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In recent years, remote sensing analysis has gained significant attention in visual analysis applications, particularly in segmenting and recognizing remote sensing images. However, the existing research has predominantly focused on single-period RGB image analysis, thus overlooking the complexities of remote sensing image capture, especially in highly vegetated land parcels. In this paper, we provide a large-scale vegetation remote sensing (VRS) dataset and introduce the VRS-Seg task for multi-modal and multi-temporal vegetation segmentation. The VRS dataset incorporates diverse modalities and temporal variations, and its annotations are organized using the Vegetation Knowledge Graph (VKG), thereby providing detailed object attribute information. To address the VRS-Seg task, we introduce VRSFormer, a critical pipeline that integrates multi-temporal and multi-modal data fusion, geometric contour refinement, and category-level classification inference. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization capability of our approach. The availability of VRS and the VRS-Seg task paves the way for further research in multi-modal and multi-temporal vegetation segmentation in remote sensing imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The importance of autophagy for maintaining cellular homeostasis and stress response has long been recognized. As a way for cells to selectively clear their damaged organelles to achieve the recycling of cellular components, autophagy has a pivotal role in bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To review the role and possible mechanisms of autophagy in regulating bone-related cell activity and function among bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. METHODS: PubMed was searched for studies related to autophagy using the keywords of “autophagy; bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; osteoblasts; osteocytes; osteoclasts.” RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We finally included 84 papers. Autophagy plays an important role in bone metabolism. Autophagy is involved in maintaining the balance between mineralization and absorption, and then maintaining bone homeostasis. An appropriate autophagy inducer may also benefit bone remodeling. Abnormal autophagy can lead to disorders of bone balance, leading to diseases such as osteoporosis. We may prevent or treat bone-related diseases by regulating the level of autophagy as its function in maintaining the balance of mineralization and resorption in bone homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is a form of osteolytic disease caused by an imbalance in bone homeostasis, with reductions in osteoblast bone formation, and augmented osteoclast formation and resorption resulting in reduced bone mass. Cajaninstilbene acid (CSA) is a natural compound derived from pigeon pea leaves. CSA possesses beneficial properties as an anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antihepatitis, and anticancer agent; however, its potential to modulate bone homeostasis and osteoporosis has not been studied. We observed that CSA has the ability to suppress RANKL‐mediated osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast marker gene expression, and bone resorption in a dose‐dependent manner. Mechanistically, it was revealed that CSA attenuates RANKL‐activated NF‐κB and nuclear factor of activated T‐cell pathways and inhibited phosphorylation of key signaling mediators c‐Fos, V‐ATPase‐d2, and ERK. Moreover, in osteoclasts, CSA blocked RANKL‐induced ROS activity as well as calcium oscillations. We further evaluated the therapeutic effect of CSA in a preclinical mouse model and showed that in vivo treatment of ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice with CSA protects the mice from osteoporotic bone loss. Thus, this study demonstrates that osteolytic bone diseases can potentially be treated by CSA. Cajaninstilbene acid (CSA), a natural compound derived from pigeon pea leaves, has the ability to suppress RANKL‐mediated osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast marker gene expression, and bone resorption in a dose‐dependent manner. It attenuates RANKL‐activated NF‐κB and nuclear factor of activated T‐cell (NFAT) pathways and inhibited phosphorylation of key signaling mediators c‐Fos, V‐ATPase‐d2, and ERK. Moreover, in osteoclasts, CSA blocked the RANKL‐induced ROS activity as well as calcium oscillations.The treatment of ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice with CSA protects the mice from osteoporotic bone loss. Thus, this study demonstrates that osteolytic bone diseases can potentially be treated by CSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MiR‐214 belongs to a family of microRNA (small, highly conserved noncoding RNA molecules) precursors that play a pivotal role in biological functions, such as cellular function, tissue development, tissue homeostasis, and pathogenesis of diseases. Recently, miR‐214 emerged as a critical regulator of musculoskeletal metabolism. Specifically, miR‐214 can mediate skeletal muscle myogenesis and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. MiR‐214 also modulates osteoblast function by targeting specific molecular pathways and the expression of various osteoblast‐related genes; promotes osteoclast activity by targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten); and mediates osteoclast‐osteoblast intercellular crosstalk via an exosomal miRNA paracrine mechanism. Importantly, dysregulation in miR‐214 expression is associated with pathological bone conditions such as osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, multiple myeloma, and osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer. This review discusses the cellular targets of miR‐214 in bone, the molecular mechanisms governing the activities of miR‐214 in the musculoskeletal system, and the putative role of miR‐214 in skeletal diseases. Understanding the biology of miR‐214 could potentially lead to the development of miR‐214 as a possible biomarker and a therapeutic target for musculoskeletal diseases. This review discusses the cellular targets of miR‐214 in bone, the molecular mechanisms governing the activities of miR‐214 in the musculoskeletal system and the putative role of miR‐214 in skeletal diseases. Understanding the biology of miR‐214 could potentially lead to the development of miR‐214 as a possible biomarker and a therapeutic target for musculoskeletal diseases. Highlights: MiR‐214 is an important regulator of the musculoskeletal system and is involved in muscle development, bone homeostasis and bone‐related disorders.MiR‐214 is able to mediate skeletal muscle myogenesis and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and differentiation.MiR‐214 modulates osteoblast function by targeting specific molecular pathways and the expression of various osteoblast‐related genes.MiR‐214 promotes osteoclast activity by targeting specific genes and mediates osteoblast‐osteoclast intercellular crosstalk via an exosomal miRNA paracrine mechanism.Dysregulation in miR‐214 expression has been associated with bone diseases such as osteoporosis, osteosarcoma and multiple myeloma.Osteoclastic miR‐214 is involved in regulating osteoclast‐mediated osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephronectin (NPNT), a highly conserved extracellular matrix protein, plays an important role in regulating cell adhesion, differentiation, spreading, and survival. NPNT protein belongs to the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like superfamily and exhibits several common structural determinants; including EGF-like repeat domains, MAM domain (Meprin, A5 Protein, and Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase µ), RGD motif (Arg-Gly-Asp) and a coiled-coil domain. It regulates integrins-mediated signaling pathways via the interaction of its RGD motif with integrin α8β1. Recent studies revealed that NPNT is involved in kidney development, renal injury repair, atrioventricular canal differentiation, pulmonary function, and muscle cell niche maintenance. Moreover, NPNT regulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, as well as osteogenic angiogenesis. Altered expression of NPNT has been linked with the progression of certain types of cancers, such as spontaneous breast tumor metastasis and malignant melanoma. Interestingly, NPNT gene expression can be regulated by a range of external factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), oncostatin M (OSM), bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), Wnt3a, Vitamin D3, and microRNA-378 (miR378). Further understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which NPNT regulates tissue homeostasis in an organ-specific manner is critical in exploring NPNT as a therapeutic target for tissue regeneration and tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR) is the freshwater source for the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRSNWDP) in China. It is important to characterize the dam water level (DWL) and surface water area (SWA) of the DJKR for the MRSNWDP. In this study, 81 phases of time-series Landsat images are used to estimate the SWA of the DJKR from 1993 to 2015. SWA andin situ-observed DWL data are employed to investigate the relationship between DWL and SWA for the DJKR. The results show that polynomial functions can describe this relationship, and quantitative assessment and qualitative analysis indicate that a cubic polynomial function is the optimal relationship between the DWL and SWA of the DJKR. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error of the cubic polynomial function are 0.9879 and 0.6987, respectively. This relationship has implications for water resources management, flood control and environmental monitoring for the MRSNWDP. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Effectively monitoring pest-infested areas by computer vision is essential in precision agriculture in order to minimize yield losses and create early scientific preventative solutions. However, the scale variation, complex background, and dense distribution of pests bring challenges to accurate detection when utilizing vision technology. Simultaneously, supervised learning-based object detection heavily depends on abundant labeled data, which poses practical difficulties. To overcome these obstacles, in this paper, we put forward innovative semi-supervised pest detection, PestTeacher. The framework effectively mitigates the issues of confirmation bias and instability among detection results across different iterations. To address the issue of leakage caused by the weak features of pests, we propose the Spatial-aware Multi-Resolution Feature Extraction (SMFE) module. Furthermore, we introduce a Region Proposal Network (RPN) module with a cascading architecture. This module is specifically designed to generate higher-quality anchors, which are crucial for accurate object detection. We evaluated the performance of our method on two datasets: the corn borer dataset and the Pest24 dataset. The corn borer dataset encompasses data from various corn growth cycles, while the Pest24 dataset is a large-scale, multi-pest image dataset consisting of 24 classes and 25k images. Experimental results demonstrate that the enhanced model achieves approximately 80% effectiveness with only 20% of the training set supervised in both the corn borer dataset and Pest24 dataset. Compared to the baseline model SoftTeacher, our model improves mAP @0.5 (mean Average Precision) at 7.3 compared to that of SoftTeacher at 4.6. This method offers theoretical research and technical references for automated pest identification and management., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer RL declared a shared affiliation with the authors JZ, HH, YS, JC, WZ, FQ, and HY to the handling editor at the time of review., (Copyright © 2024 Zhou, Huang, Sun, Chu, Zhang, Qu and Yang.)

Objective: To review the causes of Latarjet surgery failure and various revision surgeries, in order to provide the reference for the revision of treatment options for Latarjet surgery failure., Methods: Literature on the causes of Latarjet surgery failure and revision surgeries was extensively reviewed and analyzed., Results: Latarjet surgery is widely used in clinical practice for recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder with glenoid defects, especially for the defects of more than 25%. The main reasons for its failure are ununion, bone resorption, graft dislocation, trauma, and graft fracture, etc. The revision surgeries are diverse, the standard treatment has not yet been formed. The revision surgeries include open iliac bone grafting, microscopic Eden-Hybinette surgery, soft tissue reconstruction, open or arthroscopic bone grafting, etc . The differences among the revisions are mainly reflected in grafts, complications, and their costs., Conclusion: Latarjet surgery is difficult to operate and requires high technical requirements for the surgeons. It is necessary to continuously improve the surgical technology to reduce the complications related to Latarjet surgery and its revision surgery.

Objective: To summarize surgical procedures of hip-preservation based on peri-collapse stage of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH)., Methods: The basic points of peri-collapse stage theory was expounded. The related literature on surgical procedures was summarized and analyzed based on the theory., Results: Surgical procedures of hip-preservation tend to emphasize on mechanical repair, giving consideration to biological repair. It is consistent with the essence of peri-collapse stage theory, which attaches great importance to biomechanical stability., Conclusion: Peri-collapse stage theory has a guiding significance to the choice of surgical timing and approach, and it is one of the important theoretical basis for hip-preservation treatment.