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Background: Climate change scenarios illustrate various pathways in terms of global warming ranging from 'sustainable development' (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP1-1.9), the best-case scenario, to 'fossil-fueled development' (SSP5-8.5), the worst-case scenario. Objectives: We examined the extent to which increase in daily average urban summer temperature is associated with future cause-specific mortality and projected heat-related mortality burden for the current warming trend and these two scenarios. Methods: We did an observational cohort study of 363,754 participants living in six cities in Finland. Using residential addresses, participants were linked to daily temperature records and electronic death records from national registries during summers (1 May to 30 September) 2000 to 2018. For each day of observation, heat index (average daily air temperature weighted by humidity) for the preceding 7 d was calculated for participants' residential area using a geographic grid at a spatial resolution of 1 km * 1 km. We examined associations of the summer heat index with risk of death by cause for all participants adjusting for a wide range of individual-level covariates and in subsidiary analyses using case-crossover design, computed the related period population attributable fraction (PAF), and projected change in PAF from summers 2000-2018 compared with those in 2030-2050. Results: During a cohort total exposure period of 582,111,979 summer days (3,880,746 person-summers), we recorded 4,094 deaths, including 949 from cardiovascular disease. The multivariable-adjusted rate ratio (RR) for high ([greater than or equal to]21[degrees]C) vs. reference (14-15[degrees]C) heat index was 1.70(95% CI: 1.28, 2.27) for cardiovascular mortality, but it did not reach statistical significance for noncardiovascular deaths, RR = 1.14 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.36), a finding replicated in casecrossover analysis. According to projections for 2030-2050, PAF of summertime cardiovascular mortality attributable to high heat will be 4.4% (1.8%-7.3%) under the sustainable development scenario, but 7.6% (3.2%-12.3%) under the fossil-fueled development scenario. In the six cities, the estimated annual number of summertime heat-related cardiovascular deaths under the two scenarios will be 174 and 298 for a total population of 1,759,468 people. Discussion: The increase in average urban summer temperature will raise heat-related cardiovascular mortality burden. The estimated magnitude of this burden is >1.5 times greater if future climate change is driven by fossil fuels rather than sustainable development. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12080, Introduction Global warming is a major public health challenge. (1-3) Vulnerable people, particularly the old and infirm, are likely to be most affected. By increasing cardiovascular strain (predisposing to ischemia) [...]

Population-based estimates of asthma in adults in China during the summer season are lacking. A community-based survey was conducted among adults (N = 610) selected through simple random sampling across all inner-city areas of Zunyi in the Guizhou Province of China. Data on asthma and asthma-related symptoms and selected home environmental factors were collected using a modified European Community Respiratory Health Survey II questionnaire. The studied respondents recorded a prevalence rate of asthma and asthma-related symptoms in summer (7.5%) in Zunyi. Among a variety of risk factors, asthma in childhood, kitchen in the living room or bedroom, mixed fuel stove, cooking oil fumes, secondhand smoke, mold growth, and home furnishings were associated with increased risks of asthma and asthma-related symptoms. This study demonstrates the harmful effects of indoor air pollution from indoor environmental exposure on the lung function of adult residents in summer and emphasizes the need for public health efforts to decrease exposure to indoor environmental risk factors., Introduction Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease, and is characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing. A rapid increase in asthma in recent years cannot be ascribed [...]