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1. Parrot: Multilingual Visual Instruction Tuning

Author

Sun, Hai-Long, Zhou, Da-Wei, Li, Yang, Lu, Shiyin, Yi, Chao, Chen, Qing-Guo, Xu, Zhao, Luo, Weihua, Zhang, Kaifu, Zhan, De-Chuan, and Ye, Han-Jia

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

The rapid development of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) like GPT-4V has marked a significant step towards artificial general intelligence. Existing methods mainly focus on aligning vision encoders with LLMs through supervised fine-tuning (SFT) to endow LLMs with multimodal abilities, making MLLMs' inherent ability to react to multiple languages progressively deteriorate as the training process evolves. We empirically find that the imbalanced SFT datasets, primarily composed of English-centric image-text pairs, lead to significantly reduced performance in non-English languages. This is due to the failure of aligning the vision encoder and LLM with multilingual tokens during the SFT process. In this paper, we introduce Parrot, a novel method that utilizes textual guidance to drive visual token alignment at the language level. Parrot makes the visual tokens condition on diverse language inputs and uses Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) to promote the alignment of multilingual tokens. Specifically, to enhance non-English visual tokens alignment, we compute the cross-attention using the initial visual features and textual embeddings, the result of which is then fed into the MoE router to select the most relevant experts. The selected experts subsequently convert the initial visual tokens into language-specific visual tokens. Moreover, considering the current lack of benchmarks for evaluating multilingual capabilities within the field, we collect and make available a Massive Multilingual Multimodal Benchmark which includes 6 languages, 15 categories, and 12,000 questions, named as MMMB. Our method not only demonstrates state-of-the-art performance on multilingual MMBench and MMMB, but also excels across a broad range of multimodal tasks. Both the source code and the training dataset of Parrot will be made publicly available. Code is available at: https://github.com/AIDC-AI/Parrot., Comment: Code is available at: https://github.com/AIDC-AI/Parrot

Published
2024

2. Expandable Subspace Ensemble for Pre-Trained Model-Based Class-Incremental Learning

Author

Zhou, Da-Wei, Sun, Hai-Long, Ye, Han-Jia, and Zhan, De-Chuan

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) requires a learning system to continually learn new classes without forgetting. Despite the strong performance of Pre-Trained Models (PTMs) in CIL, a critical issue persists: learning new classes often results in the overwriting of old ones. Excessive modification of the network causes forgetting, while minimal adjustments lead to an inadequate fit for new classes. As a result, it is desired to figure out a way of efficient model updating without harming former knowledge. In this paper, we propose ExpAndable Subspace Ensemble (EASE) for PTM-based CIL. To enable model updating without conflict, we train a distinct lightweight adapter module for each new task, aiming to create task-specific subspaces. These adapters span a high-dimensional feature space, enabling joint decision-making across multiple subspaces. As data evolves, the expanding subspaces render the old class classifiers incompatible with new-stage spaces. Correspondingly, we design a semantic-guided prototype complement strategy that synthesizes old classes' new features without using any old class instance. Extensive experiments on seven benchmark datasets verify EASE's state-of-the-art performance. Code is available at: https://github.com/sun-hailong/CVPR24-Ease, Comment: Accepted to CVPR 2024. Code is available at: https://github.com/sun-hailong/CVPR24-Ease

Published
2024

3. Continual Learning with Pre-Trained Models: A Survey

Author

Zhou, Da-Wei, Sun, Hai-Long, Ning, Jingyi, Ye, Han-Jia, and Zhan, De-Chuan

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Nowadays, real-world applications often face streaming data, which requires the learning system to absorb new knowledge as data evolves. Continual Learning (CL) aims to achieve this goal and meanwhile overcome the catastrophic forgetting of former knowledge when learning new ones. Typical CL methods build the model from scratch to grow with incoming data. However, the advent of the pre-trained model (PTM) era has sparked immense research interest, particularly in leveraging PTMs' robust representational capabilities. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the latest advancements in PTM-based CL. We categorize existing methodologies into three distinct groups, providing a comparative analysis of their similarities, differences, and respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, we offer an empirical study contrasting various state-of-the-art methods to highlight concerns regarding fairness in comparisons. The source code to reproduce these evaluations is available at: https://github.com/sun-hailong/LAMDA-PILOT, Comment: Accepted to IJCAI 2024. Code is available at: https://github.com/sun-hailong/LAMDA-PILOT

Published
2024

4. PILOT: A Pre-Trained Model-Based Continual Learning Toolbox

Author

Sun, Hai-Long, Zhou, Da-Wei, Ye, Han-Jia, and Zhan, De-Chuan

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

While traditional machine learning can effectively tackle a wide range of problems, it primarily operates within a closed-world setting, which presents limitations when dealing with streaming data. As a solution, incremental learning emerges to address real-world scenarios involving new data's arrival. Recently, pre-training has made significant advancements and garnered the attention of numerous researchers. The strong performance of these pre-trained models (PTMs) presents a promising avenue for developing continual learning algorithms that can effectively adapt to real-world scenarios. Consequently, exploring the utilization of PTMs in incremental learning has become essential. This paper introduces a pre-trained model-based continual learning toolbox known as PILOT. On the one hand, PILOT implements some state-of-the-art class-incremental learning algorithms based on pre-trained models, such as L2P, DualPrompt, and CODA-Prompt. On the other hand, PILOT also fits typical class-incremental learning algorithms (e.g., DER, FOSTER, and MEMO) within the context of pre-trained models to evaluate their effectiveness., Comment: Code is available at https://github.com/sun-hailong/LAMDA-PILOT

Published
2023

6. ANN-Assisted Iterative Algorithms for Pattern Synthesis of Conformal Arrays

Author

Sun, Hai-Long, Cheng, You-Feng, Liao, Cheng, Bai, Guo, Zhao, Li, and Peng, Lin

Abstract

This letter proposes an efficient iterative method assisted by an artificial neural network (ANN) for pattern synthesis of arbitrary conformal arrays. Relying on a fast and accurate far-field evaluation solution based on the near-field Euler rotation and 2-D layer-wise fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques, an ANN-ANN and an ANN-FFT iterative algorithms are constructed. The theoretical foundation, iterative process, and synthesis results are presented and analyzed. Numerical examples of synthesizing shaped, flat-top and 3-D low-sidelobe beams of different conformal arrays are provided to validate the synthesis performance of the algorithms in terms of efficiency and accuracy.

Published
2024
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7. The Influence of COVID-19 on Irrational Consumption Behavior in a Chinese Sample: Based on a Serial Mediating Model

Author

Hu Yue-Qian, Xie Piao, Wang Ying, Huang Zhi-Xin, Wu Yi-Ting, and Sun Hai-Long

Subjects
COVID-19, public health emergencies, perceived scarcity, negative mentality, irrational consumption behavior, Psychology, BF1-990
Abstract

Based on the scarcity theory, this study focuses on exploring the relationship between the severity of public health emergencies (i.e., COVID-19) and individual irrational consumer behaviors through the serial mediating variables of perceived scarcity (PS) and negative mentality (NM). An online questionnaire was used to collect data from participants in China and we obtained 466 effective (115 male and 351 female) questionnaires in total. The findings showed that the relationship between each pair of factors – perceived pandemic severity, PS, NM, and irrational consumption behaviors – was significantly positive. Although the perception of the severity of this public health emergency did not directly predict irrational consumer behavior, the effect was mediated by PS and NM independently and serially. These findings reveal that people who strongly perceive scarcity and are prone to negative attitudes are more likely to demonstrate irrational consumer behaviors (such as rushing to buy and hoard living supplies) once the public perceives a public health emergency as severe. This effect occurs because the PS that results from the epidemic affects people’s cognition, emotion, and behavior.

Published
2021
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11. Validation and refinement of two interpretable models for coronavirus disease 2019 prognosis prediction

Author

Zhou, Xue-Zhong, primary, Chang, Kai, additional, Jia, Ting, additional, Zhou, Ya-Na, additional, Shu, Zi-Xin, additional, Liu, Ji-Fen, additional, Sun, Jing, additional, Zheng, Qi-Guang, additional, Tian, Hao-Yu, additional, Xia, Jia-Nan, additional, Yang, Kuo, additional, Wang, Ning, additional, Sun, Hai-Long, additional, Wang, Xin-Yan, additional, Yan, Deng-Ying, additional, Clark, TaaneG, additional, Liu, Bao-Yan, additional, Li, Xiao-Dong, additional, and Peng, Yong-Hong, additional

Published
2023
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26. Human brucellosis, Inner Mongolia, China

Author

Zhang, Wen-Yi, Guo, Wei-Dong, Sun, Shan-Hua, Jiang, Jia-Fu, Sun, Hai-Long, Li, Shen-Long, Liu, Wei, and Cao, Wu-Chun

Subjects
Brucellosis -- Diagnosis -- Care and treatment -- Demographic aspects, Health
Abstract

To the Editor: Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide (1). The disease is caused by Brucella spp. and mainly transmitted from its animal reservoirs to humans [...]

Published
2010
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27. Remarkable High Thermoelectric Conversion Efficiency Materials of BeMF3 (M = Al, Y).

Author

Sun, Hai‐Long, Yang, Chuan‐Lu, Wang, Mei‐Shan, and Ma, Xiao‐Guang

Abstract

Large dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) and high thermoelectric conversion efficiency (η) are key factors to achieve practical application for the semiconductor materials. Here, two semiconductor materials of BeMF3 (M = Al, Y) with excellent thermoelectric performance are reported. In particular, the ZT and η of BeMF3 reach 4.76 and 48%, respectively, which are larger than those of all the reported thermoelectric materials in the literature. The electronic properties of BeMF3 with first‐principles calculations based on density functional theory are carried out. The geometrical structures of BeMF3 are fully relaxed and stabilities are confirmed by phonon dispersions. Transport properties are determined by the semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory with accurate band structures. The results show that the regions of the large Seebeck coefficients and electrical conductivity are overlapped with those of the small electronic thermal conductivity for the n‐ and p‐type systems and especially true for BeYF3, which brings about the enhanced ZT values. Moreover, the small lattice thermal conductivities also contribute to the large ZT values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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29. Variations of root hydraulic conductance of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings in different concentrations of NH4NO3 solution

Author

XU Wenjing, Wang Zhengquan, Sun Hai-long, and Wu Chu

Subjects
Water transport, Ecology, biology, Chemistry, Aquaporin, Forestry, Root system, Fraxinus, biology.organism_classification, Protoplasm, Water balance, Distilled water, Botany, Shoot, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Absorbing water from soil by roots in vascular plants is an important physiological function and plays an essential role on their water balance. The root hydraulic conductance (L P) determined by radical water transport inside the root is a major influence on the shoot water status, plant growth, and development. However, a few studies have focused on the effect of different substances on L P of roots, and the role of radical water transport was poorly understood. Based on the pressure-flux approach, this study used the roots of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings with different treatments, i.e., distilled water, NH4NO3 solution, and HgCl2 to determine the effect of various substances on L P of roots. The objectives are: 1) to evaluate the difference in L P occurred between distilled water and NH4NO3 solution with various concentrations; and 2) to examine the changes of L P under distilled water and NH4NO3 solution with various concentrations after HgCl2 treatment. The results showed that L P of roots were 18.85×10−8 m/(s·MPa) in distilled water, 31.25–34.15×10−8 m/(s·MPa) in four NH4NO3 solutions (2, 4, 8 and 16 mmol/L), 14.69×10−8 m/(s·MPa) in distilled water after HgCl2-treated, and 9.63–13.57×10−8 m/(s·MPa) in four NH4NO3 solutions after HgCl2-treated, respectively. Aquaporins play an important role in regulating water uptake and transport in roots. NH4 + and NO3 − could stimulate activity of aquaporins, and L P of roots in NH4NO3 solution was distinctly 77% higher than in distilled water. Nevertheless, Hg2+ can inhibit activity of aquaporins, and and L P of roots decreased 22% in distilled water and 68% in NH4NO3 solution after treatment by HgCl2 respectively. These evidences suggested that both Hg2+-sensitive aquaporins and ion channels existing in the protoplasm and vacuole membranes could regulate root water uptake, transport, and integral plant water balance.

Published
2006

30. Effects of different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus on chlorophyll biosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and photosynthesis in Larix olgensis seedlings

Author

Wu Chu, Guo Shenglei, Wang Zhengquan, and Sun Hai-long

Subjects
Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a, Ecology, Phosphorus, chemistry.chemical_element, Forestry, Photosynthesis, Phosphate, Nitrogen, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animal science, chemistry, Nitrate, Chlorophyll, Botany, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

In our experiments, one-year-old Larix olgensis seedlings were cultivated in sand, and supplied with solutions with different concentrations of nitrate or phosphate. The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus supply on chlorophyll biosynthesis, total nitrogen content, and photosynthetic rate were studied. The experimental results are listed below: 1) 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetic rate increased as nitrate concentrations supplied to larch seedlings increased from 1 to 8 mmol/L. But the rate decreased by 17% when nitrate concentration increased to 16 mmol/L, in contrast to the control. Under phosphate treatments, ALA synthetic rates were similar to those under nitrate treatments. The activities of porphobilinogen (PBG) synthase reached a maximum when larch seedlings were supplied with 8 mmol/L of nitrate or 1 mmol/L of phosphate. 2) when larch seedlings were supplied with 8 mmol/L of nitrate and 0.5 mmol/L of phosphate, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids reached a maximum. The total nitrogen contents in leaves increased as nitrate concentrations increased. 3) When phosphate concentrations increased from 0.125 to 1 mmol/L, the total nitrogen contents in leaves slightly increased; however, continuous increase of phosphate concentrations resulted in the decrease in total nitrogen contents in leaves. When nitrate concentrations increased from 1 to 8 mmol/L, soluble protein contents in leaves increased in general, and continuous increase of nitrate concentrations induced a decrease in soluble protein contents in leaves. Under treatment of 0.25 mmol/L of phosphate, the soluble protein contents reached a maximum. 4) In general, F v/F m increased as nitrate concentrations increased from 1 to 8 mmol/L, and continuous increase of nitrate concentration resulted in decrease in F v/F m. The similar changes occurred under phosphate treatments. As nitrate concentrations increased from 1 to 8 mmol/L, photosynthetic rates gradually increased, but when nitrate concentrations increased to 16 mmol/L, photosynthetic rate reduced by 16%, in contrast to the control. Photosynthetic rates reached a maximum when seedlings were supplied with 1 mmol/L, and an oversupply of phosphate (2 mmol/L) resulted in decrease in photosynthetic rates. The results suggested that supply levels of nitrogen affected ALA biosynthetic rates, activities of PBG synthase, and affected contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Moreover, nitrogen supply levels affected contents of total nitrogen and soluble proteins in leaves, and net photosynthetic rates. ALA biosynthesis rates and activities of PBG synthase were affected by phosphate supply, but contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids were not affected. And net photosynthetic rates were affected little by phosphate supply.

Published
2006

32. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Scrub Typhus Transmission in Mainland China, 2006-2014

Author

Wu, Yi-Cheng, Qian, Quan, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Han, Zhi-Hai, Hu, Wen-Biao, Haque, Ubydul, Weppelmann, Thomas A., Wang, Yong, Liu, Yun-Xi, Li, Xin-Lou, Sun, Hai-Long, Sun, Yan-Song, Li, Shen-Long, Zhang, Wen-Yi, Clements, Archie, Wu, Yi-Cheng, Qian, Quan, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Han, Zhi-Hai, Hu, Wen-Biao, Haque, Ubydul, Weppelmann, Thomas A., Wang, Yong, Liu, Yun-Xi, Li, Xin-Lou, Sun, Hai-Long, Sun, Yan-Song, Li, Shen-Long, Zhang, Wen-Yi, and Clements, Archie

Abstract

Background Scrub typhus is endemic in the Asia-Pacific region including China, and the number of reported cases has increased dramatically in the past decade. However, the spatial-temporal dynamics and the potential risk factors in transmission of scrub typhus in mainland China have yet to be characterized. Objective This study aims to explore the spatiotemporal dynamics of reported scrub typhus cases in mainland China between January 2006 and December 2014, to detect the location of high risk spatiotemporal clusters of scrub typhus cases, and identify the potential risk factors affecting the re-emergence of the disease. Method Monthly cases of scrub typhus reported at the county level between 2006 and 2014 were obtained from the Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Time-series analyses, spatiotemporal cluster analyses, and spatial scan statistics were used to explore the characteristics of the scrub typhus incidence. To explore the association between scrub typhus incidence and environmental variables panel Poisson regression analysis was conducted. Results During the time period between 2006 and 2014 a total of 54,558 scrub typhus cases were reported in mainland China, which grew exponentially. The majority of cases were reported each year between July and November, with peak incidence during October every year. The spatiotemporal dynamics of scrub typhus varied over the study period with high-risk clusters identified in southwest, southern, and middle-eastern part of China. Scrub typhus incidence was positively correlated with the percentage of shrub and meteorological variables including temperature and precipitation. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate areas in China that could be targeted with public health interventions to mitigate the growing threat of scrub typhus in the country.

Published
2016

33. [Effects of harvest disturbance on soil CH4 flux in a secondary hardwood forest in Northeast china]

Author

Sun, Hai-Long

Subjects
China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Soil, Water, Forestry, Forests, Methane, Trees
Abstract

From June, 2007 to October, 2009, a measurement with static chamber/gas chromatograph techniques was conducted on the soil CH4 flux in a typical secondary hardwood forest in Northeast China under the effects of different harvest disturbances, i.e., uncut (control), clear cutting (including both farming and reforestation after clear cutting), 50% stand volume removed, and 25% stand volume removed. In all of the four treatments, the soil was the sink of atmospheric CH4, but cutting decreased the soil CH4 uptake flux, with the order of uncut (-85.03 microg CH4 x m;(-2) x h(-1))50% stand volume removed (-80.31 microg CH4 x m(-2) x h(-1))25% stand volume removed (-70.97 microg CH4 x m(-2)h(-1))farming after clear cutting (-65.57 microg CH4 x m(-2) x h(-1))reforestation after clear cutting (-62.02 miocrog CH4 x m(-2) x h(-1)). During the study period, the seasonal patterns of the soil CH4 uptake flux in all treatments were similar, with a higher value in growth season and a lower one in winter. After the harvest disturbance, the soil temperature, humidity, and NO(3-)-N, and NH(4+)-N contents were all increased, and the soil CH4 flux had a significant quadratic correlation with soil temperature, and a negative linear correlation with soil moisture content. It was suggested that the increase of the soil moisture, NO(3-)-N, and NHa(4+)-N contents after the forest harvest was the main cause of the decrease of the soil CH4 uptake flux.

Published
2014

34. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Scrub Typhus Transmission in Mainland China, 2006-2014

Author

Wu, Yi-Cheng, primary, Qian, Quan, additional, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo J., additional, Han, Zhi-Hai, additional, Hu, Wen-Biao, additional, Haque, Ubydul, additional, Weppelmann, Thomas A., additional, Wang, Yong, additional, Liu, Yun-Xi, additional, Li, Xin-Lou, additional, Sun, Hai-Long, additional, Sun, Yan-Song, additional, Clements, Archie C. A., additional, Li, Shen-Long, additional, and Zhang, Wen-Yi, additional

Published
2016
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36. Spatiotemporal Clustering Analysis and Risk Assessments of Human Cutaneous Anthrax in China, 2005–2012

Author

Zhang, Wen-Yi, primary, Wang, Li-Ya, additional, Zhang, Xiu-Shan, additional, Han, Zhi-Hai, additional, Hu, Wen-Biao, additional, Qian, Quan, additional, Haque, Ubydul, additional, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo J., additional, Li, Shen-Long, additional, Tong, Shi-Lu, additional, Li, Cheng-Yi, additional, Sun, Hai-Long, additional, and Sun, Yan-Song, additional

Published
2015
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37. Spatiotemporal transmission dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China, 2005-2012

Author

Zhang, Wenyi, Wang, Li-Ya, Liu, Yun-Xi, Yin, Wen-Wu, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Zhou, Hang, Li, Shen-Long, Haque, Ubydul, Tong, Shilu, Glass, Gregory, Bi, Peng, Clements, Archie, Liu, Qiyong, Li, Cheng-Yi, Zhang, Wenyi, Wang, Li-Ya, Liu, Yun-Xi, Yin, Wen-Wu, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Zhou, Hang, Li, Shen-Long, Haque, Ubydul, Tong, Shilu, Glass, Gregory, Bi, Peng, Clements, Archie, Liu, Qiyong, and Li, Cheng-Yi

Abstract

Background Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a rodent-borne disease caused by many serotypes of hantaviruses. In China, HFRS has been recognized as a severe public health problem with 90% of the total reported cases in the world. This study describes the spatiotemporal dynamics of HFRS cases in China and identifies the regions, time, and populations at highest risk, which could help the planning and implementation of key preventative measures. Methods Data on all reported HFRS cases at the county level from January 2005 to December 2012 were collected from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Geographic Information System-based spatiotemporal analyses including Local Indicators of Spatial Association and Kulldorff's space-time scan statistic were performed to detect local high-risk space-time clusters of HFRS in China. In addition, cases from high-risk and low-risk counties were compared to identify significant demographic differences. Results A total of 100,868 cases were reported during 2005–2012 in mainland China. There were significant variations in the spatiotemporal dynamics of HFRS. HFRS cases occurred most frequently in June, November, and December. There was a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of HFRS incidence during the study periods, with Moran's I values ranging from 0.46 to 0.56 (P<0.05). Several distinct HFRS cluster areas were identified, mainly concentrated in northeastern, central, and eastern of China. Compared with cases from low-risk areas, a higher proportion of cases were younger, non-farmer, and floating residents in high-risk counties. Conclusions This study identified significant space-time clusters of HFRS in China during 2005–2012 indicating that preventative strategies for HFRS should be particularly focused on the northeastern, central, and eastern of China to achieve the most cost-effective outcomes.

Published
2014

38. The role of environmental factors in the spatial distribution of Japanese encephalitis in mainland China

Author

Wang, Liya, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Bi, Peng, Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Li, Shen-Long, Yin, Wen-Wu, Wei, Lan, Liu, Qiyong, Haque, Ubydul, Sun, Yansong, Huang, Liu-Yu, Tong, Shilu, Clements, Archie, Zhang, Wenyi, Li, Cheng-Yi, Wang, Liya, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Bi, Peng, Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Li, Shen-Long, Yin, Wen-Wu, Wei, Lan, Liu, Qiyong, Haque, Ubydul, Sun, Yansong, Huang, Liu-Yu, Tong, Shilu, Clements, Archie, Zhang, Wenyi, and Li, Cheng-Yi

Abstract

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most common cause of viral encephalitis and an important public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly in China where 50% of global cases are notified. To explore the association between environmental factors and human JE cases and identify the high risk areas for JE transmission in China, we used annual notified data on JE cases at the center of administrative township and environmental variables with a pixel resolution of 1 km×1 km from 2005 to 2011 to construct models using ecological niche modeling (ENM) approaches based on maximum entropy. These models were then validated by overlaying reported human JE case localities from 2006 to 2012 onto each prediction map. ENMs had good discriminatory ability with the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating curve (ROC) of 0.82-0.91, and low extrinsic omission rate of 5.44-7.42%. Resulting maps showed JE being presented extensively throughout southwestern and central China, with local spatial variations in probability influenced by minimum temperatures, human population density, mean temperatures, and elevation, with contribution of 17.94%-38.37%, 15.47%-21.82%, 3.86%-21.22%, and 12.05%-16.02%, respectively. Approximately 60% of JE cases occurred in predicted high risk areas, which covered less than 6% of areas in mainland China. Our findings will help inform optimal geographical allocation of the limited resources available for JE prevention and control in China, find hidden high-risk areas, and increase the effectiveness of public health interventions against JE transmission.

Published
2014

39. Spatiotemporal Transmission Dynamics of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in China, 2005–2012

Author

Zhang, Wen-Yi, Wang, Li-Ya, Liu, Yun-Xi, Yin, Wen-Wu, Hu, Wen-Biao, Magalhaes, Ricardo J. Soares., Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Zhou, Hang, Li, Shen-Long, Haque, Ubydul, Tong, Shi-Lu, Glass, Gregory E., Bi, Peng, Clements, Archie C. A., Liu, Qi-Yong, Li, Cheng-Yi, Zhang, Wen-Yi, Wang, Li-Ya, Liu, Yun-Xi, Yin, Wen-Wu, Hu, Wen-Biao, Magalhaes, Ricardo J. Soares., Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Zhou, Hang, Li, Shen-Long, Haque, Ubydul, Tong, Shi-Lu, Glass, Gregory E., Bi, Peng, Clements, Archie C. A., Liu, Qi-Yong, and Li, Cheng-Yi

Abstract

BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a rodent-borne disease caused by many serotypes of hantaviruses. In China, HFRS has been recognized as a severe public health problem with 90% of the total reported cases in the world. This study describes the spatiotemporal dynamics of HFRS cases in China and identifies the regions, time, and populations at highest risk, which could help the planning and implementation of key preventative measures. METHODS Data on all reported HFRS cases at the county level from January 2005 to December 2012 were collected from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Geographic Information System-based spatiotemporal analyses including Local Indicators of Spatial Association and Kulldorff's space-time scan statistic were performed to detect local high-risk space-time clusters of HFRS in China. In addition, cases from high-risk and low-risk counties were compared to identify significant demographic differences. RESULTS A total of 100,868 cases were reported during 2005-2012 in mainland China. There were significant variations in the spatiotemporal dynamics of HFRS. HFRS cases occurred most frequently in June, November, and December. There was a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of HFRS incidence during the study periods, with Moran's I values ranging from 0.46 to 0.56 (P<0.05). Several distinct HFRS cluster areas were identified, mainly concentrated in northeastern, central, and eastern of China. Compared with cases from low-risk areas, a higher proportion of cases were younger, non-farmer, and floating residents in high-risk counties. CONCLUSIONS This study identified significant space-time clusters of HFRS in China during 2005-2012 indicating that preventative strategies for HFRS should be particularly focused on the northeastern, central, and eastern of China to achieve the most cost-effective outcomes.

Published
2014

40. Analysis of propagation properties of electromagnetic waves through large planar plasma sheets

Author

Meng Xiangguang, Bai Weihua, Sun Hai-Long, Huo Wenqing (霍文青), Sun Yueqiang, Xia Junming, Liu Congliang, and Xu Yue-Min

Subjects
Planar, Materials science, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma, business, Electromagnetic radiation
Abstract

Large planar plasma sheets, generated by a linear hollow cathode in pulse discharge mode under magnetic confinement, can be used in the field of plasma antenna, plasma stealth, and simulation of a plasma layer surrounding vehicles traveling at hypersonic velocities within the Earth's atmosphere. Firstly, to investigate the propagation properties of electromagnetic waves at different frequencies and polarization, the transverse field transfer matrix method is introduced. Secondly, the measured electron density temporal and spatial distribution and the transverse field transfer matrix method are utilized to calculate the reflection, transmission and absorption of electromagnetic waves by large planar plasma sheets with different currents. Finally, 1 GHz (less than the critical cut-off frequency) electromagnetic waves and 4 GHz (greater than the critical frequency) electromagnetic waves are chosen to investigate the evolution of propagation properties during the pulsed discharge period. Results show that both the reflection and absorption of the electromagnetic waves are greater for their polarization direction parallel to that of magnetic field, and their frequencies lower than the critical cut-off frequency, and as the discharge currents rise, the reflection increases while the absorption decreases. However both the reflection and absorption of the electromagnetic waves with their polarization direction perpendicular to the magnetic field direction and their frequency greater than the critical cut-off frequency become less, and as the discharge currents rise, both the reflection and absorption will increase. For the electromagnetic waves with their polarization direction perpendicular to the magnetic field direction, there is an upper hybrid resonance absorption band near the upper hybrid resonance frequencies, in which the absorption is significant but the absorption peak value is not affected by the discharge current. The propagation characteristics of the electromagnetic waves with polarization direction perpendicular to the magnetic field direction are the same as that of the electromagnetic waves with the polarization direction parallel to the magnetic field direction, except the upper hybrid resonance absorption. During the pulse discharge period, the propagation characteristic of the electromagnetic waves experiences an unstable phase before reaching steady states. The transition time is about 100 s and increases as the discharge current rises. The upper hybrid resonance absorption is significant during the phase of steady state for waves with frequency lower than the critical cut-off frequency and polarization direction parallel to the magnetic field direction. For the applications of a large planar plasma sheet to reflect electromagnetic waves effectively and steadily, the pulse discharge period should be larger than 100 s, and its discharge current should be large enough to make the critical cut-off frequency greater than the frequency of incident wave, and its polarization direction should be parallel to the magnetic field direction.

Published
2015

41. Spatiotemporal Transmission Dynamics of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in China, 2005–2012

Author

Zhang, Wen-Yi, primary, Wang, Li-Ya, additional, Liu, Yun-Xi, additional, Yin, Wen-Wu, additional, Hu, Wen-Biao, additional, Magalhaes, Ricardo J. Soares., additional, Ding, Fan, additional, Sun, Hai-Long, additional, Zhou, Hang, additional, Li, Shen-Long, additional, Haque, Ubydul, additional, Tong, Shi-Lu, additional, Glass, Gregory E., additional, Bi, Peng, additional, Clements, Archie C. A., additional, Liu, Qi-Yong, additional, and Li, Cheng-Yi, additional

Published
2014
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42. Geographic co-distribution of influenza virus subtypes H7N9 and H5N1 in humans, China

Author

Wang, Li-Ya, Zhang, Wenyi, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Clements, Archie, Hu, Wenbiao, Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Li, Shen-Long, Liu, Qiyong, Chen, Zeliang, Sun, Yansong, Huang, Liu-Yu, Li, Cheng-Yi, Wang, Li-Ya, Zhang, Wenyi, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Clements, Archie, Hu, Wenbiao, Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Li, Shen-Long, Liu, Qiyong, Chen, Zeliang, Sun, Yansong, Huang, Liu-Yu, and Li, Cheng-Yi

Abstract

Human infection with a novel low pathogenicity influenza A(H7N9) virus in eastern China has recently raised global public health concerns (1). The geographic sources of infection have yet to be fully clarified, and confirmed human cases from 1 province have not been linked to those from other provinces. While some studies have identified epidemiologic characteristics of subtype H7N9 cases and clinical differences between these cases and cases of highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1), another avian influenza affecting parts of China (2–4), the spatial epidemiology of human infection with influenza subtypes H7N9 and H5N1 in China has yet to be elucidated. To test the hypothesis of co-distribution of high-risk clusters of both types of infection, we used all available data on human cases in mainland China and investigated the geospatial epidemiologic features...

Published
2013

43. Epidemiologic features of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China, 2011-2012 [Letter to the Editor]

Author

Ding, Fan, Zhang, Wenyi, Wang, Li-Ya, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Sun, Hai-Long, Zhou, Hang, Sha, Sha, Li, Shen-Long, Liu, Qiyong, Li, Qun, Yang, Wei-Zhong, Huang, Liu-Yu, Li, Cheng-Yi, Yin, Wen-Wu, Ding, Fan, Zhang, Wenyi, Wang, Li-Ya, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Sun, Hai-Long, Zhou, Hang, Sha, Sha, Li, Shen-Long, Liu, Qiyong, Li, Qun, Yang, Wei-Zhong, Huang, Liu-Yu, Li, Cheng-Yi, and Yin, Wen-Wu

Abstract

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging vector-borne disease, is caused by a novel bunyavirus belonging to the genus Phlebovirus [1, 2]. SFTS infections can be life-threatening and are characterized by sudden onset of fever, thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and leukocytopenia. The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is generally considered to be the vector of SFTS, which is widely distributed in China [2]. Person-to-person transmission through direct contact with contaminated blood has also been reported as a possible means of SFTS transmission [3–5]. Currently, there is no specific treatment other than supportive care [6]...

Published
2013

44. Spatiotemporal patterns of Japanese encephalitis in China, 2002-2010

Author

Wang, Li-Ya, Zhang, Wen-Yi, Ding, Fan, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Sun, Hai-Long, Li, Yi-Xing, Zou, Wen, Wang, Yong, Liu, Qiyong, Li, Shen-Long, Yin, Wen-Wu, Huang, Liu-Yu, Clements, Archie, Bi, Peng, Li, Cheng-Yi, Wang, Li-Ya, Zhang, Wen-Yi, Ding, Fan, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Sun, Hai-Long, Li, Yi-Xing, Zou, Wen, Wang, Yong, Liu, Qiyong, Li, Shen-Long, Yin, Wen-Wu, Huang, Liu-Yu, Clements, Archie, Bi, Peng, and Li, Cheng-Yi

Abstract

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to examine the spatiotemporal pattern of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in mainland China during 2002-2010. Specific objectives of the study were to quantify the temporal variation in incidence of JE cases, to determine if clustering of JE cases exists, to detect high risk spatiotemporal clusters of JE cases and to provide evidence-based preventive suggestions to relevant stakeholders. METHODS Monthly JE cases at the county level in mainland China during 2002-2010 were obtained from the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention (CISDCP). For the purpose of the analysis, JE case counts for nine years were aggregated into four temporal periods (2002; 2003-2005; 2006; and 2007-2010). Local Indicators of Spatial Association and spatial scan statistics were performed to detect and evaluate local high risk space-time clusters. RESULTS JE incidence showed a decreasing trend from 2002 to 2005 but peaked in 2006, then fluctuated over the study period. Spatial cluster analysis detected high value clusters, mainly located in Southwestern China. Similarly, we identified a primary spatiotemporal cluster of JE in Southwestern China between July and August, with the geographical range of JE transmission increasing over the past years. CONCLUSION JE in China is geographically clustered and its spatial extent dynamically changed during the last nine years in mainland China. This indicates that risk factors for JE infection are likely to be spatially heterogeneous. The results may assist national and local health authorities in the development/refinement of a better preventive strategy and increase the effectiveness of public health interventions against JE transmission.

Published
2013

45. Epidemiologic characteristics of cases for influenza A(H7N9) virus infections in China [Letter to the Editor]

Author

Zhang, Wenyi, Wang, Li-Ya, Hu, Wenbiao, Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Li, Shen-Long, Huang, Liu-Yu, Li, Cheng-Yi, Zhang, Wenyi, Wang, Li-Ya, Hu, Wenbiao, Ding, Fan, Sun, Hai-Long, Li, Shen-Long, Huang, Liu-Yu, and Li, Cheng-Yi

Abstract

*Articles free to read on publisher website after 12 months back to Jan 1996 Abstract: China's National Health and Family Planning Commission announced 3 deaths caused by avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) virus in March, which was the first time that the H7N9 strain has been found in humans [1]. This is of major public health significance and raises urgent questions and global concerns [2, 3]. To explore epidemic characteristics of human infections with H7N9 virus, data on individual cases from 19 February 2013 (onset date of first case) to 14 April 2013 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, which included information about sex; age; occupation; residential address; and day of symptom onset, diagnosis, and outcome for each case. The definition of an unconfirmed probable H7N9 case is a patient with epidemiologic evidence of contact …

Published
2013

46. Scrub typhus in mainland China, 2006-2012: The need for targeted public health interventions

Author

Zhang, Wenyi, Wang, Li-Ya, Ding, Fan, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Sun, Hai-Long, Liu, Yun-Xi, Liu, Qiyong, Huang, Liu-Yu, Clements, Archie, Li, Shen-Long, Li, Cheng-Yi, Zhang, Wenyi, Wang, Li-Ya, Ding, Fan, Hu, Wenbiao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Sun, Hai-Long, Liu, Yun-Xi, Liu, Qiyong, Huang, Liu-Yu, Clements, Archie, Li, Shen-Long, and Li, Cheng-Yi

Abstract

Scrub typhus is a vector-borne disease carried by the chigger mite. The aetiological agent is the rickettsia Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is endemic to several countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including China [1]. It is also a travel-associated disease [2] and of great importance among military personnel [3], [4]. During the Second World War, scrub typhus was associated with a higher case fatality ratio than any other infectious disease in the China-Burma-India theatre of operations 1,3. Clinical presentation in patients varies from asymptomatic to life-threatening disease [5], including acute hearing loss and multiple organ failure [6], [7]. To date, there is still no effective and reliable human vaccine against scrub typhus and no point-of-care diagnostics available [1].

Published
2013

47. Scrub Typhus in mainland China, 2006–2012: the need for targeted public health interventions

Author

Zhang, Wen-Yi, Wang, Li-Ya, Ding, Fan, Hu, Wen-Biao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Sun, Hai-Long, Liu, Yun-Xi, Liu, Qi-Yong, Huang, Liu-Yu, Clements, Archie C. A., Li, Shen-Long, Li, Cheng-Yi, Zhang, Wen-Yi, Wang, Li-Ya, Ding, Fan, Hu, Wen-Biao, Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo, Sun, Hai-Long, Liu, Yun-Xi, Liu, Qi-Yong, Huang, Liu-Yu, Clements, Archie C. A., Li, Shen-Long, and Li, Cheng-Yi

Abstract

Scrub typhus is a vector-borne disease carried by the chigger mite. The aetiological agent is the rickettsia Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is endemic to several countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including China [1]. It is also a travel associated disease [2] and of great importance among military personnel [3,4]. During the Second World War, scrub typhus was associated with a higher case fatality ratio than any other infectious disease in the China-Burma-India theatre of operations [1,3]. Clinical presentation in patients varies from asymptomatic to life-threatening disease [5], including acute hearing loss and multiple organ failure [6,7]. To date, there is still no effective and reliable human vaccine against scrub typhus and no point-of-care diagnostics available [1].

Published
2013

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