, Y. - H. & Chiou, W. - L. (2019) Updating Taiwanese pteridophyte checklist: a new phylogenetic classification. Taiwania 64: 367 - 395. https: // doi. org / 10.6165 / tai. 2019.64.367","Parris, B. S. & Sundue, M. A. (2020) The fern genus Oreogrammitis (Grammitidoideae: Polypodiaceae) re-defined. Phytotaxa 436: 45 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 436.1.4","Parris, B. S., Chen, C. - W., Hsu, T. C., Lu, T. N., Nguyen, Q. D. & Luu, H. T. (2015) New species and records of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) for Vietnam. Phytotaxa 226: 039 - 050. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 226.1.4"]}

Calligrammitis beddomeana (Alderw.) Parris, Sundue, Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou & Ralf Knapp, comb. nov. Basionym: Polypodium beddomeanum Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 28: 39. 1918. Type: Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Bogawantalawa, Wall 30 (holotype BO1546078!) ≡ Grammitis beddomeana (Alderw.) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 10: 240. 1941 ≡ Radiogrammitis beddomeana (Alderw.) Parris, Gard. Bull. Singapore 58(2): 241. 2007 ≡ Oreogrammitis beddomeana (Alderw.) T.C.Hsu, Taiwania 64(4): 379. 2019 = Grammitis alepidota M.G.Price, Philipp. Agric. 57: 34. 1973. Type: Philippines, Luzon, Mt Banahaw, Quezon side, just below summit, 2100 m, 28 March 1972 (holotype PNH114298!; isotypes K000009164!, L, US2858242!) ≡ Radiogrammitis alepidota (M.G.Price) Parris, Gard. Bull. Singapore 58(2): 241. 2007. This species occurs in Sri Lanka, Taiwan Island, Southeast Asia and New Guinea., Published as part of Yang, Jian-Jun, Parris, Barbara, Knapp, Ralf, Sundue, Michael, Zhang, Li-Bing & Zhou, Xin-Mao, 2023, Circumscription of the grammitid fern genus Oreogrammitis (Polypodiaceae) with the description of three new genera: Calligrammitis, Devolia, and Glabrigrammitis, pp. 28-36 in Phytotaxa 597 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7918770

Data and maps associated with the paper "Brink of extinction: red list of epiphytes of Colombia". Abstract The IUCN Red List assessments of Colombian flora significantly impact national public policy by informing conservation strategies and prioritizing areas for conservation. However, little is known about the distribution, conservation status, or evolutionary history of most Colombian epiphytes, which prevents the development of strategies aimed at their protection. In this article, we present the results of national assessments of extinction risk for 290 species of vascular epiphyte species from Colombia, including 81 country endemics, using geographic occurrences obtained from GBIF, herbarium specimens, and expert observations and implementing the analysis of habitat quantity and quality. We identify the most common threats facing these taxa and highlight the most at-risk taxa, to identify conservation priorities for epiphytic plants in this megadiverse country. We show that focusing on specific taxonomic groups at the national level is a practical approach for accelerating the assessment process. We suggest continuing working collectively, implementing workshops to share the complete route for an individual or multispecies assessment, and sharing experiences of efforts in several countries since, with a standardized methodology and published evaluations in national and global repositories, we can continue working for the conservation of biodiversity of mega-diverse countries, which its protection is critical to maintaining global biodiversity., This work was made possible with support from a grant from the GBIF Biodiversity Information for Development (grant number BID-CA2020-047-USE) program to The Medellin's Botanical Garden in association with the Humboldt Institute. The Ferns of Colombia Working Group (authors AV, SVB, WT, and MS) were supported by the National Science Foundation of the United States (grant numbers DEB-2045319, DEB-2045325).

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world’s known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend be yond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still un equally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the coun try. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora. Fil: Gomes da Silva, Janaina. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Fil: Filardi, Fabiana L.R. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Barbosa, María Regina de V. Universidade Federal da Paraíba: Joao Pessoa; Brasil Fil: Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: de Mattos Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo. Instituto de Botânica. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Cavalcanti, Taciana. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasil Fil: Coelho, Marcus. Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas; Brasil Fil: Ferreira da Costa, Andrea. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Costa, Denise. 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