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Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) is a member of the NAD+-dependent sirtuin family of protein deacylase that catalyzes removal of post-translational modifications, such as succinylation, malonylation, and glutarylation on lysine residues. In light of the SIRT5's roles in regulating mitochondrion function, we show here that SIRT5 deficiency leads to suppression of mitochondrial NADH oxidation and inhibition of ATP synthase activity. As a result, SIRT5 deficiency decreases mitochondrial ATP production, increases AMP/ATP ratio, and subsequently activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cultured cells and mouse hearts under energy stress conditions. Moreover, Sirt5 knockout attenuates transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction in mice, which is associated with decreased ATP level, increased AMP/ATP ratio and enhanced AMPK activation. Our study thus uncovers an important role of SIRT5 in regulating cellular energy metabolism and AMPK activation in response to energy stress.

CuC27H27N3O7, orthorhombic, Pca21 (no. 29), a = 22.9142(18) Å, b = 7.3271(6) Å, c = 14.7386(11) Å, V = 2474.5(3) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0443, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0990, T = 294(2) K.

l-2-Hydroxyglutarate aciduria (L-2-HGA) is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder caused by a mutation in the l-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) gene. In this study, we generated L2hgdh knockout (KO) mice and observed a robust increase of l-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2-HG) levels in multiple tissues. The highest levels of L-2-HG were observed in the brain and testis, with a corresponding increase in histone methylation in these tissues. L2hgdh KO mice exhibit white matter abnormalities, extensive gliosis, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, and an expansion of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Moreover, L2hgdh deficiency leads to impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis and late-onset neurodegeneration in mouse brains. Our data provide in vivo evidence that L2hgdh mutation leads to L-2-HG accumulation, leukoencephalopathy, and neurodegeneration in mice, thereby offering new insights into the pathophysiology of L-2-HGA in humans.

Excess in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered as a major cause of cellular oxidative stress. NADPH, the main intracellular reductant, has a key role in keeping glutathione in its reduced form GSH, which scavenges ROS and thus protects the cell from oxidative damage. Here, we report that SIRT5 desuccinylates and deglutarylates isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), respectively, and thus activates both NADPH-producing enzymes. Moreover, we show that knockdown or knockout of SIRT5 leads to high levels of cellular ROS SIRT5 inactivation leads to the inhibition of IDH2 and G6PD, thereby decreasing NADPH production, lowering GSH, impairing the ability to scavenge ROS, and increasing cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress. Our study uncovers a SIRT5-dependent mechanism that regulates cellular NADPH homeostasis and redox potential by promoting IDH2 desuccinylation and G6PD deglutarylation.

CuC27H27N3O7, orthorhombic, Pca21 (no. 29), a = 22.9142(18) Å, b = 7.3271(6) Å, c = 14.7386(11) Å, V = 2474.5(3) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0443, wRref(F2) = 0.0990, T = 294(2) K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuC27H27N3O7, orthorhombic, Pca21 (no. 29), a = 22.9142(18) Å, b = 7.3271(6) Å, c = 14.7386(11) Å, V = 2474.5(3) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0443, wRref(F2) = 0.0990, T = 294(2) K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuC27H27N3O7, orthorhombic, Pca21 (no. 29), a = 22.9142(18) Å, b = 7.3271(6) Å, c = 14.7386(11) Å, V = 2474.5(3) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0443, wRref(F2) = 0.0990, T = 294(2) K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuC27H27N3O7, orthorhombic, Pca21 (no. 29), a = 22.9142(18) Å, b = 7.3271(6) Å, c = 14.7386(11) Å, V = 2474.5(3) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0443, wRref(F2) = 0.0990, T = 294(2) K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species ( ROS) is considered as a major cause of cellular oxidative stress. NADPH, the main intracellular reductant, has a key role in keeping glutathione in its reduced form GSH, which scavenges ROS and thus protects the cell from oxidative damage. Here, we report that SIRT5 desuccinylates and deglutarylates isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 ( IDH2) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6 PD), respectively, and thus activates both NADPH-producing enzymes. Moreover, we show that knockdown or knockout of SIRT5 leads to high levels of cellular ROS. SIRT5 inactivation leads to the inhibition of IDH2 and G6 PD, thereby decreasing NADPH production, lowering GSH, impairing the ability to scavenge ROS, and increasing cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress. Our study uncovers a SIRT5-dependent mechanism that regulates cellular NADPH homeostasis and redox potential by promoting IDH2 desuccinylation and G6 PD deglutarylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1 → 3)-β- d -glucan derived from Poria cocos hardly exhibits bioactivities. To extend its use, three types of (1 → 3)-β- d -glucan derivatives, which were sulfated (1 → 3)-β- d -glucan (S-P), carboxymethyl (1 → 3)-β- d -glucan (CMP) and carboxylmethyl (1 → 3)-β- d -glucan sulfate (S-CMP), were synthesized. Potential antioxidant activities of S-P, CMP and S-CMP were evaluated in vitro . The experiments of scavenging abilities of free radicals were carried out, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion and hydroxyl. Deeply study of the derivatives’ inhibitory effect for lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidative damage, erythrocyte hemolysis, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production were determined. And S-CMP significantly ( P < 0.01) increased the antioxidant activity of β-glucan. These results showed that multiple modifications of polysaccharides may bring the derivatives with excellent properties and various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]