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Background: Although research has been done in the areas of VANET routing protocol performance focusing on highway scenarios, no research has been observed for highway flyovers. This research paper is an effort in this direction to find out the solution for flyover scenario where line of sight is one of the major challenges. Objective: The main objectives of the proposed research paper is to analyze the feasibility of vehicular ad-hoc networks for highway flyover (NCR) Scenario. Further to Compare the performance of an on-demand routing protocols for vehicular ad-hoc networks using VanetMobiSim 2.0 and NS-2 .34 to find out the best one that may be used as the most reliable and efficient ondemand routing protocol. Methods: The prime focus of this paper is to explore the feasibility of VANETs for Highway traffic management over flyovers (NCR) and to analyze & compare possibility of reactive routing protocols AODV, DSR and TORA for VANETs under study. The feasibility of vehicular ad-hoc networks based on live data for Rajiv Chowk on NH- 8 Scenario has been analyzed. The performance of On-demand routing protocols for vehicular Ad-hoc network is compared using VANETMobiSim 2.0 and NS -2.34. Results: The simulation is done for four performance matrices for mentioned reactive routing protocols using VanetMobisim 2.0and NS 2.34. The graphs are plotted for all three protocols to find out the most feasible protocol. Conclusion: It is observed that DSR is most feasible reactive protocols for proposed research on flyover.

Anassortment of wireless mobile nodes with no fixed infrastructure is known as Mobile Adhoc NETwork (MANET). MANETs found its application where quick sharing of data is desired without any fixed infrastructure such as online conferences, emergency search during natural disasters management operations, defense, and online meetings and many more. In MANET all the nodes are permitted to change their geographic locations arbitrarily [3]. These networks have dynamic topology which faces the challenge of limited bandwidth wireless network. This is because of the shared nature of MANET which has limited bandwidth, transmission power, limited range of wireless devices and battery limitation. This paper proposed a new protocol namely SA-Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (SA-DSR).

Classifying this indefinite big data, is computationally intensive as a large amount of data is related with an existential probability of undefined or undetermined values of raw data. Classifying is hindered by a large amount of data from various sources. RVM, a Bayesian formulation of the linear model both for classification and regression, has lately involved a lot of interest in the research community. The paper aims at learning kernelized RVM classifier to evaluate Ebola virus outbreak, using generalization error, intra class separability, missing probability Pi is compared to SVM.RVM relevance impact with other epidemic diseases of Ebola Virus is also compared.

Parkinson's disease is a leading hypokinetic disorder characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of mid-brain. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is considered to be due to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, disturbed calcium homeostasis and glutamate excitotoxicity etc. Spermidine is a polyamine which counteracts age associated cell death by scavenging free radical formation, activates authophagic machinery by enhancing formation of autophagosome, and antagonizes NMDA receptor. In the current study we investigated the neuroprotective potential of spermidine against rotenone induced PD in rats. Rats were treated subcutaneously with rotenone 1.5 mg/kg daily for 28 days. Spermidine 5&10 mg/kg was administered orally 1 h prior to rotenone administration from 15 to 28. Rotenone caused significant reduction in motor functioning and elevated levels of oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines levels (IL-1β, IL6 and TNF-α). The neurochemical analysis revealed a significant decrease in serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and their metabolites accompanied by a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc following ROT injection. However, treatment with spermidine rescued DAergic neurons in SNpc and nerve terminals in the striatum following ROT insult. Spermidine treatment also attenuated oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and restored striatal neurochemistry. Results of our study suggest that spermidine has promising neuroprotective effect against degenerative changes in experimental PD, and the protective effects are mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Cryptography is a form of hiding the text so to increase the security of the information. It can also be defined as the process of converting the valuable information into some form of non-scene information which can be understand able by the sender and the intended receiver only. On the other hand the main purpose of using coding is to reduce the error probability and to increase the efficiency of the channel. There are mainly two types of coding used in every system i.e. source coding and channel coding. On may not confuse between the two coding technique because the purpose of using two technique is very much different as source coding is used to reduce the redundancy while in channel coding redundant bits are being added in known manner to reduce error.

"Big Data" is a term that have jumped overnight from its roots. It can be described as an innovative technique and technology to save, distribute, manage, visualize and analyze larger-sized data with extreme velocity and methods to manage unstructured and structure incapable amount of data. Big data has high capacity to predict conclusion, with low cost consumption, increase efficiency and enhance decision-making in various fields like traffic control, weather prediction, disaster prevention, finance management, fraud control, improve business transaction, control on national security, education improvement, and health care. Analyzing Big Data is a challenging task as it involves large distributed file systems which should be fault tolerant, flexible and scalable. Various technologies can be used to handle the big data. These technologies handle massive amount of data in MB, PB, YB, ZB, KB, and TB.

Ongoing efforts by Health Canada intended to modernize the legislation and regulation of pharmaceuticals will help improve the safety and effectiveness of drug products. It will be imperative to ensure that comprehensive and specialized training sites are available to train researchers to support the regulation of therapeutic products.The objective of this educational institution inventory was to conduct an environmental scan of educational institutions in Canada able to train students in areas of post-market drug evaluation research.A systematic web-based environmental scan of Canadian institutions was conducted. The website of each university was examined for potential academic programs. Six core programmatic areas were determined a priori as necessary to train competent post-market drug evaluation researchers. These included biostatistics, epidemiology, pharmacoepidemiology, health economics or pharmacoeconomics, pharmacogenetics or pharmacogenomics and patient safety/pharmacovigilance.Twenty-three academic institutions were identified that had the potential to train students in post-market drug evaluation research. Overall, 23 institutions taught courses in epidemiology, 22 in biostatistics, 17 in health economics/pharmacoeconomics, 5 in pharmacoepidemiology, 5 in pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics, and 3 in patient safety/pharmacovigilance. Of the 23 institutions, only the University of Ottawa offered six core courses. Two institutions offered five, seven offered four and the remaining 14 offered three or fewer. It is clear that some institutions may offer programs not entirely reflected in the nomenclature used for this review.As Heath Canada moves towards a more progressive licensing framework, augmented training to increase research capacity and expertise in drug safety and effectiveness is timely and necessary.

Achievement of optimal therapeutics requires individuals with analytic skills appropriate to the balancing of enterprise, innovation and the need for rigorous scientific validation. A synergistic convergence of discovery research, clinical investigation, evaluative, regulatory and implementation sciences will be essential. None of the needed research capacities are likely to prove obtainable on demand. On the contrary, they require accurate projection of future needs and careful planning of post-secondary training programs. A survey conducted for Health Canada in 2010 revealed significant shortfalls in research skills available outside government and industry. This commentary argues that such an environment represents an outstanding opportunity for the academic community to demonstrate that it is eager to meet the needs of the Canadian public. University leaders should be assertive about their commitment to the ideals of patient oriented research and all governments should be clear about deliverables anticipated in return for consistent post-secondary funding.

Applications of surface and physico-chemical techniques to the clinical setting, in particular related to the urogenital tract, have been sporadic, often concentrating on aspects of biocompatibility and interactions of blood cells with materials. In an era where billions of such devices are implanted annually, it is important to utilize such techniques to improve our understanding of material-host interactions. In an effort to encourage further such interactive investigations, this review will illustrate some practical biomedical examples where utilization of sophisticated surface-science techniques has provided valuable insight into interfacial events between host components, micro-organisms and material surfaces. Techniques to reduce bacterial infection and encrustations will be discussed, and suggestions given for future lines of enquiry.

Low-temperature 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopic techniques were used to probe the nature of cuprates derived from Me3SnLi, CuCN, or CuBr · Me2S. In THF, addition of Me3SnLi and CuX (X = Br or CN) gives aggregated [Me3SnCu · LiX]n. When the ratio of stannyl anion to cuprous cation is 2 : 1, mixtures of (Me3Sn)3Cu2Li, (Me3Sn)2CuLi · LiX, and (Me3Sn)3CuLi2 are formed. This behavior is unlike either homo trialkylsilycyanocuprates, which form (R3Si)2Cu(CN)Li2 at 2 : 1 ratios of silyl anion to cuprous ion, or mixed trialkylstannyl- or trialkylsilyl-cuprates, which exist as (R3M)Cu(R′)(CN)Li2 (M = Si or Sn and R′ = Me or Bu). (R3Sn)3CuLi2 is the major species when the stannyl anion to cuprous cation ratio reaches 3 : 1. On the other hand, the analogous magnesium cuprates are discrete species in solution and possess differential reactivity.

Pretreatment of urinary silicone latex catheters in vitro with 0.1 and 0.5 microgram of ciprofloxacin per ml for 1, 24, and 48 h significantly reduced the adhesion and survival of the clinical isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa AK1. UV spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed the presence of ciprofloxacin adsorbed onto the catheters and showed that up to 56% of the drug leached into the surrounding fluid within 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the adherent organisms were malformed and elongated after exposure to ciprofloxacin. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of fimbriae on the bacterial surfaces, but there was no conclusive evidence of changes in the fimbriae upon exposure to ciprofloxacin. It was found that a significant eradication of 24-h Pseudomonas biofilms could be achieved with ciprofloxacin as well as with ofloxacin and norfloxacin. Preincubation of catheters with 50- and 100-micrograms/ml concentrations of ciprofloxacin resulted in up to a 99% reduction in the number of adherent bacteria in comparison with the reduction on control catheters. In addition, adherent biofilms were eradicated by 24 h of challenge with 50 and 100 micrograms of ciprofloxacin per ml at pH 7.0 and 5.5. Results of these in vitro studies suggest that there could be a clinical role for fluoroquinolones in preventing and treating urinary tract infections associated with P. aeruginosa adherence to prosthetic devices.

Pseudopterolide, a marine natural product processing a vinyl epoxide, has been shown to inhibit a variety of biological processes including cell division. We examined the ability of pseudopterolide to add to the sulfhydryl groups of a number of thiol-containing substances and found that it initially binds covalently to the sulfhydryl groups via an S N 2′ addition of sulfur to the α,β-unsaturated lactone with concomitant opening of the epoxide. Subsequent addition of the sulfhydryl group to the exocyclic enone results in the formation of a 1,2-adduct via an initial Michael addition reaction followed by an apparent intramolecular S N′ elimination. We suggest that the biological actions of pseudopterolide may be caused by the addition of this compound to the thiol groups of biologically active molecules.

The previous inability to effect palladium catalyzed cycloadditions of 2-trimethylsilylmethallyl acetate to the carbonyl group of ynones is rectified by the employment of indium acetylacetonoate as a co-catalyst.

Synthesis of sulfonium ion mimics 16 and 16 of the carbocationic intermediates 3 and 7, respectively, presumed to be involved in the squalene synthetase catalyzed rearrangement of farnesyl pyrophosphate (1), is reported. Synthesis of 15 involved combination of homogeranyl sulfide with ethyl α-bromoacetate through use of the thallium salt or via the combination of the copper enolate of ethyl acetate and homogeranyl thiosulfonate. Alkylation of the resulting thioester with farnesyl bromide followed by reduction of the ester moiety provided the required alcohol. The sulfur was methylated with iodomethane in a solution of CH 3 CN and THF to yield 15. Dialkylation of acetylene with farnesyl bromide and homogeranyl thiosulfonate followed by reduction of the triple bond gave vinyl sulfides, which were methylated with iodomethane in the presence of silver perchlorate to give 16

Methallyl alcohol can be converted in five simple operations (alkylation, epoxidation, alkynyl-coupling, hydroboration/oxidation, cyclization) to C-5 protected, chiral, non-racemic dideoxyribosides containing an alkyl appendage at the C-4 site

Pseudopterolide, a marine natural product processing a vinyl epoxide, has been shown to inhibit a variety of biological processes including cell division. We examined the ability of pseudopterolide to add to the sulfhydryl groups of a number of thiol-containing substances and found that it initially binds covalently to the sulfhydryl groups via an S N 2′ addition of sulfur to the α,β-unsaturated lactone with concomitant opening of the epoxide. Subsequent addition of the sulfhydryl group to the exocyclic enone results in the formation of a 1,2-adduct via an initial Michael addition reaction followed by an apparent intramolecular S N′ elimination. We suggest that the biological actions of pseudopterolide may be caused by the addition of this compound to the thiol groups of biologically active molecules.

Synthesis of sulfonium ion mimics 16 and 16 of the carbocationic intermediates 3 and 7, respectively, presumed to be involved in the squalene synthetase catalyzed rearrangement of farnesyl pyrophosphate (1), is reported. Synthesis of 15 involved combination of homogeranyl sulfide with ethyl α-bromoacetate through use of the thallium salt or via the combination of the copper enolate of ethyl acetate and homogeranyl thiosulfonate. Alkylation of the resulting thioester with farnesyl bromide followed by reduction of the ester moiety provided the required alcohol. The sulfur was methylated with iodomethane in a solution of CH 3 CN and THF to yield 15. Dialkylation of acetylene with farnesyl bromide and homogeranyl thiosulfonate followed by reduction of the triple bond gave vinyl sulfides, which were methylated with iodomethane in the presence of silver perchlorate to give 16

Higher order stannylcuprates, Me3Sn(R)Cu(CN)Li2 can be prepared in a one-flask operation by treatment of Me3Sn-SiMe3 (prepared in situ from Me3Si-SiMe3, MeLi and Me3SnCl) with R2Cu(CN)Li2. These reagents selectively deliver the Me3Sn moiety to a variety of organic substrates.

Solutions comprised of equimolar concentrations of methyllithium, trimethylstannyllithium and cuprous cyanide as well as reaction of Me 2 Cu(CN)Li 2 with one equivalent of hexamethylditin give Me3Sn(Me)Cu(CN)Li 2 which selectively delivers the R 3 Sn moviety to a variety of substrates.

Synthese de trialkylsilyl cuprates a partir de dimethylphenylsilyl lithium et de CuBr•He 2 S. Etude de ces cuprates par RMN

Terminal acetylenes react with Bu{sub 3}SnAlEt{sub 2} in the presence of Cu{sup +} or Pd{sup 0} catalysts to give 1,2-dimetallo-1-alkenes in highly regio- and stereoselective reactions. These intermediates can be selectively functionalized at the vinyl-aluminum bond to provide vinylstannanes, which upon transmetalation and further reaction with electrophiles give stereodefined trisubstituted olefins. In sharp contrast to the normal behavior of alkylaluminum reagents, this process tolerates a number of functional groups including OH, OAc, OTHP, and Br. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the addition of Bu{sub 3}SnAlEt{sub 2} to 1-alkynes proceeds via stannylcupration followed by capture of the stannylcuprate adduct by electrophilic aluminum.

Synthese de trialkylsilyl cuprates a partir de dimethylphenylsilyl lithium et de CuBr•He 2 S. Etude de ces cuprates par RMN

Terminal acetylenes react with Bu{sub 3}SnAlEt{sub 2} in the presence of Cu{sup +} or Pd{sup 0} catalysts to give 1,2-dimetallo-1-alkenes in highly regio- and stereoselective reactions. These intermediates can be selectively functionalized at the vinyl-aluminum bond to provide vinylstannanes, which upon transmetalation and further reaction with electrophiles give stereodefined trisubstituted olefins. In sharp contrast to the normal behavior of alkylaluminum reagents, this process tolerates a number of functional groups including OH, OAc, OTHP, and Br. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the addition of Bu{sub 3}SnAlEt{sub 2} to 1-alkynes proceeds via stannylcupration followed by capture of the stannylcuprate adduct by electrophilic aluminum.

We disclose that in THF addition of increasing amounts of φMe2SiLi (with LiCI) to CuCN gives sequentially φMe2SiCu(CN)Li (1:1), (φMe2Si)2Cu(CN)Li2 (2:1) and (φMe2Si)3CuLi2; (3:1). The formation of the latter species is corroborated with chemical tests on both α,β-enones and 1-alkynes, as well as Gilman tests.

Copper(I) catalyzed stannylalumination of 1-decyne proceeds via reversible stannylcupration. The kinetically favored regioisomer is the 1-stannylalkene whereas the thermodynamically favored regioisomer is the 2-stannyl derivative. Solvent (THF vs THF:HMPA) and copper(I) counter ion control the regiochemistry.

The copper (I) catalyzed addition of Bu3Sn⊝BOCH3⋑ Li⊕ to 1-alkynes yields lithium[2-tri- n -butylstannyl-(Z)-1-alkenyl]-1-borates which may be selectively coupled via organopalladium or organocuprate chemistry with a variety of electrophiles, exclusively at the vinyl boron bond. Products of opposite regiochemistry are obtained when BF3·Et2O is added to the initial reaction and the reaction solution is refluxed.

The copper (I) catalyzed addition of Bu3Sn⊝BOCH3⋑ Li⊕ to 1-alkynes yields lithium[2-tri- n -butylstannyl-(Z)-1-alkenyl]-1-borates which may be selectively coupled via organopalladium or organocuprate chemistry with a variety of electrophiles, exclusively at the vinyl boron bond. Products of opposite regiochemistry are obtained when BF3·Et2O is added to the initial reaction and the reaction solution is refluxed.