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In this work, three isomeric fluorinated bipyridyldicarboxamides were studied to evaluate the impact of the fluorine atom position on the structure, stability, Am(III)/Ln(III) separation, and photophysical properties of their complexes. The complexes of the fluorinated amides have a metal-to-ligand composition of 1 : 1, which is independent of the fluorine atom position or lanthanide metal. The bipyridyl fragments in the fluorinated complexes are flattened compared with those in unsubstituted ones. Ln-to-heteroatom distances are more affected by steric hindrance in the ligand and further by lanthanide ion radius contraction. This leads to significant effectivity of heavy lanthanide extraction compared with the light ones, particularly for 4F diamide. Fluorination leads to a slight variation in the excited triplet state of the complexes, and hence, the effectiveness of luminescence increases for Eu, Sm, and Tb complexes. Moreover, fluorination significantly affects the CIE chromaticity coordinates for the complexes.

The fractionation of high-level radioactive waste from nuclear power plants simplifies the handling of its components, and facilitates the reduction of radiotoxic effects on the environment. The search and study of new ligands for solvent extraction, as one of the methods in fractionation, remains a complex and important research task. In this work, four pyridine diphosphonate ligands were synthesized. These ligands are part of the class of the N,O-donor extractants, which are selective towards Am(III). The separation factor SF(Am/Eu) for the best extractant reached values up to 10. The influence of the substituents on the efficiency of extraction and complexation of trivalent f-elements, the kinetics of extraction, and the behavior of the ligand at the interface were described. The effect of nitric acid concentration on the extraction was shown. The stoichiometry of the complexes was determined by slope analysis in solvent extraction experiment and verified by spectrophotometric titration in acetonitrile. Liquid tension experiments with a pendant drop method revealed the interfacial properties of the ligands in "F-3 solvent/H 2 O" and "F-3 solvent/HNO 3 " systems. The relationship between the surface activity and the ligand structure was shown. Studies of the extraction kinetics were performed in a modified Lewis cell. The effect of the ligand structure on the extraction rate was shown. The DFT calculation with the B3LYP density functional was used to explain the extraction properties of the ligands, including selectivity. The calculation of the pre-organization energy of the ligands explained the kinetics and extraction patterns for the studied series.

Hybrid donor extractants are a promising class of compounds for the separation of trivalent actinides and lanthanides. Here, we investigated a series of sterically loaded diphosphonate ligands based on bipyridine (BiPy-PO-iPr and BiPy-PO-cHex) and phenanthroline (Phen-PO-iPr and Phen-PO-cHex). We studied their complex formation with nitrates of trivalent f-elements in solvent extraction systems (Am and Eu) and homogeneous acetonitrile solutions (Nd, Eu, and Lu). Phenanthroline extractants demonstrated the highest efficiency and selectivity [ SF (Am/Eu) up to 14] toward Am(III) extraction from nitric acid solutions among all of the studied diphosphonates of N-heterocycles. The binding constants established by UV-vis titration also indicated stronger binding of sterically impaired diphosphonates compared to the primary substituted diphosphonates. NMR titration and slope analysis during solvent extraction showed the formation of 2:1 complexes at high concentrations (>10 -3 mol/L) for phenanthroline-based ligands. According to UV-vis titrations at low concentrations (10 -5 -10 -6 mol/L), the phenanthroline-based ligands formed 1:1 complexes. Bipyridine-based ligands formed 1:1 complexes regardless of the ligand concentration. Luminescence titrations revealed that the quantum yields of the complexes with Eu(III) were 81 ± 8% (BiPy-PO-iPr) and 93 ± 9% (Phen-PO-iPr). Single crystals of the structures [Lu(μ 2 ,κ 4 -(iPrO) 2 P(O)Phen(O) 2 (OiPr))(NO 3 ) 2 ] 2 and Eu(Phen-PO-iPr)(NO 3 ) 3 were obtained by chemical synthesis with the Phen-PO-iPr ligand. X-ray diffraction studies revealed a closer contact of the f -element with the aromatic N atoms in the case of sterically loaded P═O ligands compared with sterically deficient ligands. Density functional theory calculations allowed us to rationalize the observed selectivity trends in terms of the bond length, Mayer bond order, and preorganization energy.

We have synthesized and examined several complexes of lanthanides with diamides of 2,2'-bipyridyl-6,6'-dicarboxylic acid bearing various hetaryl-based side chains for the elucidation of the effect of the heterocycle on the structure and properties of the ligands. The multigram scale methods for the preparation of various N -alkyl-hetaryls and their diamides were developed. The solid state structure of 6-methyl-2-pyridylamide of 2,2'-bipyridyl-6,6'-dicarboxylic acid possesses a flat structure where the conformation is completely different from that previously observed for N -alkylated 2,2'-bipyridyl-6,6'-dicarboxamides and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxamides. The complexes of new ligands were synthesized and NMR and X-Ray studied their structure in solution and solid state. The results demonstrate that complexes possess the same structures both in solid state and in solution. Stability constants of the complexes were less when comparing with dimethyl-substituted diamides, but higher than for unsubstituted dianilide. Contrarily, the extraction ability of 2-pyridyl-diamide is significantly lower than for corresponding anilide. Specific interaction of extractant with solvent molecules, which is not available for electron-sink pyridine amides, can explain this. The luminescence of new Eu complexes was significantly higher than for all previously 2,2'-bipyridyl-6,6'-dicarboxamides and QY reaches 18%. Asymmetry ratios of Eu complexes were 25% higher when compared other complexes with 2,2'-bipyridyl-6,6'-dicarboxamides, which indicates large deviation from the inversion center.

Four of the six possible isomeric 2,2'-bipyridyl-6,6'-dicarboxylic dimethylanilides were studied from the point of view of the impact of a secondary coordination sphere on the formation of complexes with lanthanides in solution, as well as the crystal structure and photophysical properties of the complexes. All ligands form complexes with a 1 : 1 metal-to-ligand ratio with an lg β1 in the range of 6.0-8.8, and strong correlations between secondary coordination sphere modulation and stability of the complexes within the lanthanide series. Although substitution at the o-position of the aromatic ring leads to significant elongation of M-OL bonds in a crystal, this significantly affects the stability of the complexes. The luminescence of the complexes is the most effective for europium complexes. From luminescence measurements of gadolinium complexes, the triplet energy levels of ligands were located as follows: o-methylated ligands show 10% higher levels than other isomers. Also, o-methylation of the phenyl ring increases the lifetime value while m-methylation reduces this value.