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Prior clinical data have shown a significant survival benefit of consolidative local radiotherapy for patients with limited metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of consolidative high-dose thoracic radiotherapy on local control rates and survivals in patients with limited metastatic NSCLC, especially focusing on oligo-progressive disease.We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 45 patients with limited metastatic NSCLC who received consolidative high-dose thoracic radiotherapy at the Korea University Guro Hospital between March 2015 and December 2020. In the current study, we included patients who showed partial response, stable disease, or oligo-progressive disease on tumor response evaluation after systemic treatment. All patients underwent stereotactic body radiation therapy (23 patients) or intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT, 22 patients).The median follow-up time was 42 months (range: 5-88 months). The overall 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 80.7% and 88.4%, respectively. Among the 45 patients, only two patients treated with IMRT showed in-field local recurrence. There was no local failure among the patients who showed oligo-progressive disease after systemic treatment. In addition, the response to systemic treatment was not a significant factor for either DFS or OS rates (p = .471 and p = .414, respectively) in univariate analysis.Consolidative high-dose thoracic radiotherapy improves local control rates and helps achieve long-term survival in patients with limited metastatic NSCLC. It is also effective and should be considered in patients with oligo-progressive disease after systemic treatment.

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In this study, a novel two-way beam string structure which aims primarily at roof systems under bi-directional loading is developed. The two-way beam string structure is composed of two types of cables which have different purposes and directions of cable sag. The cables are used to stiffen the upper beam through struts against both positive and negative loads. We evaluate the new system with experiments, showing that the tensile forces of the lower cables are introduced to control the structural behavior. Moreover, the structure is implemented in the Abaqus finite element package to verify the accuracy and validity of the results from the tests.

The effect of different configurations of normal contact stresses on the rutting performance of asphalt concrete overlays on a soft and stiff Crushed Aggregate Base (CAB) layer is investigated. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite element model of a pavement structure is generated. The effect of different types of simplified normal contact stresses and a realistic 3-D normal stress on the rutting performance is investigated. Since the failure mechanism of asphaltic materials at high temperature is mainly related to the flow of the material, the viscoelastic and viscoplastic constitutive relationships coupled with the hardening-relaxation mechanisms are utilized to represent the behavior of asphalt concrete layer. This constitutive relationship is part of the PANDA (Pavement Analysis using Nonlinear Damage Approach) model developed by the authors and their collaborators. As the result of simulation, the magnitude of the rut depth on the asphalt concrete layer is generally determined to be inversely proportional to the stiffness of the CAB layer, and the rut depth on the asphalt concrete layer under the realistic 3-D normal stress is about 1.5 times greater than the rut depth under uniformly distributed normal stress.

Background/Aims: Because of the limited geographic distribution, there have been insufficient data regarding hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 6 in Korea. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and available treat-ment outcomes of patients with genotype 6 HCV in Korea. Methods: From 2004 to 2014, data were collected from Korean patients infected with genotype 6 HCV in eight hos-pitals. Results: Thirty-two patients had genotype 6 HCV. The median age was 44 years, and 6c was the most common subtype. The baseline median alanine transaminase level was 88 (21 to 1,019) IU/mL, and the HCV RNA level was 1,405,000 (96,500 to 28,844,529) IU/mL. Twenty-five pa-tients were treated with peginterferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin. Three follow-up losses occurred. Additionally, 13 patients attained a sustained virologic response (SVR), seven patients relapsed, and two patients exhibited a null response. The SVR rates were 40% and 75% for the 24- and more than 48- week treatments, respectively, and five of the six patients who achieved a rapid virologic response (RVR) attained a SVR. Conclusions: Korean patients infected with genotype 6 HCV are relatively young, and 6c is the most common sub-type. When treated with PEG-IFN and ribavirin, the SVR rate was 52%. Similar to other genotypes, a longer duration of treatment and attainment of RVR are important for SVR. (Gut Liver 2017;11:270-275)

N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) is an acetyltransferase that acetylates both N-terminal amino acid and internal lysine residues of proteins. NAA10 is a crucial player to regulate cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Recently, mounting evidence presented the overexpression of NAA10 in various types of cancer, including liver, bone, lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancers, and demonstrated a correlation of overexpressed NAA10 with vascular invasion and metastasis, thereby affecting overall survival rates of cancer patients and recurrence of diseases. This evidence all points NAA10 toward a promising biomarker for cancer prognosis. Here we summarize the current knowledge regarding the biological functions of NAA10 in cancer progression and provide the potential usage of NAA10 as a prognostic marker for cancer progression.

The mechanical properties of porous MAX phase, namely porous Ti 2 AlC with aligned ellipsoid-like pores is studied in this study. Micromechanics based representative element volume (RVE) and finite element (FE) method are adopted in modeling porous Ti 2 AlC. A damage-plasticity coupled constitutive model considering different tensile and compressive behaviors is used in modeling the inelastic behavior of porous Ti 2 AlC under uniaxial compression. The effects of porosity volume fraction and pore size on elastic moduli and compressive behavior of the porous Ti 2 AlC systems are investigated. Numerical results show that unlike typical porous ceramic, porous Ti 2 AlC behaves like a quasi-brittle material under uniaxial compression, and the damage of porous Ti 2 AlC is mainly driven by localized tensile failure.

This paper includes computational analysis of the behavior of concrete subjected to cryogenic temperatures. The analysis is performed by developing a computationally implemented meso-scale model of concrete as a 3-phase composite that consists of mortar matrix, aggregate, and interfacial transition zone. The modeling results provide insight on the effects of concrete mixture design and properties on resistance to damage during cooling to cryogenic temperatures. The results show that the most important factor that affects damage is the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the mortar and aggregates. Models in which the mortar and aggregate had close values of positive coefficients are predicted to experience less damage. The modeled material with irregular shape particles is predicted to experience more localized damage than the modeled material with circular shape particles. In addition, the model predicts a reduction in damage when air entrainment is present. The damage results predicted by the model for air entrained and non-air entrained concrete are in general agreement with experimental data from the literature.

This paper aims for the ultimate goal to optimize the work place environment through assuring the optimal required ventilation rate based on the analysis of the airflow. The working environment is deteriorated due to a rise in temperature of a coal mine caused by increase of its depth and carriage tunnels. To improve the environment, the ventilation evaluation on J coal mine is carried out and the effect of a length of the tunnel on the temperature to enhance the ventilation efficiency in the subsurface is numerically analyzed. The analysis shows that J coal mine needs 17,831 m 3 /min for in-flow ventilation rate but the total input air flowrate is 16,474 m 3 /min, 1,357 m 3 /min of in-flow ventilation rate shortage. The temperatures were predicted on the two developed models of J mine, and VnetPC that is a numerical program for the flowrate prediction. The result of the simulation notices the temperature in the case of developing all 4 areas of -425ML as a first model is predicted 29.30 at the main gangway 9X of C section and in the case of developing 3 areas of -425ML excepting A area as a second model, it is predicted 27.45 Celsius degrees.Key words Coal mine, Artificial Neural Network, Temperature prediction, Ventilation system초 록 본 연구에서는 적정 소요환기량의 확보를 통한 갱내 환경의 최적화를 위한 기초연구로 갱내 소요환기량을 추정하였다. 채굴의 심부화 및 운행갱도의 증가로 인한 온도상승으로 작업환경이 점차 악화되는 광산에서 작업환경의 개선을 위하여 J광업소를 대상으로 환기평가를 하였으며 갱내의 환기효율을 증가시키기 위하여 갱도의 길이에 따른 온도에 대한 효과를 수치 해석하였다 . 연구결과 J광업소의 소요환기량은 17,831 m

In this paper an elastoplastic finite element model for stainless-steel/bronze interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) is proposed. 3D representative volume elements (RVEs) are created based on the microstructures of the stainless-steel/bronze IPCs and the corresponding finite element models are used to study the mechanical and thermal expansion properties. The predicted effective elastic moduli and coefficient of thermal expansion are compared with those obtained from micromechanics based homogenization methods. The Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) constitutive model is adopted to investigate the influence of voids located in the bronze phase on elastoplastic and evolutionary damage behavior of the IPCs under uniaxial tension. The FE results have very good correlation with the experimental data, and the effects of thermal residual stress, void growth and nucleation on the flow properties of the IPCs are discussed.

As Limestone mines have been operated with various environmental, societal and managemental problems depending on their characteristics and developing methods, many great efforts have been applied to solve these problems. Installing the mining facilities underground is one of the successful efforts to keep the sustainable limestone mine development. This effort could reduce these problems. However, unfortunately it made an side effect of constructing a large underground space in mining site. Moreover, this space caused a necessity of various disaster managements for the safety of workers and facilities. This study introduces the priority list of a limestone mining process if there are disasters in underground mining site. This result is coming from the risk assessment and business impact analysis on survey data which were obtained from the miners of that particular limestone mine. According to the result, the highest risk is ‘disregard of safety guidelines in crushing & classifier process’. The result also shows the highest priority business, above all things, is ‘a pit linked work of in & out process’.Keywords: Limestone mine, Disaster management, Risk, Business impact analysis

Oxidative aging is one of the most important factors in reducing the fatigue damage resistance of aging-susceptible materials such as bituminous materials and asphalt concrete. This study proposes a mechanistic-based phenomenological oxidative aging (or oxidative hardening) model by introducing a physically-based oxidative aging internal state variable which captures the effect of aging on the viscoelastic, viscoplastic, and viscodamage responses of aging-susceptible materials, especially bituminous materials. The proposed aging model is formulated as a function of the diffused oxygen content and temperature evolution which ties the mechanical response of aged material to the underlying physics happening during the oxidative aging of asphalt concrete. Phenomenologically, the evolution of the aging internal state variable in asphalt concrete is related to the rate of carbonyl formation during the aging process of the asphalt binder. It is argued that oxidative aging mostly affects the viscous behavior of the aged material, such that the viscosity model parameters in the coupled nonlinear-viscoelastic, viscoplastic, and viscodamage constitutive models are defined as a function of the aging state variable. The qualitative capabilities of the model in capturing the effect of aging on mechanical response of asphalt concrete are verified against a wide range of simulations that include single creep, creep-recovery, repeated creep-recovery, monotonic tension and compression, uniaxial tensile and compressive loading–unloading, and relaxation tests as well as against the rutting performance simulations of an asphalt layer. It is shown that the proposed aging model predicts proper trends for the effect of oxidative hardening on the various mechanical properties of the asphalt concrete, such as the increase in the stiffness and strength, the decrease in ductility, and early initiation and rapid evolution of damage with aging.

This study introduces M(i,j,k)BCP (Mining Business Continuity Planning) which is the smart management system of mine disasters to achieve the safe and eco-friendly mining. Where, 'i' is mine kinds, 'j' is mining processes, and 'k' is risks at process respectively. By specifically setting 'i=1=limestone mine', this study also suggests that M(1,j,k)BCP is the smart management system of limestone mine. Mining risks used in this study were obtained from professional survey and literature review. This study classified these risks by five different mining processes and reduced risk numbers approximately 60 to 26. And they were all allocated into M(1,j,k)BCP and assessed. To do assess risks, this study used four risk indexes which are probability, casualty, facility loss, and discontinuity respectively. By the results of the assessment of risks, results could be four specific groups based on their causes and impacts. In addition, one of the results showed that the most possible risks at limestone mine was the roof-fall and rock-fall in digging process. This result means that M(1,2,1)BCP should be established as a first priority at limestone mine.

Due to the convenience, RMR has been widely applied in civil engineering works such as tunnel, slope, and so on. Many researchers have studied to suggest more simple and trustable RMR by modifying its parameters. However, those researches have just focused on looking for easy modified-RMRs by reducing number of parameters using various statistical analyses. Therefore, this research studied questions of modified-RMRs and gaps between RMR and its parameters. Approximately 2,000 parameters of 400 RMRs from various tunnel sites were normalized respectively and compared with one another to study their relations and divergences. The comparison results showed that there were common patterns among RMR and parameters. Data of uniaxial compressive strength and RQD, qualitative parameters, were located in upper side of RMR line. Discontinuity condition and ground water, quantitative oriented parameters, were opposite to them. It means if both qualitative and quantitative parameters can be properly combined then it can be easy to make simple and easy modified-RMRs without using difficult statistics. This results also show that the majority of field engineers used to estimate RMR conservatively when they did quantitative oriented parameters.

Concrete is considered as a 3-phase composite material; mortar matrix, aggregates, and interfacial transmission zone (ITZ). In order to investigate the contribution of each phase to the strength and damage response of concrete, 2-D and 3-D meso-scale simulations based on a coupled plasticity-damage model are carried out. The aggregates are modeled as a linear-elastic material, whereas the mortar matrix and ITZ are modeled using a coupled plasticity-damage model with different tensile and compressive mechanical behavior. Aggregate shape, distribution, and volume fraction are considered as simulated variables. The effect of the ITZ thickness and the strength of the ITZ and mortar matrix are also evaluated. It is shown that the behavior of concrete is merely dependent on the aggregate distribution and the strength of the mortar matrix, but dependent on aggregate shape, size, and volume fraction, and the thickness and strength of the ITZ.

A coupled plasticity-damage model for plain concrete is presented in this paper. Based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM), an isotropic and anisotropic damage model coupled with a plasticity model is proposed in order to effectively predict and simulate plain concrete fracture. Two different damage evolution laws for both tension and compression are formulated for a more accurate prediction of the plain concrete behavior. In order to derive the constitutive equations and for the easiness in the numerical implementation, in the CDM framework the strain equivalence hypothesis is adopted such that the strain in the effective (undamaged) configuration is equivalent to the strain in the nominal (damaged) configuration. The proposed constitutive model has been shown to satisfy the thermodynamics requirements. Detailed numerical algorithms are developed for the finite element implementation of the proposed coupled plasticity-damage model. The numerical algorithm is coded using the user subroutine UMAT and then implemented in the commercial finite element analysis program Abaqus. Special emphasis is placed on identifying the plasticity and damage model material parameters from loading–unloading uniaxial test results. The overall performance of the proposed model is verified by comparing the model predictions to various experimental data, such as monotonic uniaxial tension and compression tests, monotonic biaxial compression test, loading–unloading uniaxial tensile and compressive tests, and mixed-mode fracture tests.

During highly dynamic and ballistic loading processes, large inelastic deformation associated with high strain rates leads, for a broad class of heterogeneous materials, to degradation and failure by localized damage and fracture. However, as soon as material failure dominates a deformation process, the material increasingly displays strain softening and the finite element predictions of ballistic response are considerably affected by the mesh size. This gives rise to non-physical description of the ballistic behavior and mesh-dependent ballistic limit velocities that may mislead the design of ballistic resistant materials. This paper is concerned with the development and numerical implementation of a coupled thermo-hypoelasto-viscoplastic and thermo-viscodamage constitutive model within the laws of thermodynamics in which an intrinsic material length scale parameter is incorporated through the nonlocal gradient-dependent damage approach. This model is intended for impact and ballistic penetration and perforation problems of heterogeneous metallic targets such as metal matrix composites with dispersed particles at decreasing microstructural length scales. An evolution equation for the material length scale as a function of the material microstructural features (e.g. mean grain size in polycrystalline materials or particle size and inter-particle spacing in metal matrix composites), course of plastic deformation, strain hardening, strain-rate hardening, and temperature is presented. It is shown through simulating plugging failure in ballistic penetration of high-strength steel targets of different thicknesses by a hard blunt projectile that the length scale parameter plays the role of a localization limiter allowing one to obtain meaningful values for the ballistic limit velocity independent of the finite element mesh density. It is also shown that a local damage model incorporating viscosity and heat conduction as localization limiters, which are known to implicitly introduce length scale parameters, is insufficient in illuminating the mesh sensitivity at impact velocities close to the ballistic limit and that the mesh sensitivity increases as the target thickness increases. Therefore, the proposed nonlocal damage model leads to an improvement in the modeling and numerical simulation of high velocity impact related problems.

There are various ways to connect the GFRP deck and girder which have been adopted as systems worldwide: including the use of a shear connector, and mechanical connection systems that utilize bolts or clamps. Recently, there have been studies on the systems to connect the GFRP deck and steel girder using a bonding agent. This paper proposes a new connection system, which is different from the GFRP deck-to-girder connection system that has been applied so far. In addition to evaluate the structural performance of the proposed connection system, it is compared with the bolted mechanical connection system via testing and FEM analysis under the same conditions.

Cold-formed steel members such as beams and columns have the great flexibility of cross-sectional profiles and sizes available to structural steel designers. However, this flexibility makes the selection of the most economical section difficult for a particular situation. In this study, micro genetic algorithm (MGA) is used to find an optimum cross section of cold-formed steel channel and lipped channel columns under axial compression. Flexural, torsional and torsional–flexural buckling of columns and flat-width-to-thickness ratio of web, flange and lip are considered as constraints. The design curves are generated for optimum values of the thickness, the web flat-depth-to-thickness ratio, the flange flat-width-to-thickness ratio for columns. As numerical results, the optimum design curves are presented for various load level and column lengths.

This paper presents a new method for deck-to-girder connections of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bridge decks. To design the connection system, a GFRP deck in a rectangular cross-sectional shape is considered. The size of the shear bolts, bolt location, bolt spacing, and the size and type of stiffening plate are the variables considered in the design. The behavior of the proposed deck-to-girder connection system was analysed using commercial finite element analysis software. The failure of the connection system was checked by the Tsai–Hill criterion. Effective deck-to-girder connection details for GFRP bridge decks are identified and presented based on the results of the analysis.Key words: bridge decks, glass fibres, bolted connections, pultrusion.

The main objective of this paper is to design a viable GFRP (glass fiber reinforced plastics) deck profile for highway girder bridges. E-glass fibers with vinylester resin were selected for the material design. Five GFRP stacking patterns having different material compositions were designed. A total of 100 coupon specimens were tested to verify the material properties of the proposed GFRP patterns. A multi-cellular cross-sectional shape was proposed for the deck profile. The proposed profile was optimized to obtain a viable cross-sectional shape that is especially suitable for the pultrusion process. This paper also presents design of a GFRP deck for prototype of a steel I-girder bridge using the proposed deck profile.

An important advantage of cold-formed steel is the great flexibility of cross-sectional profiles and sizes available to structural steel designers. However, this flexibility makes the se lection of the most economical section difficul tf or a particular situation. In this study, a micro Genetic Algorithm (µ-GA) is used to find an optimum cross-section of cold-formed steel beams. The µ-GA is one of the improved form of GAs, to reduce iteration and computing resources by using small populations. The design curves are generated for optimum values of the thickness and the web flat-depth-to-thickness ratio for unbraced beams under uniformly distributed load. As numerical results, the optimum design curves are presented for various load level. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper presents the design and analysis of GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer) decks for the girder bridges. In the material design, Eglass fibers with vinyl ester resin are assumed for the materials. Five GFRP plates having different stacking patterns and material compositions are designed and pultruded. Total 100 specimens are tested for tension, compression, shear, and flexure. Based on the material properties determined in the material test, structural shape of deck profile having multi-cellular tube section is proposed. The proposed profile is finally optimized by using a genetic algorithm-based optimization procedure. Based on the results of this study, viable GFRP patterns and cross-sectional dimensions of deck profile with deck-to-girder connections suitable for the deck renewal projects are proposed. Using the proposed cross-sectional shape and GFRP patterns, a design of GFRP deck for the typical steel I-girder bridge is also presented in this paper.

Understanding the constraints and limitations of various potential hull structure materials and armor is paramount in design considerations of future combat vehicles. Developing and applying theoretical and computational models that guide the development of design criteria and fabrication processes of high ballistic-resistant material are essential. The ultimate objective is to develop and field a contingency armor that is thin and lightweight, but with a very high level of overpressure protection system that provides low penetration depths. Therefore, performing multiscale computational modeling and simulation of the ballistic response of fighting vehicles made of high performance materials under hypervelocity projectile impact is invaluable. However, as soon as material failure dominates a deformation process, the material increasingly displays strain softening (localization) and the finite element computations are considerably affected by the mesh size and alignment and gives non-physical descriptions of the damaged regions and failure of solids. Therefore, the effective use of existing Finite Element Codes in the direct simulation of hypervelocity impacts by projectiles is limited by the dependence of the size of localized failure regions on the mesh size and alignment. As a remedy to this situation, a micromechanical constitutive model that couples the anisotropic thermo-viscodamage mechanism with the thermohypoelasto-viscoplastic deformation is formulated in [1–3] based on the non-local laws of the thermodynamics. Explicit and implicit microstructural length scale measures, which preserve the well-posed nature of the differential equations, are introduced through the use of the viscosity and gradient localization limiters. The enhanced nonlocal gradient-dependent theory formulates a constitutive framework on the continuum level that is used to bridge the gap between the micromechanical theories and the classical (local) continuum theories. They are successful in explaining the size effects encountered at the micron scale and in preserving the well-posedeness of the initial boundary value problem governing the solution of material instability triggering strain localization. Moreover, viscosity (rate dependency) allows the spatial difference operator in the governing equations to retain its hyperbolicity and the initial boundary value problem is well-posed. Model capabilities are preliminarily illustrated for the dynamic localization of inelastic flow in adiabatic shear bands and the perforation of Weldox 460E steel plates with by a deformable blunt projectile at various high impact speeds. Comparisons with the experimental results in [4] are performed. The micro-damage model used to predict material behavior under dynamic loading conditions was earlier presented in [1–3]. Thus, only the main equations will be given in the following. The model is based on the nonlocal gradient-dependent theory. It includes the von Mises yield criterion, the non-associated flow rules, isotropic and anisotropic strain hardening, strain rate hardening, softening due to adiabatic heating and anisotropic damage evolution, and finally a

Using normal swine kidney epithelial (SKE) cells that were shown to be senescent at passages 12 to 14, we have established one lifespan-extended cell line and two lifespan-extended cell lines by exogenous introduction of the human catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) and simian virus 40 large T-antigen (SV40LT), all of which maintain epithelial morphology and express cytokeratin, a marker of epithelial cells. SV40LT- and hTERT-transduced immortal cell lines appeared to be smaller and exhibited more uniform morphology relative to primary and spontaneously immortalized SKE cells. We determined the in vitro lifespan of primary SKE cells using a standard 3T6 protocol. There were two steps of the proliferation barrier at 12 and 20, in which a majority of primary SKE cells appeared enlarged, flattened, vacuolated, and ss-galactosidase-positive, all phenotypical characteristics of senescent cells. Lifespan-extended SKE cells were eventually established from most of the cellular foci, which is indicative of spontaneous cellular conversion at passage 23. Beyond passage 25, the rate of population doubling of the established cells gradually increased. At passage 30, immortal cell lines grew faster than primary counterpart cells in 10% FBS-DMEM culture conditions, and only SV40LT-transduced immortal cells grew faster than primary and other SKE immortal cells in 0.5% FBS-DMEM. These lifespan-extended SKE cell lines failed to grow in an anchorage-independent manner in soft-agar dishes. Hence, three immortalized swine kidney epithelial cells that are not transformed would be valuable biological tools for virus propagation and basic kidney epithelial cell research.

We have established three immortal bovine muscular epithelial (BME) cell lines, one spontaneously immortalized (BMES), the second SV40LT-mediated (BMEV) and the third hTERT-mediated (BMET). The morphology of the three immortal cell lines was similar to that of early passage primary BME cells. Each of the immortal cell lines made cytokeratin, a typical epithelial marker. BMET grew faster than the other immortal lines and the BME cells, in 10% FBS-DMEM medium, whereas neither the primary cells nor the three immortal cell lines grew in 0.5% FBS-DMEM. The primary BME cells and the immortal cell lines, with the exception of BMES, made increasing amounts of p53 protein when treated with doxorubicin, a DNA damaging agent. On the other hand, almost half of the cells in populations of the three immortal cell lines may lack p16(INK4a) regulatory function, compared to primary BME cells that were growth arrested by enforced expression of p16(INK4a). In soft-agar assays, the primary cells and immortal cell lines proved to be less transformed in phenotype than HeLa cells. The three immortal epithelial-type cell lines reported here are the first cell lines established from muscle tissue of bovine or other species.

Sol-gel-driven ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ phosphors are annealed at various temperatures. As an increase of the annealing temperature of as-grown ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ phosphors, their lattice constants and crystallinities are increased. The resonance signal intensity of Mn2+ ions on Td sites is drastically increased whereas that of Mn2+ ions on Oh sites is decreased as the annealing temperature is increased. The decay curves are well fitted with two simple exponential decay functions indicating the existence of two origins. Liquid nitrogen-temperature emission spectra show two emission peaks suggesting that they originate from Mn2+ ions on Td and on Oh sites. The emission intensity of Mn2+ ions on Td sites is drastically increased whereas that of Mn2+ ions on Oh sites is decreased. The variation of the optical characteristics agrees with the concentration of Mn2+ ions at Td site and its site environment.