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We previously showed that cell-surface CD86 expressed on multiple myeloma (MM) cells contributed to not only tumor growth but also antitumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses mediated by induction of IL-10-producing CD4 + T cells. The soluble form of CD86 (sCD86) was also detected in serum from patients with MM. Thus, to determine whether sCD86 levels are a useful prognostic factor, we investigated the association of serum sCD86 levels with disease progression and prognosis in 103 newly diagnosed patients with MM. Serum sCD86 was detected in 71% of the patients with MM but was only rarely detected in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and healthy controls, and the level was significantly increased in patients with advanced-stage MM. When we examined differences in clinical characteristics according to the level of serum sCD86, those in the high (≥2.18 ng/mL, n = 38) group exhibited more aggressive clinical characteristics, with shorter overall survival times compared with those in the low (<2.18 ng/mL, n = 65) group. On the other hand, it was difficult to stratify the patients with MM into different risk groups based on the expression levels of cell-surface CD86. The levels of serum sCD86 were significantly correlated with the expression levels of the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts of CD86 variant 3, which lack exon 6, resulting in a truncated transmembrane region, and its variant transcripts were upregulated in the high group. Thus, our findings suggest that sCD86 can be easily measured in peripheral blood samples and is a useful prognostic marker in patients with MM., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest Disclosure The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this work., (Copyright © 2023 ISEH -- Society for Hematology and Stem Cells. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We previously showed that the interaction of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on multiple myeloma (MM) cells with PD-1 not only inhibits tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity via the PD-1 signaling pathway but also induces drug resistance via PD-L1-mediated reverse signals. We here examined the regulation of PD-L1 expression by immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and antimyeloma effects of the anti-PD-L1 antibody durvalumab in combination with IMiDs. IMiDs induced PD-L1 expression on IMiD-insensitive MM cells and plasma cells from patients newly diagnosed with MM. Gene-expression profiling analysis demonstrated that not only PD-L1, but also a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), was enhanced by IMiDs. PD-L1 induction by IMiDs was suppressed by using the APRIL inhibitor recombinant B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-Ig, the antibody against BCMA, or an MEK/ERK inhibitor in in vitro and in vivo assays. In addition, its induction was abrogated in cereblon (CRBN)-knockdown MM cells, whereas PD-L1 expression was increased and strongly induced by IMiDs in Ikaros-knockdown cells. These results demonstrated that PD-L1 upregulation by IMiDs on IMiD-insensitive MM cells was induced by (i) the BCMA-APRIL pathway via IMiD-mediated induction of APRIL and (ii) Ikaros degradation mediated by CRBN, which plays a role in inhibiting PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, T-cell inhibition induced by PD-L1-upregulated cells was effectively recovered after combination treatment with durvalumab and IMiDs. PD-L1 upregulation by IMiDs on MM cells might promote aggressive myeloma behaviors and immune escape in the bone marrow microenvironment., (©2021 American Association for Cancer Research.)

The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 3 (SLAMF3) is highly expressed on plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and induces high malignant potential by ERK signaling mediated via the interaction with adaptor proteins SHP2 and GRB2. This study focused on the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the SLAMF3 gene (rs509749, 1804A>G, M602V) in MM. The SNP G allele was a major type, and the frequencies of the GG, GA, and AA genotypes were 61.8%, 29.4%, and 8.8%, respectively, in patients with MM, which was almost the same as in healthy the control group in the Japanese population. Interestingly, patients with GG genotypes had significantly shorter overall survival times than patients with GA/AA genotypes. Consistent with those results, SLAMF3-overexpressing KMS-34 cells with the G allele (V 602 ) had higher cell proliferation potential and were more resistant to anti-MM agents than those with the A allele (M 602 ). When those cells were subcutaneously inoculated into NOG mice, tumor sizes in mice receiving V 602 cells rapidly increased, and survival was significantly shorter than in mice injected with M 602 cells. Furthermore, SLAMF3 V 602 molecules bound more tightly to SHP2 and GRB2, with increased SHP2 and ERK phosphorylation compared with M 602 cells. The mRNA expression of cell cycle-related genes (CCND1 and CCNE1) and anti-apoptotic genes (BCL2L and p21) was increased in V 602 cells compared with M 602 cells. The results thus suggested that the G allele of SLAMF3 SNP rs509749 may be associated with MM disease progression., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest disclosure The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 ISEH -- Society for Hematology and Stem Cells. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

PD-L1 expressed on tumor cells contributes to disease progression with evasion from tumor immunity. Plasma cells from multiple myeloma (MM) patients expressed higher levels of PD-L1 compared with healthy volunteers and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) patients, and its expression is significantly upregulated in relapsed/refractory patients. Furthermore, high PD-L1 expression is induced by the myeloma microenvironment and PD-L1 + patients with MGUS and asymptomatic MM tend to show disease progression. PD-L1 expression on myeloma cells was associated with more proliferative potential and resistance to antimyeloma agents because of activation of the Akt pathway through PD-1-bound PD-L1 in MM cells. Those data suggest that PD-L1 plays a crucial role in the disease progression of MM.