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Purpose: To evaluate outcomes of flexible ureteroscopy for renal stones by comparing hard versus soft stones based on their attenuation on computed tomography (Hounsfield Units-HU)., Methods: Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of laser employed [Holmium:YAG (HL) or Thulium fiber laser (TFL)]. Residual fragments (RF) were defined as > 2 mm. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with RF and RF needing further intervention., Results: 4208 patients from 20 centers were included. In whole series, age, recurrent stones, stone size, lower pole stones (LPS), and multiple stones were predictors of RF at multivariable analysis and LPS and stone size with RF requiring further treatment. HU and TFL were associated with lesser RF and RF requiring an additional treatment. In HU < 1000 stones, recurrent stones, stone size, and LPS were predictors of RF at multivariable analysis, whereas TFL was less likely associated with RF. Recurrent stones, stone size, and multiple stones were predictors of RF requiring further treatment, while LPS and TFL were associated with lesser RF requiring further treatment. In HU ≥ 1000 stones, age, stone size, multiple stones, and LPS were predictors of RF at multivariable analysis, while TFL was less likely associated with RF. Stone size and LPS were predictors of RF requiring further treatment, whereas TFL was associated with RF requiring further treatment., Conclusion: Stone size, LPS, and use of HL are predictors of RF after RIRS for intrarenal stones regardless of stone density. HU should be considered an important parameter in predicting SFR., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Bilateral kidney stones are commonly treated in staged procedures., Objective: To evaluate outcomes after same-sitting bilateral retrograde intrarenal surgery (SSB-RIRS) for renal stones., Design Setting and Participants: Data from adults who underwent bilateral RIRS in 21 centers were retrospectively reviewed (from January 2015 to June 2022). The inclusion criteria were unilateral/bilateral symptomatic bilateral stone(s) of any size/location in both kidneys and bilateral stones on follow-up with symptom/stone progression. Stone-free rate (SFR) was defined as absence of any fragment >3 mm at 3 mo., Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Continuous variables are presented as medians and 25-75th percentiles. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate independent predictors of sepsis and bilateral SFR., Results and Limitations: A total of 1250 patients were included. The median age was 48.0 (36-61) yr. Of the patients, 58.2% were prestented. The median stone diameter was 10 mm on both sides. Multiple stones were present in 45.3% and 47.9% of the left and right kidneys, respectively. Surgery was stopped in 6.8% of cases. The median surgical time was 75.0 (55-90) min. Complications were transient fever (10.7%), fever/infection needing prolonged stay (5.5%), sepsis (2%), and blood transfusion (1.3%). Bilateral and unilateral SFRs were 73.0% and 17.4%, respectively. Female (odds ratio [OR] 2.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-7.49, p  = 0.02), no antibiotic prophylaxis (OR 5.99, 95% CI 2.28-15.73, p  < 0.001), kidney anomalies (OR 5.91, 95% CI 1.96-17.94, p  < 0.001), surgical time ≥100 min (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.12-7.31, p  = 0.03) were factors associated with sepsis. Female (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.35-2.62, p  < 0.001), bilateral prestenting (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.16-7.66, p  = 0.04), and the use of high-power holmium:YAG laser (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.14-2.34, p  < 0.01) and thulium fiber laser (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.32-4.74, p  < 0.01) were predictors of bilateral SFR. Limitations were retrospective study and no cost analysis., Conclusions: SSB-RIRS is an effective treatment with an acceptable complication rate in selected patients with kidney stones., Patient Summary: In this large multicenter study, we looked at outcomes after same-sitting bilateral retrograde intrarenal surgery (SSB-RIRS) for renal stones in a large cohort. We found that SSB-RIRS was associated with acceptable morbidity and good stone clearance after a single session., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Introduction: Post traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is very often missed particularly in polytrauma patients. We present case of an isolated post traumatic diaphragmatic hernia with strangulation, a very rare finding., Presentation of Case: A 35 year old man presented with features of intestinal obstruction with past history of a seemingly trivial blunt thoracic injury 15 years back. Findings of X-ray abdomen and chest with high leukocyte count raised suspicion of obstructed diaphragmatic hernia which on exploration revealed obstructed diaphragmatic hernia with gangrenous bowel segment., Discussion: Blunt injury of diaphragm is relatively common and is considered as a marker of severe trauma and it can clinically be occult as other violent injuries may mask and disguise its initial clinical presentation(1) resulting in late presentation with obstruction and/or rarely strangulation. An early diagnosis of the condition is prudent to avoid morbidity and mortality associated with late presentations., Conclusion: In a patient of intestinal obstruction with history of even trivial throraco- abdominal injury, diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia should be kept in mind., (Copyright © 2013 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)