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We investigated the host status of harvest-ready green Persian lime, Citrus x latifolia Tan. (Rutaceae), to Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis [Hendel]) and Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata [Wiedemann]) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using laboratory and field studies. In forced-infestation small cage exposures (using 25 × 25 × 25 cm screened cages with 50 gravid females) and large olfactometer cage tests (using 2.9 × 2.9 × 2.5 m walk-in screened cages with 100 gravid females), punctured limes were infested by Oriental fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly at low rates compared to papaya controls, whereas undamaged intact fruit was not infested. Field collection and packing of 45,958 commercial export-grade fruit and subsequent incubation to look for natural infestation resulted in no emergence of fruit flies. Forced infestation studies in the field using sleeve cages to enclose fruit with a high density of fruit flies (50 gravid females) on the tree also showed no infestation. Commercial export-grade Persian lime fruit should be considered a conditional nonhost for Oriental fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly.

Objective To explore the correlation between social support, self-efficacy and quality of life of patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia, and to provide reference basis for optimizing the quality of life. Methods Totally 220 primary trigeminal neuralgia patients who were 18 years old or older were conveniently selected from a tertiary hospital in Jinan City, and were surveyed with self-designed general information questionnaires, social support scales, chronic pain self-efficacy scales, and trigeminal neuralgia patients' quality of life questionnaires. Results The scores of trigeminal neuralgia patients were: social support (37. 82±8. 31), self-efficacy (61. 27±13. 17), and quality of life (81. 15±14. 75). There was a correlation between patients' quality of life, self-efficacy, and social support (P＜0. 05). Structural equation modeling showed that social support and self-efficacy were negatively correlated with quality of life, and self-efficacy had a significant mediating effect between social support and quality of life. Conclusion In clinical practice, healthcare professionals should enhance patients' quality of life by strengthening social support and improving patients' self-efficacy. (目的 探讨原发性三叉神经痛患者社会支持、自我效能感与生活质量的相关性, 为优化生活质量提供参考依据。方法 便利抽取济南市某三甲医院≥18岁的原发性三叉神经痛患者220例, 应用自行设计的一般资料调查问卷、社会支持评定量表、慢性疼痛自我效能量表以及三叉神经痛患者生活质量调查量表进行问卷调查。结果 三叉神经痛患者社会支持得分为(37. 82±8. 31)分, 自我效能感得分为(61. 27±13. 17)分, 生活质量得分为(81. 15±14. 75 )分。患者生活质量、自我效能感、社会支持之间均有相关性(P＜0. 05)。结构方程模型显示, 社会支持及自我效能感均与生活质量呈负相关, 自我效能感在社会支持和生活质量之间存在显著中介效应。结论 在临床工作中, 医护人员应通过加强社会支持、提升患者自我效能感, 进而提升患者生活质量。)

\nHighlightsAmmonia/hydrogen blend fuels have been extensively used as alternative fuel for engines. The combustion and emissions characteristics of ammonia/hydrogen engines have been investigated utilising a CFD model. Developing a robust and accurate chemical reaction mechanism for ammonia/hydrogen blend fuels is of utmost importance. In this paper, a chemical mechanism has been developed and validated for the combustion characteristics of ammonia/hydrogen, which includes 31 species and 223 reactions. Extensive validation has been conducted using experimental data as the basis. The obtained data indicate that the simulated values for the ignition delay times of the shock tube and the concentration of the main components in the stirred jet reactor align well with the measured values. The simulated laminar flame speed under turbulent flow conditions shows a remarkable agreement with the corresponding experimental data. The study compared simulated flame evolution values with experimental data from a constant volume combustion bomb. The results indicate that the proposed mechanism is able to produce favourable flame evolution and combustion characteristics. The presented detailed mechanism demonstrates credible overall performance in terms of combustion behaviours, indicating its suitability for effectively modelling ammonia/hydrogen combustion in real engines. A chemical mechanism of ammonia/hydrogen blends was developed.A chemical mechanism of ammonia/hydrogen blends was developed.The combustion characteristics of each component were validated.The accuracy of ammonia/hydrogen blends mechanism was validated in 3-D simulation.A chemical mechanism of ammonia/hydrogen blends was developed.A chemical mechanism of ammonia/hydrogen blends was developed.The combustion characteristics of each component were validated.The accuracy of ammonia/hydrogen blends mechanism was validated in 3-D simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avocado lace bug, Pseudocysta perseae (Heidemann) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), is a sap-feeding insect that feeds on the underside of avocado leaves. First observed in 2019, P. perseae has spread throughout the Hawaiian islands, causing premature leaf drop and decrease in avocado yield. Due to Hawai'i's approximately 200 cultivars comprised of all 3 avocado races with extensive racial hybrids, we were able to investigate whether certain cultivars were more prone to experiencing higher P. perseae abundances and infestations compared to others. We conducted longitudinal abundance surveys on Hawai'i Island across several common avocado varieties monitoring changes in P. perseae abundance. These surveys were supplemented with longitudinal infestation severity surveys across 4 avocado lineages (Mexican, Guatemalan, West Indian, and Guatemalan × West Indian hybrid). Additionally, we collected leaves of 'Sharwil', 'Hass', 'Kahalu'u', and 'Nishikawa' cultivars looking at associations between P. perseae abundance and cultivar, herbivory-related biomechanical traits, and soluble sugar content. We found that some cultivars, such as 'Malama', typically experience lower P. perseae abundances compared to cultivars such as 'Kahalu'u', 'Beshore', and 'Sharwil'. Guatemalan × West Indian hybrid trees were also shown to have a higher probability of experiencing more severe P. perseae infestations compared to other lineages. Lastly, soluble sugar content, specifically fructose content, had a positive effect on juvenile P. perseae abundance. These findings suggest that cultivar differences in P. perseae infestations may exist, but tree-to-tree leaf compositional differences, such as soluble sugar content, may be a large driver of variation in P. perseae abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo investigate the resistance level of adult Aedes albopictus to commonly used insecticides in urban areas of Huzhou City， and analyze the trend of insecticide resistance.MethodsAedes albopictus larvae were collected from different urban areas of Huzhou City in 2019 and 2020. The larvae were reared to adults for determining resistance using the WHO standard test kits by contact tube method.ResultsThe mortality was 97.06%‒100.00% in adult Aedes albopictus mosquitoes exposed to 0.4% beta-cypermethrin， 0.1% deltamethrin， 0.5% malathion， 0.05% propoxur and 3% permethrin in 2019. While the adult mosquitoes exposed to 0.4% beta Cypermethrin， 0.08% beta Cypermethrin， 0.03% deltamethrin， 0.4% permethrin， 0.5% malathion and 0.02% propoxur in 2020， the adjusted mortality were 98.58%， 89.09%， 85.64%， 91.34%， 91.43% and 100% respectively . When the insecticide doses on medicated paper were high， the Huzhou populations of Aedes albopictus were sensitive to beta-cypermethrin， deltamethrin， malathion and propoxur， and showed suspected resistance to permethrin. While the Aedes albopictus were exposed to low testing dose， they showed suspected resistance to beta-cypermethrin， deltamethrin， permethrin and malathion， but remained to be sensitive to propoxur.ConclusionThe adult Aedes albopictus in Huzhou City from 2019 to 2020 was still sensitive to propoxur， but their resistance to malathion changes from sensitive to resistant. When the contact tube method is used for insecticide resistance， it is suggested that the accurate diagnostic dose should be obtained first before conducting further insecticide resistance tests.