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A sunscreen product is allowed to be marketed if a protection is provided against ultraviolets (UV) including UVA rays and UVB rays expressed by the sun protection factor (SPF). UVB is radiation that is in the region of the ultraviolet spectrum which extends from about 290 to 320 nm in wavelength and that is primarily responsible for sunburn, ageing of the skin, and the development of skin cancer. Thus, since April 2009, the Bureau Interprofessionnel d'Etudes Analytiques (BIPEA) set up a proficiency testing scheme (PTS) for the determination of SPF in vivo of sunscreen products according to ISO 24444 standard [Cosmetics ‐ Sun protection test methods ‐ in vivo determination of the sun protection factor (SPF)] to evaluate the analytical performances of laboratories on these analyses. This PTS gathers twenty‐six laboratories around the world with one trial a year. For each test, the statistical treatment of the data is performed according to ISO 13528 standard [Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison]. The assigned and tolerance values are calculated from the participants' data and the performances of the laboratories are evaluated individually and collectively according to ISO 17043 standard [Conformity assessment ‐ General requirements for proficiency testing]. This paper presents the design of the PT program, its development, and an attentive analysis of laboratories results, which highlight the global performances obtained by laboratories on this type of analysis. The evaluation of the results shows, in fact, a relatively constant dispersion of data since the implementation of the PT program (variability between 10% and 50%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of 2D polygonic ZnO microplatelets for application as UV filters in sunscreens. ZnO microplatelets are obtained via a simple method involving chemical precipitation, aging, and calcination. XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses confirm the successful formation of ZnO microplatelets. DRUV‐Vis studies indicate that the ZnO microplatelets have a band gap energy value of 3.2 eV and exhibit good UV radiation absorption, similar to a commercial ZnO reference sample. Furthermore, in methylene blue photodegradation studies, the ZnO microplatelets show significantly lower photocatalytic activity than the ZnO reference sample. Under UV irradiation of 254 nm and 365 nm wavelengths, the dye in contact with ZnO microplatelets is photodegraded by only 38 % and 69 % after 5 h, compared to the reference sample, which photodegraded the dye by 87 % and 97 %, respectively. The performance of a sunscreen formulation containing the ZnO microplatelets (at 10 wt %), in terms of the photoprotection factors and photostability, is on par with that of a formulation containing the ZnO reference sample. Due to their microplatelet structure, good UVR absorption capacity, and relatively lower photocatalytic activity, the ZnO microplatelets show potential for application as UV filters in sunscreen products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An examination and study were carried out in order to investigate the beneficial advantages of Drimia maritima aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts (DmAE/DmHE). The chemical profile was determined using rapid ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis, revealing the presence of 31 bioactive components. Four different methodologies were employed to conduct a series of antioxidant testing. The DmAE and DmHE have exhibited a noteworthy antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by their significant half maximal inhibitory concentration values across several activities, comparable to the performance of DmAE. However, D. maritimia does not exhibit any reduction in power activity. Furthermore, a notable suppression of the critical enzyme (urease), which serves a role in various health conditions, including hyperpigmentation and pathological functional abnormalities, was discovered for the first time. A significant inhibition of the urease enzyme was observed for DmAE at a value of 122.04 ± 1.42. D. maritima had strong sun protection properties and demonstrated effective anti-inflammatory effects. The pharmacological activities of DmAE and DmHE were also conducted in vivo using analgesic and anti-inflammatory tests, and the oral toxicity was determined in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 425 Guideline. Intoxication symptoms were not observed in any of the treated animals following oral administration of DmAE and DmHE at 2,000 mg/kg. Conversely, the oral administration of DmAE and DmHE at varying concentrations inhibits the development of paw edema at different concentrations, which results in a substantial reduction in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Chemical and spectroscopic investigation of D. maritima flowers resulted in the isolation of sucrose, and it was never isolated in this plant species and Scilliphäosidin-3-O-β-d-glucoside, using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. As indicated by these findings, D. maritima has the potential to be utilized in a wide range of applications, including as a nutritional supplement, as an alternative treatment for a variety of physiological conditions and pathologies, and as a preventive and healing agent.

Ozone serves as a potent oxidizing agent and a universal antiseptic, extensively employed in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its ability to dissolve in water and decompose into oxygen. This study aimed to treat virgin olive oil (VOO) with the ozonation process prior to its incorporation into a sunscreen product, and to discover any new potentially useful properties by comparing it with a sunscreen containing non-ozonated olive oil. The comparison was based on physicochemical properties, physical appearance, and sun protection factor (SPF) value. VOO treated with 0.017 mole/L ozone was tested for various physicochemical properties such as color, viscosity, refractive index, acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value, and oxidative stability. The composition was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The properties of ozonated olive oil (OOO) differed from VOO in terms of viscosity and flow behavior. An increase in shear rate significantly reduced the viscosity of OOO, while VOO maintained a constant viscosity and exhibited Newtonian flow behavior. When OOO was incorporated into sunscreen products, it enhanced the spreadability of the product on the skin, resulting in a significantly higher SPF value. The ability of a sunscreen to spread evenly on the skin and form a continuous thin film is crucial for effective protection against the sun’s rays. These findings highlight the potential of OOO in enhancing the photoprotection efficacy of sunscreen products by providing valuable data for its incorporation into formulations aiming to improve sun protection. Future research could focus on long-term stability and potential side effects of OOO in cosmetic formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the potential of Ajwa date fruit extract as a bioactive component in cosmeceutical formulations, with particular emphasis on its anti-tyrosinase, anti-collagenase, and ultraviolet (UV) protection capabilities. The antioxidant activity was determined using the design of response surface methodology, considering the factor of sample-to-water-assolvent ratio, extraction time, and size of the sample. This factor possesses the capacity to exert an influence on the production of antioxidants and enhance the efficacy of the extraction procedure. The Ajwa date fruit extract was obtained using the Soxhlet method. The extract showed notable inhibition percentages of 67.77 and 49.12 for anti-tyrosinase and anti-collagenase activities, respectively. Additionally, it revealed a sun protection factor value of 17.09. Previous research has indicated that Ajwa dates exhibit significant inhibitory properties against tyrosinase and collagenase enzymes, making them potentially valuable in cosmetic applications. Therefore, research has demonstrated this study's promise in skin pigmentation, elasticity, and UV protection. The study places significant importance on exploring natural alternatives in cosmetics. It highlights the encouraging outcomes obtained from using Ajwa date fruit extract, emphasising its potential for future advancements in cosmeceuticals. The present study offers a valuable opportunity to produce skincare formulas that are both safer and more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rutin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has gained attention for its potential applications in the cosmetic industry due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential photoprotective properties. Our review explored the use of rutin (rutoside, 3-O-rutinoside-quercetin) in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, focusing on its physicochemical properties and stability, cutaneous permeability, and efficacy in sunscreen systems, involving in vitro tests and the current state of clinical trials. Rutin's ability to scavenge free radicals, prevent peroxidation, and reduce vascular fragility makes this flavonoid a promising ingredient for photoprotection. Studies have shown that rutin can enhance the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen formulations, especially when combined with organic UV filters. The encapsulation of rutin in nanostructures has also been investigated to improve its applicability. Overall, rutin shows potential as a safe and effective ingredient in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, offering protection against the harmful effects of UV radiation and oxidative stress on the skin, as well as being a feasible strategy for developing environmentally friendly multifunctional sunscreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, UHPLC-HRMS analysis of the defatted methanol extract obtained from Inula salicina L. led to the identification of 58 compounds—hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids and their glycosides, acylquinic and caffeoylhexaric acids, and flavonoids and their glycosides. In addition, a new natural compound, N-(8-methylnepetin)-3-hydroxypiperidin-2-one was isolated and its structure was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. The presence of a flavoalkaloid in genus Inula is described now for the first time. Chlorogenic acid was the main compound followed by 3,5-, 1,5- and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids. The methanol extract was studied for its antioxidant potential by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays and sun protective properties. In addition, a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the tested extract in inhibiting biofilm formation by Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Results from crystal violet tests revealed a notable decrease in biofilm mass due to the extract. The anti-biofilm efficacy was confirmed through the observation of the biofilm viability by live/dead staining. The obtained results showed that this plant extract could be used in the development of cosmetic products with antibacterial and sun protection properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Outdoor workers are at increased risk for skin cancer and melanoma. This qualitative study aimed to explore outdoor workers' perspectives and experiences of primary (i.e. sun protection) and secondary prevention, i.e. skin self-examination (SSE) of skin cancer. Methods Purposive, snowball, and theoretical sampling was used to recruit outdoor workers in Kentucky and Indiana. Semi-structured interviews via telephone or videoconference of approximately 45 min were conducted with interviewer probes and questions about perceptions of cancer risk, prevention, and screening techniques conducted, perceived barriers and facilitators, and preferences for health dissemination venues. The recordings were transcribed verbatim and de-identified. Analysis involved constructivist grounded theory coding strategies. Using peer debriefing and consensus building around themes, the researcher established a codebook for all interviews to utilize within Dedoose software for systematizing and organizing data. Results Eighteen interviews were conducted. Interviewees (N = 18) ranged in age from 35 to 78 yr, with 3 females. Outdoor industries included agriculture, maintenance, and grounds maintenance. Themes derived from the data showed the underlying factors and perceptions that influence outdoor workers to conduct primary and secondary cancer prevention activities. The level of alarm attributed to disease and the level of trust in information contribute to intentions to conduct activities. The intentions and trust toward healthcare institutions and providers drive the primary or secondary prevention behaviors. Cultural and contextual factors included masculinity and self-sufficiency, familial and occupational priorities, and community ties. Conclusions These data provide a basis for developing future communications and interventions to decrease skin cancer incidence in outdoor workers. They indicate that secondary prevention and building self-efficacy in conducting SSE should be emphasized in tandem or over primary skin cancer prevention methods in this population. Trusted local healthcare providers should primarily provide prevention information, and materials should utilize testimonials from the local community to best influence this population. Communications and training interventions are needed in this population to induce a proactive level of alarm about cancer and result in the performance of SSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, green synthesis methods of nanoparticles are increasing. This research was aimed at investigating the synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) using Sargassum ilicifolium and Ophiocoma scolopendrina extracts and confirming the protective effect as well as the stability of the cream formulation with cerium oxide nanoparticles against UVR. The obtained products were identified using XRD, TEM, SEM and UV-Vis. Then cream samples were prepared with concentrations of 0, 0.5, 2, 4 and 8% CeO2-NPs. Based on the results, the nanoparticles were spherical in shape and had a cubic crystal structure with a size of about 10-12 nm. The peak between 290-320nm corresponded to UVB and the absorption spectrum of the synthesized CeO2-NPs showed absorption peaks at 317 and 315nm wavelengths. Formulation F5 of sunscreen containing nanoparticle synthesized from S. ilicifolium with SPF 25 and critical wavelength (λC) 380.4nm showed the highest protection factor. According to the star rating, it had four stars. The cream formulation was completely homogeneous and stable in the coolingheating cycle. Also, the pH was close to the pH of human skin. The results of MTT test to investigate the toxicity of CeO2-NPs on HFF cell line, indicated that the treated cells did not show significant toxicity compared to the control. According to the results of this study, CeO2 nanoparticles have the necessary conditions for progress in solar protection technology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study of sun protection factor boosting effect sunscreen compositions with herbal extract and combination with octocrylene. The standardized herbal extracts procured and studied their sun protection Factors. Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) leaf Extract, Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract are selected for the development of the herbal sunscreen composition along with octocrylene as synthetic sunscreen. The developed sunscreen composition contains defined concentration of herbal extracts and octocrylene were evaluated for their different physicochemical properties and stability. Sun protection factor boosting effect of herbal extracts is studied combination with octocrylene. Invitro SPF studied for herbal extract individually and combination with octocrylene. The results of Invitro SPF study revealed the presence of green tea extract and, Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract shows excellent sun protection factor (SPF) boosting value of sunscreen composition containing 5% concentration of herbal extract and octocrylene. The sunscreen formulation containing 5% herbal extracts are stable for 12 weeks in an oven (45 °C). The findings of this in-vitro SPF study revealed a sun protection boosting capacity of green tea extract and bhringraj extract confirmed. The over exposure of human skin to Ultra-Violet Radiation (UVR) can trigger photodamage, UV burn, pigmentation, erythema, and enhance the chance of dermal carcinoma. UVR causes DNA damage, which leads to dermal cancer. Daily sunscreens protect the skin from the adverse effects of sun rays, especially UVB (290-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm). The ozone layer filters UVC (200-290 nm) radiation when it enters into atmosphere of the earth. UVB causes sunburn, photo damage and cause mutagenic changes in nucleic acids. UVA increases ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) accumulation. ROS is responsible for cell repair which leads to carcinogenesis, and the cause of photodamage. Herbal extracts contain polyphenols, and flavonoids act as a natural sunscreen that will filter Ultra-Violet (UVB) light and contain antioxidant characteristics to modulate the photo-oxidative damage that results from UV-induced Reactive Oxygen Species production. The UVR protection of most herbal extracts are required to attain the higher UV protection in the sun care products. The approaches for preparing sun care products with higher Sun Protection Factor (SPF) possible through Oil in water formulation with herbal extract combinations of octocrylene. The developed sunscreen composition containing different concentration of herbal extracts were evaluated for their other physicochemical properties and stability. Invitro SPF was studied for Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) Leaf Extract and Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract individually and in combination with octocrylene. The results of the Invitro SPF study revealed the Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) Leaf Extract with octocrylene shows better Sun protection factor than Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract with octocrylene. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) enhancement value of sunscreen compositions was compared to both sunscreen macroemulsion and nanoemulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunscreens have emerged as an indispensable tool to combat the dreadful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, the photocatalytic behaviour, toxicity, efficiency and white-cast phenomena have been a concern that needs immediate attention. To address this issue, twenty amino acids were reacted with Xylose individually through the Maillard reaction. The resultant polymeric melanoidins were tested for its UV absorption. The highest UV absorption was observed for Xylose–Serine combination. The process parameters were optimized for maximum melanoidins formation using this combination, and melanoidins capped-ZnO nanocomposites (Mel@ZnO) were synthesized through facile hydrothermal condensation reaction. The synthesized Mel@ZnO were characterized using UV–Vis–NIR, FT-IR, DLS-Zeta potential, XRD, HR-TEM–EDX and TGA. The HR-TEM–EDX revealed that Mel@ZnO were spherical with an average particle size of 48.52 ± 16 nm. The as-synthesized Mel@ZnO displayed remarkable antioxidant potential with low IC50 values. The antibacterial potentials were outstanding against gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E. coli. Also, Mel@ZnO displayed an attenuated photocatalytic behaviour. The nanocomposite also showed excellent stability for 6 months in various physiological solutions. The outstanding Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 138 at 25% (w/w) with a broad-spectrum coverage in the UV (290–400 nm) region proves that this novel Mel@ZnO is a potential candidature manifesting as a sunscreen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatological damage caused by exposure to solar radiation drives the search for photoprotective formulations that can reach a wider public. Most of the current chemical UV filter formulations causes issues such as photoirritation, photosensitization, harmful hormonal activity to pregnant women, and interference in marine ecosystems caused by the buildup of these coumponds. Plant metabolites such as polyphenols and flavonoids have structural characteristics similar to the current UV filters. The study focused on the possibility of employing plant extracts collected in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park (RJ) as UV photoprotectors. SPF analysis was performed in vitro by the Mansur method, and antioxidant activity by the reaction with DPPH by the Mensor method. Of the analyzed extracts, 7 species reached SPF >1 in 5% solutions, and a mixture containing 6 of them reached the highest SPF of 9.9, They were: Baccharis reticularia, Eugenia pruniformis, Myrsine rubra, Mysrine parvifolia, Eugenia sulcata, Myrcia amazonica , and Myrcia vittoriana. In the antioxidant activity test, Myrsine rubra had the highest activity, higher than ascorbic acid and Trolox standards. The bibliometric analysis results, there is a recognized knowledge gap regarding studying the photoprotective and antioxidant properties of these native plants from the Brazilian restinga.

In the field of preparing cosmetic formulations, recent advances recommend the usage of excipients derived from biocompatible materials. In this context, the present study aimed to prepare and characterize the curcumin-loaded Pickering emulsion for possible applications in cosmetic formulation. The coconut oil which is often the component of skin care formulations is used as the oily phase. Curcumin, which is well known for absorbing solar radiation, is expected to work synergistically with coconut oil towards improving the sun protection factor (SPF) of the formulation. Additionally, curcumin can also protect the intracellular components through its well-known antioxidant mechanisms. The Pickering emulsion of coconut oil into water was prepared using the composite colloidal particles derived from β-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and Gelatin-A (GA) as the emulsifying agent. The reaction conditions in terms of the weight ratios of CMC and GA, the pH of the reaction medium, the oil volume fraction, and the homogenization speed were optimized to obtain the most stable Pickering emulsion. The obtained systems were physico-chemically characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, optical microscopy, and rheometric measurements. The final CMC-GA-stabilized emulsion demonstrated an oil droplet size of 100 µm and a SPFspectrophotometric (290–320 nm) value of 8.5 at a curcumin loading of 4 mg/mL. Additionally, the final formulation facilitated the uptake of curcumin into fibroblast (WI26) cells under in vitro conditions. Together, the investigation demonstrates a bio-inspired approach to prepare a curcumin-loaded green Pickering emulsion using biocompatible pharmaceutical grade excipients, which may find utility in cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit peels might be a valuable source of active ingredients for cosmetics, leading to more sustainable usage of plant by-products. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical content and selected biological properties of hydroglycolic extracts from peels and pulps of Annona cherimola, Diospyros kaki, Cydonia oblonga, and Fortunella margarita as potential cosmetic ingredients. Peel and pulp extracts were compared for their antiradical activity (using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays), skin-lightening potential (tyrosinase inhibitory assay), sun protection factor (SPF), and cytotoxicity toward human fibroblast, keratinocyte, and melanoma cell lines. The total content of polyphenols and/or flavonoids was significantly higher in peel than in pulp extracts, and the composition of particular active compounds was also markedly different. The HPLC-MS fingerprinting revealed the presence of catechin, epicatechin and rutoside in the peel of D. kaki, whereas kaempferol glucoside and procyanidin A were present only in the pulp. In A. cherimola, catechin, epicatechin and rutoside were identified only in the peel of the fruit, whereas procyanidins were traced only in the pulp extracts. Quercetin and luteolinidin were found to be characteristic compounds of F. margarita peel extract. Naringenin and hesperidin were found only in the pulp of F. margarita. The most significant compositional variety between the peel and pulp extracts was observed for C. oblonga: Peel extracts contained a higher number of active components (e.g., vicenin-2, kaempferol rutinoside, or kaempferol galactoside) than pulp extract. The radical scavenging potential of peel extracts was higher than of the pulp extracts. D. kaki and F. margarita peel and pulp extracts inhibited mushroom and murine tyrosinases at comparable levels. The C. oblonga pulp extract was a more potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor than the peel extract. Peel extract of A. cherimola inhibited mushroom tyrosinase but activated the murine enzyme. F. margarita pulp and peel extracts showed the highest in vitro SPF. A. cherimola, D. kaki, and F. margarita extracts were not cytotoxic for fibroblasts and keratinocytes up to a concentration of 2% (v/v) and the peel extracts were cytotoxic for A375 melanoma cells. To summarize, peel extracts from all analyzed fruit showed comparable or better cosmetic-related properties than pulp extracts and might be considered multifunctional active ingredients of skin lightening, anti-aging, and protective cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This survey aimed to evaluate knowledge of photoprotection among individuals from a random group in a resort town in Poland, Kołobrzeg, and explore the correlation between their knowledge and demographics like age, gender, education, and residence. Methods: An anonymous survey was conducted among a diverse group. This population comprised individuals from various backgrounds: health spa patients undergoing treatments, therapies and medical appointments, guests visiting the resort for leisure, passersby, and staff working at the spa and recreational facilities. The survey was designed by authors, encompassed 16 questions about knowledge on photoprotection, sunscreen use and related topics, and gathered demographic data. Responses from 142 individuals were statistically analyzed using PQStat Software. Results: Only 7.7% use sunscreen all year‐round. The majority apply sun protection factor (SPF) creams on sunny days or with prolonged sun exposure. Over half of the respondents (53.5%) are aware when to apply sunscreen but 43% reapply it less than every 4 h. 25.4% do not reapply at all. 38.7% think protection provided by higher SPF means longer sun exposure time. Over 50% believe SPF 30 offers double the protection of SPF 15. Almost half (46.8%) use extra sun protection, like sunglasses or hats. Significant correlations exist between education/age and certain survey responses. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the urgency to improve photoprotection knowledge in the Polish population, particularly regarding the year‐round harmful solar effects and the correct use of sun protection products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D3 deficiency is regarded as a public health issue in Iraq, particularly during the winter. Sun exposure is the main source of vitamin D3, where the surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays an important role in human health. The amount of time that must be spent in the sun each day was determined for the amount of exposed skin, for all skin types, with and without sunscreen under clear sky conditions in the city of Baghdad (Long 44.375, Lat 33.375). UV index data was obtained by TEMIS satellite during the year 2021. From data analysis, we found that most days during the year were within the high level of ultraviolet radiation values in the city of Baghdad, and most of them were during the summer, where the person needed less time of exposure to sunlight to obtain vitamin D3 in the case of exposing the face and hands or the whole body. As a result, it can be concluded that the amount of UV radiation is affected by several factors: depending on latitude, day of the year, time of day and the season, body area exposed to the radiation, and use of sun protection factor. These factors influence the time of sun exposure required to initiate cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excessive sun exposure and inadequate sunscreen use can lead to skin cancer and other harmful effects on the skin, eyes, and immune system. Purpose: This observational cross-sectional study aimed to assess awareness and knowledge of sun exposure and sunscreen use among adults in the Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. This study also focused on evaluating the risks of skin cancer and participants’ sun-protective attitudes and practices. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in the Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a questionnaire from November 2022 to January 2023 that assessed participants’ knowledge, practices, and beliefs regarding sun exposure and sunscreen use. A total of 400 participants were selected for the study. Approval for the study was granted by the Local Research Ethics Committee of the University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia. Results: The results revealed that (59.8 %) of the participants were female, while (40.3 %) were male. Regarding age, the majority fell within the 26–35 age range (37.5 %), with (16.0 %) of participants using sunscreen regularly, with a total of (74.0 %) of participants using sunscreen. Men exhibited a higher prevalence of negative attitudes towards sun protection, while women demonstrated more favourable sun protection practices. In addition, (1.25 %) of the participants had skin cancer in the past; (81.0 %) of participants agreed that skin cancer could cause death, while (19.0 %) were unsure of the effects of skin cancer. Moreover, the results indicated that sun exposure had a significant positive effect on awareness levels (p

ABSTRACT In the search for new natural photoprotective agents, the mesocarp of babassu (Attalea speciosa) stands out as a promising candidate due to its unique chemical composition and regional significance. In this study, we investigated the in vitro photoprotective and antioxidant properties of babassu mesocarp flour extracts and their fractions. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays. The sun protection factor (SPF) was determined through the Mansur assay, and cytotoxicity was determined in RAW cells. The samples exhibited high antioxidant activity, especially in the more polar fractions. The hydroethanolic extract had an SPF of 16.69, while the aqueous extract had an SPF of 14.83. Notably, the hydroethanolic extract exhibited no cytotoxic effects at the tested concentrations. Our findings suggest that babassu mesocarp flour is a potential source for developing photoprotective agents to shield skin from UV radiation and combat free radicals.

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Rutin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has gained attention for its potential applications in the cosmetic industry due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential photoprotective properties. Our review explored the use of rutin (rutoside, 3-O-rutinoside-quercetin) in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, focusing on its physicochemical properties and stability, cutaneous permeability, and efficacy in sunscreen systems, involving in vitro tests and the current state of clinical trials. Rutin’s ability to scavenge free radicals, prevent peroxidation, and reduce vascular fragility makes this flavonoid a promising ingredient for photoprotection. Studies have shown that rutin can enhance the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen formulations, especially when combined with organic UV filters. The encapsulation of rutin in nanostructures has also been investigated to improve its applicability. Overall, rutin shows potential as a safe and effective ingredient in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, offering protection against the harmful effects of UV radiation and oxidative stress on the skin, as well as being a feasible strategy for developing environmentally friendly multifunctional sunscreens.

CeO2-CePO4 and Ag@CeO2-CePO4 nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared using Penaeus semisulcatus and characterized by various analytical techniques. The NCs exhibited spherical morphology, with average particle sizes measuring 2.36 nm, 3.30 nm and 29.64 nm for the samples air dried, annealed at 550 °C and 800 °C respectively, and the Selected Area Electron Diffraction patterns from HR-TEM revealed their crystalline nature. In 3d X-ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS) of NCs, the highest binding energies were observed at 916.46 eV (3d3/2) and 898.16 eV (3d5/2) with spin–orbit splitting of 18.3 eV. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of the NCs showed peaks typical of both CeO2 and CePO4 phases. The Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectrum contained bands due to Ce-O stretching at 560 cm−1 and PO43- groups at 1008 and 711 cm−1, which was further substantiated by Raman spectrum, which had an intense peak at 468 cm−1 corresponding to F2g band of CeO2 and another peak at 976 cm−1 due to PO43- tetrahedron. In the Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectra (UV-Vis DRS), the broad absorption peak at 352 nm and minor peaks around 300 nm confirmed the formation of CeO2-CePO4 NCs. The green synthesized NCs were excellent fluorescence sensors for Pb2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ in a wide range of concentrations, from 5.0x10-9 M to 4.0x10-5 M. The concentration Vs. emission fitting plot had three distinctive linear ranges. At a low concentration range (5x10-9 to 3.5x10-7 M), the limit of detection for Pb2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ was found to be 2.41x10-8, 2.56x10-8 and 3.11x10-8 M. The sensitive detection of a mixture of heavy metal ions in ppb levels by biocompatible NCs gained insight in treating aqueous industrial wastes. Further, NCs showed cytotoxicity and UV shielding properties.

The current research looked at the sunscreen gel formulation using microbead technology via the ionotropic gelation method. Herbal oils such as jojoba oil and raspberry seed oil were used in our study due to their sun-protective qualities, which provide protection against both UV-A and UV-B rays. The pH, viscosity, stability, homogeneity, spreadability, extrudability, scanning electron microscopy and SPF determination of the prepared herbal sunscreen gel were also evaluated. Sunscreen gel has a pH range of 6.20-6.23, a viscosity range of 3060-3684 cps, and an extrudability study of 12-16. The F5 formulation demonstrated good spreadability, consistency, homogeneity, appearance, and pH, according to the evaluation, with no evidence of phase separation. During the study, the formulation F5 provided the best UV protection with SPF 11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to recent global warming threats, the changes in the atmosphere have caused significant ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, primarily emitted by the sun, which creates more awareness of photoprotection. Sunscreen development has been a convenient and crucial approach to photoprotection against ultraviolet radiation. Due to high demand, upgrading the quality of sunscreen products and certifying methods are necessary to guarantee the safety of commercial sunscreen products for use. Sunscreen products should have a satisfactory amount of sun protection factor (SPF), ultraviolet A protection factor, as well as the photostability of the sunscreens for them to be considered effective and safe for use. A rigorous study on the effectiveness of the sunscreen components and their safety standards is essential for the productive use and further improvement of the available sunscreen materials. This article summarizes the effects and issues, protective measures of sunscreen usage, and its components, mainly ultraviolet filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported the tunable synthesis of new vegetable oil–UV filter bioconjugates using sea buckthorn oil (SBO) and p-methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA) as an alternative to the common UV filter, ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate (octinoxate). The synthetic strategy is based on the sustainable ring-opening reaction of epoxidized SBO with p-MCA in heterogenous catalysis in eco-friendly solvents. The amount of UV-absorptive moieties grafted on the triglyceride backbone is controlled by different epoxidation degrees as determined by NMR spectroscopy. The performance of the new UV-absorber bioconjugates was assessed by in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) measurements after inclusion in SBO-ethylcellulose (EC) oleogels and comparison with the SPF value of the SBO-EC-octinoxate oleogel with equivalent p-MCA acid moieties (10% wt/wt). The concentration obtained for the SBO-EC oleogel formulated with the bioconjugate with the lowest degree of functionalization, namely 55%, represents 45% of the SPF determined for the SBO-EC-octinoxate oleogel, regardless of the concentration of measured solutions. The new concept of vegetable oil–UV-absorber bioconjugates has potential UV-B photoprotective properties when included in oleogel formulations and deserves further investigation of their properties and stability including association with UV-A absorbers, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutmeg leaf essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is one of the natural ingredients which have antioxidant activity and potential as a sunscreen. The research aims to formulate nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion, characterize, and determine its potency as a sunscreen. Nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion was formulated with 1; 3; and 5 mL of oil content with two variations of surfactant. The characterization included organoleptic, pH, viscosity, %T, nanoemulsion type, droplet size, thermodynamic and centrifugation stability tests. Evaluation was conducted using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength range of 290-400 nm with ethanol as a blank and non-nano-emulsified as a comparison. The result showed that the nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion had clear and stable appearance, safe for skin, viscosity values of <200 mPas, %T values of near 100%, nanoemulsions type of o/w, and particles size of <200 nm. The evaluation showed that the sunscreen activities of nutmeg leaf oil nanoemulsion was higher than non-nano-emulsified. The highest sunscreen activity was the formula A nanoemulsion which an oil content of 5 mL and had an SPF value of 1.475; %Te value of 50.571%; and %Tp value of 77.218%. The nanoemulsion sunscreen activity of formula A was categorized as a regular suntan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topical sunscreen application is one of the most important photoprotection tool to prevent sun damaging effects in human skin at the short and long term. Although its efficacy and cosmeticity have significantly improved in recent years, a better understanding of the biological and clinical effects of longer wavelength radiation, such as long ultraviolet A (UVA I) and blue light, has driven scientists and companies to search for effective and safe filters and substances to protect against these newly identified forms of radiation. New technologies have sought to imbue sunscreen with novel properties, such as the reduction of calorific radiation. Cutaneous penetration by sunscreens can also be reduced using hydrogels or nanocrystals that envelop the filters, or by binding filters to nanocarriers such as alginate microparticles, cyclodextrins, and methacrylate polymers. Finally, researchers have looked to nature as a source of healthier products, such as plant products (e.g., mycosporines, scytonemin, and various flavonoids) and even fungal and bacterial melanin, which could potentially be used as substitutes or enhancers of current filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the solar radiation protective competency in Tagetes patula extract. The Tagetes extract can be used as therapeutic remedy against the harmful erythemal solar-rays and protect soft & sensitive skin from sun tanning and sun poisoning. Tagetes extract have been treated combinedly with ultrasonication and ethanol followed by filtration. Filtered ethanol extract diluted in a significant quantity of ethanol and undergone for UV-spectrophotometer analysis, where ethanol was used as a reference. Finally, the Mansur equation evaluates the significant sun protection factor (SPF) value of Tagetes patula extract. This study demonstrated the Tagetes patula extract have a remarkable tendency to reflect the harmful solar UV-B rays. Tagetes patula flower and leaf extract had showed the significant sun protection factor value, reflected as (SPF-30) and (SPF-12), respectively. However, the Response surface methodology significantly establishes the correlation between the reflection and photon energy. The studied erythemal factor have been optimized and evaluated through the optimization plot and shows the significant positive correlation between the reflectance and erythemal response factors. In addition, Tagetes patula leaves (NRL) and (NRF) flower extract has application on UV-exposed skin, and help to prevent the skin tissues and cure the sensitive skin from harmful effect of the UV-B rays. This study concluded that NRF extract of Tagetes patula had found greater competency and compatible than NRL extract, in terms of reflectivity and SPF property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoprotective cosmetic emulsions have gained significant attention in the cosmetic industry due to their ability to protect against harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV). In this work, photoprotective cosmetic emulsions were prepared by adding 5% natural (Branca and Verde Inferior) and commercial (Brasgel and Cloisite) Brazilian clays to different photoprotective emulsions with and without UVA and UVB chemical filters (EB, EB1 and EB2). All clays were benefited (crushed, milled and sieved) and characterized (X ray fluorescence and X ray diffraction). Additionally, a thermal treatment (120 °C by 24 h) was accomplished in the natural clays, aimed at decontamination. The emulsions were characterized for their organoleptic properties, centrifugation test, viscous behavior, pH values and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF). The cosmetic emulsions prepared without any addition of UV chemical filters presented the lowest in vitro and UVB absorption values because the clays used (Cloisite and Branca) did not have the potential to absorb UV radiation. Although some of the cosmetic emulsions prepared from EB1 and EB2 photoprotective emulsions presented phase separation, all of them presented in vitro SPF values according to the Brazilian standard (above 6), indicating that they have the potential to be used in the cosmetic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoamyl (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1) was obtained from the 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride (MNBA)/4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-catalyzed reaction at room temperature for 190 min in dichloromethane with a yield of 95%. The structure of isoamyl (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1) was elucidated using NMR, FTIR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In vitro sun protection factor evaluation exhibited a value of 37.10 ± 0.03 which indicates that isoamyl (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1) is a sunscreen agent with high protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of skin damages are mediated by excessive exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Chemical UV filters can cause photodegradation and adverse effects on the skin. Rutin is a natural multifunctional nutraceutical that can prevent damage from sun radiation. This compound is found in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Previous studies have reported rutin as a good antioxidant and photoprotective agent in sunscreen formulations. This work focused on the development of a formulation and evaluation of the protective activity of rutin as a single compound in sunscreen preparations. The Design Expert software was used for formulation optimization. Photoprotection testing was conducted in vitro by observing the parameters of Sun Protection Factor (SPF), percentage of erythema transmission, and pigmentation. Freeze-thaw cycling test and storage at room temperature were performed to evaluate the stability of the formulation. The optimum formula has good characteristics with a pH value of 6.207±0.013, viscosity of 76.5±0.1, spreadability of 10.82±0.440, and adhesiveness of 1.280±0.027. This sunscreen formulation provided a high level of protection with a sun protection factor (SPF) value of 38.11±0.082. The percentage of erythema and pigmentation transmission fell within the sunblock category. Although there were variations in the SPF values when rutin was formulated into the sunscreen, the overall quality of protection was not compromised. The physical and chemical properties of this sunscreen formulation remained stable after stability testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to formulate nanodispersions to encapsulate antioxidants extracted from olive mill wastewater (OMW) and phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina maxima to act as enhancers for the skin's protection against UV radiation. For this purpose, two water-in-oil nanoemulsions were prepared using a low-energy homogenization method. Both systems were based on isopropyl myristate as the continuous phase, while water or a mixture of glycerol and water was used as the dispersed phase. Then, antioxidants extracted from OMW and phycocyanin from Spirulina maxima were encapsulated in the water core of the nanoemulsions. The empty and antioxidant-loaded systems were then structurally studied using dynamic light scattering for the detection of their droplet size and stability over time. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using adequate probes was applied for the characterization of the surfactants' monolayer in the presence and absence of antioxidants. It was found that the mean droplet diameter of the emulsions was 200 nm. The nanoemulsions remained stable for over 2 months. The encapsulated antioxidants were assessed for their scavenging activity of a model stable radical by applying EPR spectroscopy. It was found that the loaded systems exhibited an increased antioxidant capacity compared with the empty ones. Finally, the most stable system was added to commercial sunscreen lotions and the overall sun protection factor (SPF) was assessed. The sunscreen lotions that contained the nanoemulsions loaded with OMW extracts or phycocyanin showed an increase in their SPF value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the USA, skin cancer is the most common cancer, more than all other cancers combined. Skin cancer may be prevented by using sun protection. This is particularly important in 18–29-year-olds who, compared to older individuals, experience sunburns more frequently. Moreover, in locations close to the equator, such as Florida, people are at an increased risk of developing melanoma. College marching band members spend a significant amount of time in the sun, as much as 25 h weekly practicing and performing at games, yet little is known about this population. We examined and compared sun exposure and protection practices among Florida college marching band members and alumni. In 2020, anonymous cross-sectional web-based surveys were distributed via email and private Facebook groups. A total of 859 members and alumni of five Florida university marching bands participated. Questionnaires assessed demographic characteristics, sun protection behaviors, as well as history of sunburn and skin cancer. Analyses of variance and multiple linear regression analyses were employed to compare sun protection practices between band members and alumni. During sunny day practices, only 16.1% (63/391) of alumni and 27.1% (127/468) of current band members always wore sunscreen. In the multiple linear regression, after adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, and family history of skin cancer, alumni, who participated in marching band practices within the past 50 years, were significantly less likely to wear sunscreen or hats compared to current band members. Overall, men were less likely to wear sunscreen but were more likely to wear hats and shirts with sleeves that cover their shoulders compared to women. Compared to the general US population in 2017 (0.38%), alumni of Florida college marching bands in 2020 (2.04%) have a self-reported increase in melanoma prevalence of 1.66%. Of note, melanoma diagnoses were only reported by alumni who self-identified as non-Hispanic white; none of the non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, or other alumni reported a melanoma diagnosis. As skin cancer incidence continues to rise, it is critical that leaders in the marching band community continually address unprotected sun exposure, by promoting protective practices, as well as modifying attitudes and behaviors regarding sun exposure and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton fabric is a comfortable clothing material to wear in tropical climates. In addition to the comfort aspect, cotton cloth is expected to be able to protect the skin from the dangers of sun exposure. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the optimum amount of protection produced by cotton cloth, determining the type and color of cotton cloth that is most effectively used as a protector, and knowing the SPF (sun protection factor) value category based on the type and color of cotton cloth. This study used three types of cotton cloth, each consisting of four colors, as well as a Digital Environment Multimeter which was used to measure the intensity of sunlight in units of lux. The protection value is obtained by comparing the intensity of sunlight without a cotton cloth protector (lux) with the intensity of sunlight using a cotton cloth protector (lux). The results obtained show that the most optimum protection value is found in black toyobo cotton cloth with an SPF value of 54.4 and a transmittance of 1.8%. The cotton fabrics that provided the most effective protection based on type and color were black and blue toyobo, medina and Japanese cotton fabrics. Based on the SPF value obtained, it can be seen that black and blue toyobo cotton fabrics, and black madinah cotton fabrics have a very good protection category. The black and blue Japanese cotton fabrics, as well as the blue medina type, have a good protection category, while the orange Toyobo cotton fabrics have a sufficient protection category.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is commonly used as a silkworm feed and a medicinal herb in Indonesia. There has not been much research on mulberry leaf pharmacological activities influenced by different planting places, whether because of different soil characteristics or other environmental factors such as ecology. This study aimed to investigate the effect of solvent extraction on antityrosinase and sun protection factor (SPF) of the mulberry leaves grown in Wajo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study separately used different solvent extraction methods (96% ethanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and butanol). Antityrosinase was investigated in vitro assays, while UV spectrophotometry was used to measure the UV absorption, and the Mansur equation was applied to obtain the final SPF. The result showed that 96% ethanol extract presented the most potent to inhibit tyrosinase (IC50 35.03±0.16 µg/mL) followed by butanol (IC50 159.26±2.19 µg/mL), chloroform (IC50 234.51±22.14 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC50 283.76±3.65 µg/mL) and hexane (523.97±54.73 µg/mL). Our finding also suggested that butanol extract has the highest SPF value of 12. 84±0. 55 (high protection category) at 750 µg/mL. Overall, the experimental results revealed that mulberry significantly inhibits hyperpigmentation-related tyrosinase and sun protection, indicating that they might be used as bioactive metabolites in cosmetic and medicinal formulations to combat skin hyperpigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma rhizome is reported to have a high total phenolics that could act as reducing agents for metals to nanoparticles. Rhizomes of five curcuma species were selected as bioreductors, namely white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria), black turmeric (C. aeruginosa), fingerroot (C. rotunda), temu giring (C. heyneana), and mango ginger (C. amada). The research was designed to select the reductor from five Curcuma rhizomes mentioned above for silver nanoparticles synthesis, optimizing the synthesis condition, and evaluating its potential as a sunscreen agent. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by mixing the extracts with AgNO3 and irradiating the solution under a 366 nm UV lamp at certain times and pHs. Based on the spectra, the highest absorbance of silver nanoparticles was detected on the temu kunci extract. The optimum conditions for silver nanoparticle-temu kunci (AgNPs-TK) were determined using a Box-Behnken Design and Minitab. Statistical results showed that 0.13 g of silver nitrate irradiated for 162.7 min at pH 11.34 was the optimum condition for AgNPs synthesis. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by PSA/DLS, XRD, and TEM. The TEM analysis confirmed that silver particles are spherical. The size of the AgNPs produced based on TEM analysis is 5-50 nm. Sunlight inhibition activity, determined spectrophotometrically, indicated that the sun protection factor of AgNPs-TK is categorized as a minimum protection in concentration of 25 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisia judaica L. locally named as "Teherdjeli" is used for its Jaundice, dysmenorrhea and Stomach diseases. In vitro investigation for its potential antibacterial, antibiofilm and sun protection factors were assessed. Essential oil of Artemisia judaica L. (10 μg.mL−1) has a more inhibiting effect on gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33862) and clinically isolated (16.5 and 14.2 mm), respectively than gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis) clinical isolated (10.1 and 9 mm), respectively. Besides, essential oil was more potent and showed an appreciable antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33862). Other tests such as sun protection factor (SPF) were studied and the value was found to be 3.49. The relevant antibiofilm, antibacterial and SPF activities of A. judaica L. essential oil (AJEO) corroborated with their chemical compositions. However, chemical constituents from AJEO (yield ∼1.1%, w/v), were characterized using (GC/ MS, FTIR, 13C NMR, 1H NMR, LRI determination, database and literature searches). The prominent components in AJEO were piperitone, which accounts for 69.01% of the total osil composition. This finding suggests that A. judaica L. is a promising plant for industry and can be used in several sectors as a conservative to preserve food spoilage, and cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexposure to UV light can cause negative physical conditions for example sear, blot, skin maturing, and cancer of the skin. Using photoprotective or multifunctional products on a daily basis can help to mitigate these harmful health effects. Worries regarding skin protection, communal ramifications, and ethical trading possess increased industry attention in adding natural components into commercial products. Many investigations are presently working on extracts of herbs, however Anthocephalus chinensis is still understudied and underutilized. The study attempts to explore Anthocephalus chinensis phytochemical composition and sun-protective abilities. The leaves of Anthocephalus chinensis were extracted with petroleum ether, water, and ethanol employing the cold-maceration approach. An initial phytochemical search of the leaves extracts of Anthocephalus chinensis has been carried out. The UV spectroscopic method has been employed to assess the sun-protective capacity of the various Anthocephalus chinensis extracts. The outcomes of the phytochemical search discovered the existence of alkaloids and glycosides in all the Anthocephalus chinensis leaves extracts, whereas flavonoids were found only in water and ethanol extract. The sun protective abilities of the various extracts was detected to be 2.27±0.022, 1.57±0.003, and 0.70±0.006 for the ethanol, water, and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. Current work conclusions suggest that extracts of Anthocephalus chinensis leaves might be used to produce photoprotective preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoamyl (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1) was obtained from the 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride (MNBA)/4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-catalyzed reaction at room temperature for 190 min in dichloromethane with a yield of 95%. The structure of isoamyl (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1) was elucidated using NMR, FTIR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In vitro sun protection factor evaluation exhibited a value of 37.10 ± 0.03 which indicates that isoamyl (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1) is a sunscreen agent with high protection.

In the field of preparing cosmetic formulations, recent advances recommend the usage of excipients derived from biocompatible materials. In this context, the present study aimed to prepare and characterize the curcumin-loaded Pickering emulsion for possible applications in cosmetic formulation. The coconut oil which is often the component of skin care formulations is used as the oily phase. Curcumin, which is well known for absorbing solar radiation, is expected to work synergistically with coconut oil towards improving the sun protection factor (SPF) of the formulation. Additionally, curcumin can also protect the intracellular components through its well-known antioxidant mechanisms. The Pickering emulsion of coconut oil into water was prepared using the composite colloidal particles derived from β-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and Gelatin-A (GA) as the emulsifying agent. The reaction conditions in terms of the weight ratios of CMC and GA, the pH of the reaction medium, the oil volume fraction, and the homogenization speed were optimized to obtain the most stable Pickering emulsion. The obtained systems were physico-chemically characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, optical microscopy, and rheometric measurements. The final CMC-GA-stabilized emulsion demonstrated an oil droplet size of 100 µm and a SPFspectrophotometric (290–320 nm) value of 8.5 at a curcumin loading of 4 mg/mL. Additionally, the final formulation facilitated the uptake of curcumin into fibroblast (WI26) cells under in vitro conditions. Together, the investigation demonstrates a bio-inspired approach to prepare a curcumin-loaded green Pickering emulsion using biocompatible pharmaceutical grade excipients, which may find utility in cosmetic applications.

Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) is a cheap source of natural phenolic compounds that have numerous applications. These phenolic compounds have chemical structures with chromophores similar to those found in synthetic chemical UV-filters, which are present in commercial sunscreen products (SSPs). Thus, this study investigated the impact of solvents on the yield, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the sun protection factor (SPF) of crude CNSL. The percent yield ranged from (30.4 ± 0.7% to 49.3 ± 3.2%); hexane recorded the lowest yield, while ethanol recorded the highest. Acetone (101.2 ± 2.5 mg GA/g), methanol (99.5 ± 0.10), and chloroform (95.4 ± 3.7 mg GAE/g), recorded the highest TPC respectively, while hexane (33.3 ± 0.7 mg QE/g) recorded the highest TFC. The SPFs ranged from (22.1 ± 1.1 to 16.4 ± 0.8), chloroform (22.1 ± 1.1), acetone (21.5 ± 1.1), and methanol (19.3 ± 1.0) again recorded the highest values respectively, while hexane (16.4 ± 0.8) recorded the lowest. Our results revealed that extracting solvents has a significant impact on the yield and SPF of CNSL. Therefore, we propose that acetone, chloroform, and methanol, either alone or as mixtures, could be the best solvents for extracting CNSL with a good TPC and SPF.

Introduction and objective: The sun emits ultraviolet radiation in the UV-A, UV-B and UV-C ranges. Photoprotection is used to prevent the impact of this radiation on the skin. It effectively counteracts photoaging, photodermatoses and photocarcinogenesis. The aim of the study is to discuss the impact of UV radiation on the skin and the role of sun protection, also in special groups of patients - children and non-immunocompetent people. The article also presents a summary of data on the effect of sunscreens on vitamin D synthesis. Materials and methods: The literature was reviewed in the Pubmed, Google Scholar database and in the recommendations of the Polish Dermatological Society with the use of keywords. State of knowledge: Erythema is the most visible effect of sunburn, but exposure to UV radiation is primarily photocarcinogenesis or photoimmunosuppression. The SPF factor is the main determinant of the effectiveness of sunscreens, but effective protection against both UVB and UVA radiation is essential. Daily use of sunscreen reduces skin damage associated with exposure to light and does not negatively affect vitamin D synthesis. Conclusions: The basis of skin protection is using sunscreens, avoiding excessive exposure to solar radiation and using protective clothing, hats and sunglasses. Thanks to these activities, we can significantly reduce the number of cases of certain skin cancers. It is also important to remember that sun protection applies to everyone, especially children and non-immunocompetent people.

Among all diagnosed malignancies, skin cancers account for more than 30-50%. Caucasian patients have a lifetime risk of more than 20%. The incidence increases with the age of patients. In 2017, there were over 14,000 new cases in Poland. It can be expected that these results are underestimated due to incomplete registration of new cases in the National Cancer Registry.(1,2)The most common skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma - over 80% of cases. In second place is squamous cell carcinoma - 15-20%. Other types are less common.(1)The appearance of a new mole or a change in the appearance of an existing one is often missed at the beginning, and even if it is noticed, it is underestimated by the patient. Therefore, detection rate of skin cancer, including melanoma at an early stage, is unfortunately relatively low.The incidence of skin cancer is constantly increasing, which is an important epidemiological problem of modern medicine.(2)Patient education should focus on behaviors that the patient can influence and modify, including: regular visits to a dermatologist and undergoing a dermatoscopic examination, the use of sunscreen with a high UV factor, the use of special protective clothing, sunglasses, covering head when under sun’s exposure, moderate overall sun exposure, avoiding sunburn, not using a tanning bed.The purpose of this review was to assess the current literature on the impact of educating the public and promoting sun protection as a necessary method to directly reduce the incidence of skin cancer.The literature was searched in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases.

The cosmetic industry has been focusing on replacing synthetic ingredients with natural ones, taking advantage of their bioactive compounds. This work assessed the biological properties of onion peel (OP) and passion fruit peel (PFP) extracts in topical formulations as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants and UV filters. The extracts were characterized regarding their antioxidant capacity, antibacterial capacity and sun protection factor (SPF) value. Results revealed that the OP extract exhibited better results, which can result from the high concentrations of quercetin, as identified and quantified in HPLC analysis. Afterward, nine formulations of O/W creams were produced with minor changes in the quantity of additives: OP and PFP extract (natural antioxidants and UV filters), BHT (synthetic antioxidant) and oxybenzone (synthetic UV filter). The stability of the formulations was determined for 28 days; it was verified that they remained stable throughout the study period. The assays of the formulations' antioxidant capacity and SPF value revealed that OP and PFP extracts have some photoprotective properties and are excellent sources of antioxidants. As a result, they can be incorporated in daily moisturizers with SPF and sunscreens replacing and/or diminishing the quantities of synthetic ingredients, reducing their negative effects on human health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative prototype sunscreens with reduced ultraviolet (UV) filters are required to achieve safer, more effective, and more environmentally friendly formulations. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic antioxidant and potential candidate for multifunctional sunscreens. We used RA (0.1% w/w) in combination with avobenzone (2.5% and 5.0% w/w), a UVA filter, and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (10.0% w/w), a UVB filter, to evaluate in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) and critical wavelength, photostability, and the in vivo SPF. RA, in vitro, improved the SPF of F2 (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate 10.0% w/w + avobenzone 2.5% w/w + RA 0.1% w/w) and F3 (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate 10.0% w/w + avobenzone 5.0% w/w + RA 0.1% w/w), which also presented broad-spectrum profiles; however, no expressive effects were observed for the critical wavelength (nm). By the in vivo trial, RA showed an increment in the F3 SPF value and maintained the F2 effectiveness, even when avobenzone was at 2.5%. Nonetheless, no increase in photostability was observed. Our findings suggest that incorporating natural molecules with antioxidant activities into sunscreens could decrease the proportion of conventional UV filters in the final product, with the advantage of providing other functional properties. Further investigation of higher RA concentrations, even from other sources, and other UV filter combinations could reveal important data for the development of multifunctional sunscreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated plausible reuse for the dermocosmetic industry of byproducts from the winemaking process of red grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. C. Sauvignon) through the evaluation of one extract (grape pomace extract, GPE) and two fractions (one chloroform, GPE-CHF; one ethyl acetate, GPE-EAF). The samples were characterized analytically by liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell culture to verify a cytosafety profile in normal and stressful environment (presence of H2O2), and by using it in a sunscreen system to observe improvements in the in vitro efficacy by diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry with an integrating sphere. The HPLC results for GPE-EAF and GPE-CHF samples with the best profile of syringic and p-coumaric acids, quercetin, and trans-resveratrol were used in the further assays. GPE-EAF and GPE-CHF, both at 30.00 µg/mL, maintained the cell viability in the absence of H2O2 (normal condition). In the sequence, GPE-EAF and GPE-CHF were evaluated against the oxidative stressor H2O2 in NIH 3T3 cells. A sharp drop in viability was only observed for GPE-CHF, and cytotoxicity of GPE-EAF was considered absent even in a hostile environment. Since GPE-EAF previously developed the best results, its potential performance was investigated in a sunscreen system. The in vitro sun protection factor of the phytoderivative-free formulation was 9.0 + 2.5; by adding GPE-EAF at 10.0%, its efficacy was elevated to 15.0 + 2.5. Both samples suffered a negative effect after artificial ultraviolet exposition (500 W/m2); however, the presence of GPE-EAF improved the photostability of the sunscreen system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]