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Background:Glioma is the most fatal neoplasm among the primary intracranial cancers. Necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is correlated with tumor progression and immune response. But, the role of necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) in glioma has not been well-uncovered.Methods:Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data, obtained from publicly accessed databases, were used to establish a necroptosis-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis of glioma patients. Multiple bioinformatics algorithms were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the signature. The relative mRNA level of each signature gene was validated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in glioma cell lines compared to human astrocytes.Results:In this predicted prognosis model, patients with a high risk score showed a shorter overall survival, which was verified in the testing cohorts. The signature risk score was positively related with immune cell infiltration and some immune check points, such as CD276 (B7-H3), CD152 (CTLA-4), CD223 (LAG-3), and CD274 (PD-L1). Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirmed that the glioma microenvironment consists of various immune cells with different markers. The eight NRGs of the signature were detected to be expressed in several immune cells. QRT-PCR results verified that all the eight signature genes were differentially expressed between human astrocytes and glioma cells.Conclusion:The eight NRGs correlate with the immune microenvironment of glioma according to our bioinformatics analysis. This necroptosis-related gene signature may evaluate the precise methodology of predicting prognosis of glioma and provide a novel thought in glioma investigation.

A modified constitutive model, combining laser shock processing and dynamic strain aging (DSA), is used to obtain the compressive residual stress field of In 718 in warm laser shock processing (WLSP) by ABAQUS VUMAT subroutine. In this work, a constitutive model with DSA is simplified by a single equation to integrate the interactions of face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure. The modified Voyiadjis–Abed–Song (VAS) constitutive model is imported by a procedure code developed independently, including the Mises yield criterion application and parameter update. Based on the constitutive model and Gaussian mode laser wave, the strengthen process of WLSP in In 718 is simulated. For the experiment, 30×30×4 mm In718 specimen is strengthened by WLSP without coating. We analyze the amplitude and distribution of residual stress to explore the effect of temperature in impact regions through experiment and simulation. Predicted by the modified VAS constitutive model, the residual stress predicted by the modified VAS constitutive model agrees well with the experimental data at various temperatures. As a result, temperature softening has obvious effect on the residual stress distribution for In 718 in WLSP at 200°C. At 300°C, the residual stress amplitude has no diminution compared with 200°C due to DSA active, even there is thermal softening. DSA promotes the diffused solute atoms gathering and dislocation multiplication, that makes a flow stress reduce at a temperature range.

Based on the effect of confinement media and ablative coating, laser shock processing (LSP) is a surface modification processing with properties of high efficiency, cleaning, and non-pollution. At room temperature, water is used as the common confinement media and black tape is used as ablative coating in LSP. However, due to the instability of water and black tape at high temperature, warm laser shock processing (WLSP) favors silicone oil as confinement media and aluminum foil as ablative coating, where aluminum foil is pasted on specimen surface by thin vacuum grease. Due to the differences in confinement media and ablative coating, this work focuses on the effect of confinement media and ablative coating on surface quality and mechanical property of FGH98 powder material treated by LSP. FGH98 specimens were strengthened by LSP at room temperature with different confinement medias and ablative coatings. Three groups were divided based on confinement media and ablative coating: water+black tape, water+aluminum foil, and silicone oil+aluminum foil. The group of black tape and silicone oil was removed for the absence of practical significance in engineering. 2D and 3D surface topography was observed by white-light interference surface profilometer (WLI). In addition, surface microhardness and compressive residual stress were determined. The results show that a circular pit is induced by LSP, and its shape is similar to the shape of the Gaussian curve. Compared with the other groups, the 2D surface topography of the circular pit section in the silicone oil+aluminum foil group is smoother, which would delay crack initiation. After LSP treatment, surface microhardness is improved by 7.8-10.6%, and compressive residual stress raises from 355MPa to 896MPa in the first group. According to the comparison of residual stress and surface quality, the effect of confinement media and ablative coating groups on laser shock pressure is ranked in order: water+black tape > water+aluminum foil > silicone oil+aluminum foil. The main reasons for that group order are that shock pressure may be consumed by grease cream and the reduced acoustic impedance of silicone oil is lower than that of water.

Supplemental Material for Procollagen C-protease enhancer protein is a prognostic factor for glioma and promotes glioma development by regulating multiple tumor-related pathways and immune microenvironment by Zijun Zhao, Jiahui Zhao, Zairan Wang, Yue Wu, Zhanzhan Zhang, Zihan Song, Jihao Miao, Boheng Liu, Shiyang Zhang, Boyu Sun, and Zongmao Zhao in International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology

Additional file 2: The relationship between CBX3 with immune-associated indexes (neoantigen, TMB) and expression difference of CENPA.

2021