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The coumarin composition of Peucedanum palustre (L.) Moench populations growing in Finland was investigated. A total of 132 flowering P. palustre specimens from 43 locations in southern and central Finland were collected, divided into root, stem, leaf, and umbel samples, and analyzed by HPLC. HPLC coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to aid the identification of coumarins. A total of 13 coumarin-structured compounds were quantitatively analyzed from the samples. The coumarin profile of root samples was found to differ from the aerial plant parts. The main coumarins in roots were oxypeucedanin and columbianadin. In aerial parts, peulustrin isomers were the most abundant coumarin components. Umbels and leaves also contained a considerable amount of umbelliprenin, which was only found in traces in roots. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis of the coumarin profiles, some populations shared common characteristics. The most distinct property connecting certain populations was their high peulustrin content. Another notable common property between some populations was the high umbelliprenin content in aerial plant parts. Some populations were clustered together due to their low overall coumarin content., (© 2016 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG, Zürich.)

Because dietary fat appears to be an effective vehicle for dispensing plant sterols into the diet, a special plant-sterol-containing ingredient has recently been developed. This ingredient is a plant sterol suspension in oil in which the sterols are in microcrystalline form. The objective of the present study was to analyse the cholesterol-lowering effects and safety of two different plant sterol preparations, an orally administered microcrystalline plant sterol suspension (MPS) in rapeseed oil and a powdered plant sterol supplement, in obese Zucker rats. Dietary plant sterol supplements (0.5%, w/w) were given concurrently with a high cholesterol diet (HCD, 1% cholesterol and 18% fat, w/w). No significant changes in serum triglyceride, blood glucose, serum glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase values or body and liver weights were observed. The powdered plant sterol supplement lowered the serum cholesterol by 25% (P < 0.05) and the MPS diet by 35% (P < 0.001) compared with HCD by the end of the 12-week experiment. Interestingly, the plant sterol supplements also produced a marked reduction in serum ubiquinone levels, suggesting a possible effect on isoprene synthesis. Unlike the powdered plant sterol, both MPS and plain rapeseed oil decreased the serum baseline diene conjugation values, suggesting that they protect against oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. This lipid peroxidation diminishing effect is probably due to some antioxidative components in rapeseed oil. These findings indicate that an unesterified plant sterol, such as the microcrystalline suspension in oil, effectively prevents cholesterol absorption in obese Zucker rats.

Leaves and fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. have been used for the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic treatment of rural populations in its growing areas in subtropical and tropical parts of China, India, Indonesia, and the Malay Peninsula. In the present study, leaves of Ph. emblica were extracted with ten different solvents (n-hexane, diethyl ether, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetic acid, dichloromethane, 1,4-dioxane, toluene, chloroform, and water). The inhibitory activity of the extracts against human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and platelet functions was studied. Methanol, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane extracts (50 micrograms/ml) inhibited leukotriene B4-induced migration of human PMNs by 90% and N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced degranulation by 25-35%. The inhibitory activity on receptor-mediated migration and degranulation of human PMNs was associated with a high proportion of polar compounds in the extracts as assessed by normal phase thin layer chromatography. Diethyl ether extract (50 micrograms/ml) inhibited calcium ionophore A23187-induced leukotriene B4 release from human PMNs by 40%, thromboxane B2 production in platelets during blood clotting by 40% and adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation by 36%. Ellagic acid, gallic acid and rutin, all compounds isolated earlier from Ph. emblica, could not explain these inhibitory activities on PMNs or platelets by Ph. emblica extracts. These results show that the leaves of Ph. emblica have inhibitory activity on PMNs and platelets, which confirm the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of this plant as suggested by its use in traditional medicine. The data suggest that the plant leaves contain as yet unidentified polar compound(s) with potent inhibitory activity on PMNs and chemically different apolar molecule(s) which inhibit both prostanoid and leukotriene synthesis.

The effects of an orally administered potassium and magnesium supplementation on the systolic blood pressure of 42 spontaneously hypertensive rats were determined for 10 weeks. The experimental preparation was mixed with standard rat pellets and this mixture was given to three rat groups at three concentrations: 6%, 9%, and 12%. Potassium- and magnesium-containing nutrient statistically significantly inhibited the normal increase in systolic blood pressure in these rats. It could even decrease the systolic blood pressure below the initial level and its effect was similar to the known calcium antagonist verapamil. The systolic blood pressure of rats fed with the standard pellet diet containing 6% sodium chloride (NaCl) increased from 191 to 209 mmHg, whereas that of animals on 6% K-Mg supplementation decreased from 197 to 181 mmHg. 9% and 12% K-Mg supplementation produced an almost equally significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, according to Student's unpaired t-test. The experimental nutrient could possibly be used in human studies on the feasibility of normalizing blood pressure by reducing the harmful effects of dietary salt.