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The Kalb-Ramond action for an interacting string is generalized to the case of a high-dimensional object (p-brane). The interaction is found to be mediated by a gauge boson of a completely antisymmetric tensor of rank $p+1$., Comment: 7 pages

The electronic structures of azulene (1) and its alkylated derivatives were investigated on the basis of MO calculations by MNDO and PM3 method. There results were experimentally evaluated by measu...

Continuous sampling of deposition and determination of chemical species in it were performed at two small, less populated and less industrialized islands in the Pacific Ocean, southern part of the Japanese islands, in order to evaluate the deposition amount over the Pacific. The chemical characteristics of the deposition on both islands were mostly maritime in nature, with some non-seasalt sulfate (nss-sulfate), non-seasalt calcium (nss-calcium), ammonium and a small amount of nitrate. At Amami O-shima (Naze), the ratio of nss-calcium to total calcium was found to be higher than that of Hachijo-jima, indicating some influence of crustal materials. The seasonal trend of the deposition amount of nss-sulfate was found to be similar at both islands, i.e., high during winter to spring and lower during summer to autumn. The net deposition amount of nss-sulfate was a little lower at Naze than at Hachijo-jima, depending upon the net precipitation amounts of both sites. Considering meteorological conditions, it was suggested that significant parts of the deposition amounts of nss-sulfate and nss-calcium at both islands were under the influence of the Asian Continent, though in the case of Hachijo-jima, some of the pollution might be due to the western part of Japan.

The reactions of benzo[b]cyclohept[e][1,4]oxazine (9) with a 1.2 equivalent of α,ω-alkanediamines (2, n = 4—12) in ethanol at 80 °C afforded tropocoronands (5, n,n′ = 4,4—12,12) in a one-pot procedure and in high yields, while the reaction of 9 with an excess of 2 mainly gave tropopodands 12 (n,n′ = 4,4—6,6). The reactions of 9 with short-chain diamines 2 (n = 2,3) yielded bicyclic pyrazino or diazepino compounds as the main products. The reaction of 9 with ω-amino alcohol afforded the corresponding dihydroxy podands 23. The predicted pathways of the reaction of 9 with 2 were experimentally confirmed.

The stability and resonance energy of heterocycle-annulated 1-azaazulenes such as cyclohepta[4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole (5a) and 12-methoxy-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine (7) were elucidated by means of Aihara’s TRE and Gimarc’s TCS rule. These compounds are predicted to be aromatic with positive resonance energies and in conformity with the TCS rule.

The fundamental skeleton of the tropones possessing a unique heptagonal structure is predicted to be aromatic with positive resonance energies and conforming to the topological charge stabilization rule (TCS rule). Similarly, naturally occurring tropolones also nicely fit the theory that conformity to the TCS rule gives a stable molecular system. Thus, many of the troponoids so far synthesized and those occurring in nature are energetically very stable molecules as well as being synthetically very accessible. The TCS rule applies very well to the formation mechanism of heterocycle-fused tropones. It is very likely that there are various reaction paths in nature which are compatible with the TCS rule for the formatin of tropylium compounds having annulated heterocycles.

An examination was made of the stability and formation pathways of azulenequinones produced by oxygenation in terms of Aihara’s graph theory of aromaticity and Gimarc’s TCS rule. In view of the TCS rule, the oxygen molecule in autoxidation first attacks C-1 of the azulenes, followed by the another oxygen molecule attacking at position n in 1-carbonylated azulenes to give azulenequinones.

The stability and resonance energy of heterocycle-annulated 1-azaazulenes such as cyclohepta[4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole (5a) and 12-methoxy-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine (7) were elucidated by means of Aihara’s TRE and Gimarc’s TCS rule. These compounds are predicted to be aromatic with positive resonance energies and in conformity with the TCS rule.

The reactions of benzo[b]cyclohept[e][1,4]oxazine (9) with a 1.2 equivalent of α,ω-alkanediamines (2, n = 4—12) in ethanol at 80 °C afforded tropocoronands (5, n,n′ = 4,4—12,12) in a one-pot procedure and in high yields, while the reaction of 9 with an excess of 2 mainly gave tropopodands 12 (n,n′ = 4,4—6,6). The reactions of 9 with short-chain diamines 2 (n = 2,3) yielded bicyclic pyrazino or diazepino compounds as the main products. The reaction of 9 with ω-amino alcohol afforded the corresponding dihydroxy podands 23. The predicted pathways of the reaction of 9 with 2 were experimentally confirmed.

Treatment of benzo[b]cyclohepta[e][1,4]oxazine (4) with 1.2 equiv. of dipropylenetriamine (5a) in ethanol at 80 °C gave 6,7,8,9,11,12,13,20,- 21,22,23,25,26,27-tetradecahydrodicyclohepta[b,m][1,4,8,12,15,19]hexa- azacyclodocosine (7a). Similar reactions of (4) with N,N-bis(3-amino- propyl)methylamine (5b), bis(3-aminopropyl) ether (5c), 1,2-bis(2-amino- ethoxy)ethane (6b), and cystamine (6c) afforded similar tropocoronands (7b, 7c, 8a, and 8b), respectively, while the reactions of (4) with an excess of these amines gave the corresponding tropopodands (11a, 11b, 11c, 12a, and 12b). The reaction of (4) with diethylenetriamine (6a) yielded tricyclic compound (10) via bicyclic pyrazino compound (9). A single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the nickel(II)-complex (13) obtained from (7a) was made

π-Electronic structures of 5H,11H+-cyclohepta[b]quinoxalinium ions and their O- and S-analogues were elucidated by means of 1H and 13C NMR spectra, electronic spectra, and theoretical calculations. Consequently, it was shown that these compounds had very stable aromatic characters with positive resonance energies and that the 6π-tropylium-6π-benzonoid form plays an important role for the π-conjugation structure.

Five isomeric benzo[b]cyclohept[e][1,4]oxazin-6∼10-ones (hereafter refered to as benzoxazinotropones) and bromobenzoxazinotropones were prepared almost quantitatively by the hydrolysis of the corresponding mono-, di-, and tribromobenzo[b]cyclohept[e][1,4]oxazines with refluxing acetic acid. On the basis of spectral data and theoretical calculations, benzo[b]cyclohept[e][1,4]oxazin-6∼9(11H)-ones are believed to exist in the keto form. These compounds gave respective methoxy- and acetoxybenzo[b]cyclohept[e][1,4]oxazines when reacted with diazomethane and acetic anhydride. On the other hand, benzo[b]cyclohept[e][1,4]oxazin-10(11H)-one was found to exist in a stable, intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded form and did not form acetoxylated or methylated compounds. Possible reaction pathways for the formation of these products are discussed.

The fundamental skeleton of the tropones possessing a unique heptagonal structure is predicted to be aromatic with positive resonance energies and conforming to the topological charge stabilization rule (TCS rule). Similarly, naturally occurring tropolones also nicely fit the theory that conformity to the TCS rule gives a stable molecular system. Thus, many of the troponoids so far synthesized and those occurring in nature are energetically very stable molecules as well as being synthetically very accessible. The TCS rule applies very well to the formation mechanism of heterocycle-fused tropones. It is very likely that there are various reaction paths in nature which are compatible with the TCS rule for the formatin of tropylium compounds having annulated heterocycles.

The new bloom caster at Sumitomo Metal's Wakayama Steel Works was succesfully commissioned in January 1979. This bloom caster is characterized by the fact that the operations of the tube round making are fully controled by computer systems through all the processes: refining steels, casting blooms and rolling billets. The nominal monthly production capacity of 80,000 metric tons was recorded as early as in the second month after the start up of this facility, and a world record of a sequence casting of 413 heats in half a year. In addition to high productivity, the computer systems have enabled us to obtain a better quality of steel products compared to the process by a conventional ingot method. The continuous cast blooms are sent directly to a reheating furnace without any surface conditioning, thus the residual thermal energy delivered from the LD converter is recovered and utilized for the following process. As a result, the computer control systems with which the new bloom caster is equipped contribute very much to upgrading steel quality, saving energy, increasing yield and reducing production costs.

An examination was made of the stability and formation pathways of azulenequinones produced by oxygenation in terms of Aihara’s graph theory of aromaticity and Gimarc’s TCS rule. In view of the TCS rule, the oxygen molecule in autoxidation first attacks C-1 of the azulenes, followed by the another oxygen molecule attacking at position n in 1-carbonylated azulenes to give azulenequinones.

The dynamical system of a point particle constrained on a torus is quantized \`a la Dirac with two kinds of coordinate systems respectively; the Cartesian and toric coordinate systems. In the Cartesian coordinate system, it is difficult to express momentum operators in coordinate representation owing to the complication in structure of the commutation relations between canonical variables. In the toric coordinate system, the commutation relations have a simple form and their solutions in coordinate representation are easily obtained with, furthermore, two quantum Hamiltonians turning up. A problem comes out when the coordinate system is transformed, after quantization, from the Cartesian to the toric coordinate system., Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX, 1 Figure included as a compressed uuencoded postscript file

The Kalb-Ramond action, derived for interacting strings through an action-at-a-distance force, is generalized to the case of interacting p-dimensional objects (p-branes) in D-dimensional space-time. The open p-brane version of the theory is especially taken up. On account of the existence of their boundary surface, the fields mediating interactions between open p-branes are obtained as massive gauge fields, quite in contrast to massless gauge ones for closed p-branes., 10 pages, LaTeX

A very convenient, one-pot synthesis (in ca. 80% yield) of 3-Bromo-1,5- and -1,7-azulenequinones which can be used as synthones has been developed by polybromination of azulenes. Zink dust reduction and reductive acetylation of these azulenequinones were studied, and possible pathways for the present synthesis are briefly discussed.

Treatment of benzo[b]cyclohepta[e][1,4]oxazine (4) with 1.2 equiv. of dipropylenetriamine (5a) in ethanol at 80 °C gave 6,7,8,9,11,12,13,20,- 21,22,23,25,26,27-tetradecahydrodicyclohepta[b,m][1,4,8,12,15,19]hexa- azacyclodocosine (7a). Similar reactions of (4) with N,N-bis(3-amino- propyl)methylamine (5b), bis(3-aminopropyl) ether (5c), 1,2-bis(2-amino- ethoxy)ethane (6b), and cystamine (6c) afforded similar tropocoronands (7b, 7c, 8a, and 8b), respectively, while the reactions of (4) with an excess of these amines gave the corresponding tropopodands (11a, 11b, 11c, 12a, and 12b). The reaction of (4) with diethylenetriamine (6a) yielded tricyclic compound (10) via bicyclic pyrazino compound (9). A single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the nickel(II)-complex (13) obtained from (7a) was made

2-Acylmethyl- and 2-methoxycarbonylmethylazulene derivatives having versatile functional groups in the side chain, are synthesized in one-pot by the reaction of 2H-cyclohepta [b] furan-2-ones with furans on heating at 160-190 ° C in aprotic solvent

2-Alkoxy and 2,4-dialkoxyazulene derivatives were synthesized in one-pot and in good yields by the reaction of 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with orthoesters on heating either neat or in an aprotic solvent at 160-190 o C

Title synthesis by the reaction of cyclohepta[b]-furan-2-ones with acetals of several aldehydes and ketones on heating at 160-190 o C in neat or aprotic solvent

Upon heating acetic acid containg a trace amount of coned sulfuric acid at 120 °C under nitrogen, 2-bromo-7-(2-hydroxyanilino)tropone (1a) gave 6-bromocyclohepta[b][1,4]benzoxazine (2a) as the main product and cyclohepta[b][1,4]benzoxazine, its 6,8-dibromo derivative and trace amounts of other mono-, di-, and tribromo compounds. This reaction became much more complex in the presence of oxygen. A similar bromine transfer was observed for 2-bromo-7-(dimethylamino)-, 7-(2-hydroxy-5-methylanilino)-, and 7-(2-methoxyanilino)tropone although the cite of the intermolecular bromine transfer depended upon the structures of the substrates and the reaction conditions. In contrast, 2a and 2-amino-5-bromotropone derivatives were completely stable towards the strong acid. Possible reaction pathways for this bromine transfer reaction are discussed.

2-Chlorotropone reacted with o-aminobenzenethiol to give 2-(o-aminophenylthio)tropone, which readily cyclized in dilute methanolic HCl to afford the title benzothiazine (9). Although 9 was stable under basic conditions, its N-methyl cation reversibly afforded the ring-opened 2-[o-(methylamino)phenylthio]tropone in alkali. Oxidation of 9 with hydrogen peroxide in methanol underwent a rearrangement reaction to afford (exclusively) phenothiazine and its 1-formyl derivative. A similar H2O2 oxidation of 10-methoxycyclohepta[b][1,4]benzothiazine gave mainly methyl phenothiazine-1-carboxylate and 3-formyl-1-methoxy phenothiazine. Further oxidation of these products with hydrogen peroxide yielded thier S-oxides and S,S-dioxides. The reactivities of these cycloheptabenzothiazines are discussed in connection with those of the O- and N-analogues.

The benzoxazine and the benzothiazine moieties of cyclohepta[b][1,4]benzoxazines and their S-analogs were easily exchanged with o-aminobenzenethiol, o-phenylenediamine and other related 1,2-bifunctional reagents in ethanol. The exchange of the two fused heterocycles of a tropylium compound is also described.

2-Chloro- or 2-methoxytropone reacts with o-phenylenediamine to give 2-(o-aminoanilino)tropone, which upon heating provides 6H-cyclohepta[b]quinoxaline (10a). Upon acidification, 10a reversibly gives a green cation, 9a. 10a is easily converted, especially under basic conditions, into the oxidative dimer 16a, which reproduces 9a by reduction with Zn in acetic acid. The isopropyl derivatives of these compounds are prepared by the same method from 5-isopropyl-2-methoxytropone. The 5-methyl (21a) and 5,11-dimethyl derivatives 23 are made by the reaction of 2-chloro- or 2-methoxytropone with N-methyl- and N,N′-dimethyl-o-phenylenediamines. However, the methylation of 21a with methyl fluorosulfate affords 5,11-dihydro-8,11-dimethyl-6H-cyclohepta[b]quinoxaline-5,6-sultone. H2O2 oxidation of 10a mainly gives 16a in addition to a small quantity of 6H-cyclohepta[b]quinoxalin-6-one. Compound 21a is stable under basic conditions, but 23 rearranges under alkaline conditions to give, among other unidentified products, ...

The reaction of 6-bromocyclohepta[b][1,4]benzoxazine (19) and o-aminophenol (3) was studied and compared with that of 3-bromo-2-methoxytropone (2) with 3. 14H-[1,4]Benzoxazino[3′,2′:3,4]cyclohepta[1,2-b][1,4]benzoxazine, 10-(o-hydroxyanilino)cyclohepta[b][1,4]benzoxazine (D), 1- and 4-formylphenoxazines and their Schiff bases (C and X) were obtained in very good yields by modifying the conditions of the reaction of 19 with 3. Structures of D, C, and their isomers were determined and the possible reaction pathways for the formation of various products are discussed.

Reaction de 2-methoxy-3,5,7-tribromocycloheptatrienone ou de cyclohepta[b]-1,4-benzooxazines mono- ou dibromees avec l'o-aminophenol, l'o-aminobenzenethiol ou la N-methyl-o-phenylenediamine