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Deep Eutectic Liquids (DELs) fall among the rapidly evolving discoveries of the 21

The presence of chlorogenic acid (CGA) not only imparts a characteristic flavour to foods but also makes them useful against chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes, especially diabetes mellitus and asthma.The present study was designed to develop a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) and pragmatic method to analyse CGA in plant-based products by applying dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography under a diode array detector (RP-HPLC-DAD).The DLLME was carried out using Triton X-100 as a dispersant and ethanol as an extraction solvent, while method development and validation activities were performed on a Shimadzu 10-AT HPLC-DAD system equipped with C-18 columns as stationary phases.The well-resolved peak for the standard CGA was observed at 2.92 min for the mobile phase comprising 0.1% aqueous formic acid-ethanol (22:78 v/v) of pH 3.0 programmed under an isocratic flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The developed method was found to be linear (RThe developed assay was found to be a QuEChERS and pragmatic choice for the high-throughput analysis of CGA in plant-based products/foods. Finally, the analysis revealed the presence of an ample level of CGA in guava fruit in addition to coffee beans and black tea.

This study is first to test Pakistani honey bees, Apis dorsata and A. cerana honey samples as anti biofilm, anti quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm dispersal agents honey against multispecies biofilm of bacteria (obtained from obese patients). Briefly, five previously identified isolates Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Morganella morganii and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MT448672-MT448676) were selected. Antibiogram study of all five isolates was tested against three antibiotics viz., erythromycin (20 µg/mL), lincomycin (100 µg/mL) and rifampicin (100 µg/mL). In order to form multispecies biofilm, identified bacteria were grown in batch culture by mixing equal volumes (OD

Fisetin, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one, is a plant flavonoid initially isolated from Rhus cotinus L. This bioactive molecule often occurs in herbal teas and strawberry and has been extracted using aqueous methanol, water, and supercritical fluids. Besides keeping in view its pharmacological importance, microorganism such as yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and certain bacteria such as Escherichia coli have been successfully engineered for the enhanced production of fisetin from 4-coumaric acid and amino acids. The evaluation of available clinical records indicated that the oral administration of fisetin especially late in life (old age) can restore tissue homeostasis, inflammations, and certain type of cancers such as lung, bladder, breast, and blood cancer. Moreover, the administration of fisetin to wild-type mice late in life restored tissue homeostasis and control senescence-associated secretory phenotypes to extend the median and maximum lifespans.

Silybins, also known as silibinins (in pharmacopeias), are ubiquitous flavonolignans with promising health benefits against obesity, cancer, liver damages, and viral diseases. Initially, discovered in “silymarin” a generic name used for the methanolic extracts of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds. Besides, these plant metabolites have been isolated from white flowers bearing a variety of Silybum marianum, Gentiana apiata (whole plant), roots of Curcuma longa L., and Aspergillus iizukae (a fungal endophyte of milk thistle). Over the last couple of decades, silybins have received a great deal of research regarding extraction, biogenesis, metabolism, and clinical interventions in an effort to modulate the biological activities of silybin or to improve its physical properties, such as solubility. A fundamental breakthrough in silybin chemistry was the determination of the absolute configurations of silybin A and silybin B, and the development of the methods for their separation. Recently, this plant bioactive has shown promising analeptic potential against alcoholic, virial, mutation, and drug-induced liver damages. This chapter contains key facts dealing with silybin chemistry, sources, extraction, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications.

β-Carotene or beta-carotene denotes a bright red-orange colored pigment naturally occurring in plant-based foods such as carrot, tomato, potato, watermelon, and many more. It is one of the most abundant members of carotenoids and responsible for the striking colors of many birds and aquatic animals. Beyond the antioxidant characteristic, like the majority of plant bioactives show, β-carotene works as a retinol (vitamin A) precursor. Moreover, regular intake of diets rich in β-carotene can reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataract, osteoclastogenesis, and coronary heart diseases. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized β-carotene as generally regarded as safe (GRAS) and recommended its use as a nutrient supplement for adult and infant foods. Likewise, β-carotene has also been approved as a color additive in food products; however, the available technical data is insufficient to decide the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for this compound. This chapter provides comprehensive details regarding biogenesis, extraction, isolation/purification, and the role of β-carotene toward the physiology of living organisms.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 70% of worldwide mortality rates can be attributed to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and these figures are going to be more alarming after the Covid-19 outbreak. The careful examination of in-vitro tests, in-vivo studies, and clinical models undertaken establish that the intake of fruits/vegetables rich in bioactives can reduce the risk of NCD. Oleanolic acid (OA) and its isomer ursolic acid (UA) fall under the ubiquitous class of pentacyclic triterpenoid bioactives mainly present in medicinal plants, herbs, fruit, and vegetables. In addition to antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticancer activities, the diet rich in OA and UA may regulate the human immune system. The protective role and clinically useful activities of OA and UA motivated us to highlight various features, points, and critical concerns regarding biogenesis, extraction, isolation, or purification of these valuable bioactives. Moreover, this chapter consolidates and expands stories of clinical trials undertaken during the last couple of decades to evaluate the biological activities and toxicities of these triterpenoids.

Marigold (Tagetes erecta), ethnobotanically falls among medicinal plants. Folk healers have used its parts as a herbal decoction to treat hangover, burns, sores, cuts, and light wounds, eye diseases or vision, ulcers, cold, and bronchitis. Unarguably, Supercritical Fluid based solvents (SCFs) offer immediate advantages over the traditional solvents; their extracts are benign, cleaner, and often contain more active ingredients. Supercritical fluid based extraction (SFE) has turned out to be the only choice for marigold extraction due to thermal marigold principles and substantially higher anti-inflammatory behavior of faradiol esters and essential oil constituents produced through SFE. This chapter contains evidence and advantageous justifications regarding SFE of marigold principle bioactives.

The phenolic metabolites are the ubiquitous class of bioactive compounds produced by plants for their own defense, growth, maturation, communication, and above all structural integrity. Once these bioactives become part of the human or animal diet, these bioactives provide a wide range of benefits regarding the growth and degenerative type of disorders. A great deal of research has been devoted to extraction/recovery of these compounds for food and pharmaceutical products formally by using volatile organic solvents.

Ionic liquids are molten-organic salts with exceptional thermodynamics stability, nonvolatile character, and plenty of structural arrangements or designs. These liquids can offer limitless applications for chemistry (catalysis), separation science (food and pharmaceutical industry), and electrolytes in wearable electronics. Subsequent to air, access to sufficient amount of safe drinking water is essential for life prevalence and critical part of health protection activities. Water of every origin may have some or other contaminants and eventually may require miscellaneous extent of treatment or purification. A great deal of research and investment has been made by World Health Organization and other water- and health-regulating bodies/agencies to assess, purify, and supply water. Likewise, in the catalysis, food, and pharmaceutical industries, the ionic liquid for their unique structures and designs may provide a wide range of sustainable and green opportunities for water purification. This chapter critically analyzes the potential of ionic liquids to solve water purification paradigm in a more sustainable way.

This study presents a pragmatic and easily scalable maceration-mediated liquid–liquid extraction (MMLLE) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)-based determination of Silybins from plant material (Curcuma longa L.). The processing of calibration standards revealed that the RP-HPLC method was linear over a concentration range of 1–100 μg/mL with regression coefficient (R2) > 0.9950, limit of detection 0.02 μg/mL and limit of quantification

This paper puts forward the application of non-ionic surfactant based maceration to mediate the liberation of conjugated phenolics from of spent black tea leaves (SBTL). The maceration conditions including Triton X-100 concentration, temperature, solvent composition, and pH were investigated at various levels to enhance the recovery of phenolic conjugates from SBTL. The optimum conditions embracing 2.8% (w/v) TX-100, 6.9 pH, 35 °C and 75% (v/v) aqueous methanol furnished an extract equal to 34.63 ± 0.15 g/100 g SBTL containing conjugated phenolics up to 267.84 ± 1.38 milligram gallic acid equivalent per g of extract. Moreover, SBTL extracts produced through Maceration Mediated Liquid–Liquid Extraction (MMLLE) were found to be good scavengers of free radicals (IC50 2.60 ± 0.21 μg mL−1) and oxidants (135.94 ± 0.02 μM Trolox Equivalents per g of extract). RP-HPLC-DAD characterization revealed the presence of esters of gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids as major conjugated constituents. Overall, MMLLE was found to be an intelligent and easily scalable technique for the recovery of conjugated phenolics from SBTL.

Salting-out-assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) was developed to extract thiacloprid (THI) from fruits and vegetables. SALLE conditions (NaCl/Na2SO4, pH, and solvent polarity) were investigated at various levels for the optimal recovery of THI. Meanwhile, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) conditions were balanced over 1–100 µg/mL of THI. The optimized SALLE-RP-HPLC method offered 78.33–92.00% recovery of standard THI at an acceptable repeatability 1.81–4.30% and reproducibility 1.08–4.74%. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 0.03 and 0.05 µg/mL, respectively. The real-time analysis verifies its suitability and ease of use for the determination of THI in agricultural commodities.

Dragon fruits or Pitaya are the lithophytes or hemiepiphytes of Cactaceae family primarily distributed among tropical regions. This fruit initially attracted the researchers looking for natural food grade dyes for its striking color pigments (betalains), however, investigations established that dragon fruit pulp, peel, and seed contain potentially beneficial carbohydrates, phytoalbumin, biopeptides, vitamins, phenolics, and minerals. The seeds of dragon fruit are exceptionally small, so could not focused for their oleoginous compounds but research up to the date indicates that seeds of this fruit are rich in essential fatty acids principally omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as well as tocopherols. The levels of linoleic acid attributed to dragon seed oil (500 g/Kg of oil) are comparable with flaxseed, canola and sesame oils. The keen survey of literature available regarding the phytochemistry of dragon seed recommends that this oil may become a viable source of good quality oleonutrients for food and cosmetic industries. There is a prompt need to modernize and scale up seed separation and oil extraction methods to revalorize dragon seed phytochemicals.

Fruit juices are consumed all over the world for their fresh and delicate flavor, strenuous nutrients, refreshing characters, and above all their ability to regulate bodily functions swiftly. The most common tonic benefits of fruit juices are linked with their ability to regulate blood plasma alkalinity, increase the permeability and fragility of blood capillaries, supplementation of essential minerals and trace elements, reservation of the body antioxidant system, and endowment of quick energy. However, these benefits can only be enjoyed when juice-manufacturing methods and instruments are benign, efficiently optimized, and eco-friendly. In order to improve nutritional profile, antioxidant characteristics, flavor, shelf life, and sensory characteristic of fruit juices, various new and alternative methods have been introduced to extract, clarify, and store fruit juices. Moreover, an ever-increasing demand for fresh or minimally processed food products has built up pressure on food technologists to explore and scrutinize more efficient juice extraction/preparation technologies. This chapter will briefly explain the methods, merits, and limitations of recently emerged extraction technologies while covering the details contributing their novelty.

Pesticides apparently provide an easy, economic, and pragmatic strategy to control pests, insects, and weeds, but they are actually very costly in terms of adverse health and environmental effects. In the case of fruit juices, organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are of greater concern because (1) they are the most widely used class of pesticides, (2) they are fairly soluble in aqueous media, (3) they accumulate during processing of fruits and vegetables, (4) they are rapidly absorbed through all routes, and (5) syndromes are concealed and hardly diagnosable. These pesticides inhibit cholinesterase enzymes involved in the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, whose build up in nerves causes suffocation and finally death. Unfortunately, the use of these chemicals cannot be voluntarily restricted because of the extensive economic benefits, but reliable analysis, observable regulation, and intelligent pest management reduces the loss percentage. This chapter will provide comprehensive information regarding analysis (extraction, detection, quantification) and removal (decontamination) of OPs from fruit juices.

This contribution proposes an enzyme-assisted eco-friendly process for the extraction of non-extractable polyphenols (NEPPs) from black tea leftover (BTLO), an underutilized tea waste. BTLO hydrolyzed with various enzyme formulations was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol as co-solvent (SC-CO2 + EtOH). A conventional solvent extraction (CSE) was performed using EtOH + H2O (80:20, v/v) for comparison purposes. The results revealed that hydrolysis of BTLO with 2.9% (w/w) kemzyme at 45 °C and pH 5.4 for 98 min improved the liberation of NEPPs offering 5-fold higher extract yield (g/100 g) as compared with non-treated BTLO. In vitro antioxidant evaluation and LC-MS characterization of extracts revealed the presence of phenolic acids (mainly caffeic and para-coumaric acid) of high antioxidant value. Scanning electron micrograph of the hydrolyzed BTLO samples indicated noteworthy changes in the ultrastructure of BTLO. Moreover, polyphenol extracts obtained by SC-CO2 + EtOH extraction were found to be cleaner and richer in polyphenols as compared to CSE. The devised enzyme-assisted SC-CO2 + EtOH extraction process in the present work can be explored as an effective biotechnological mean for the optimal recovery of antioxidant polyphenols.

The present study was planned to optimize and validate an expedient reverse-phase high chromatography (RP-HPLC) based protocol for the analysis of deferoxamine (DFO) and ferrioxamine (FO) in urinary execration of patients suffering β-thalassemia major. The optimized RP-HPLC method was found to be linear over the wide range of DFO and FO concentration (1-90 μg/mL) with appreciable recovery rates (79.64-97.30%) of quality controls at improved detection and quantitation limits and acceptable inter and intraday variability. Real-time analysis of DFO and FO in the urine of thalassemic patients (male and female) at different intervals of Desferal®(Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation) injection revealed DFO and FO excretion at significantly (p 0) different rates. The maximum concentrations of DFO (76.7 ± 3.06 μg/mL) and FO (74.2 ± 3.25 μg/mL) were found in urine samples, collected after 6 h of drug infusion while the minimum levels of DFO (1.10 ± 0.12 μg/mL) and FO (2.97 ± 0.13 μg/mL) were excreted by patients after 24 h. The present paper offers balanced conditions for an expedient, reliable and quick determination of DFO and FO in urine samples.

The present study was planned to optimize and validate an expedient reverse-phase high chromatography (RP-HPLC) based protocol for the analysis of deferoxamine (DFO) and ferrioxamine (FO) in urinary execration of patients suffering β-thalassemia major. The optimized RP-HPLC method was found to be linear over the wide range of DFO and FO concentration (1-90 μg/mL) with appreciable recovery rates (79.64-97.30%) of quality controls at improved detection and quantitation limits and acceptable inter and intraday variability. Real-time analysis of DFO and FO in the urine of thalassemic patients (male and female) at different intervals of Desferal®(Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation) injection revealed DFO and FO excretion at significantly (p < 0) different rates. The maximum concentrations of DFO (76.7 ± 3.06 μg/mL) and FO (74.2 ± 3.25 μg/mL) were found in urine samples, collected after 6 h of drug infusion while the minimum levels of DFO (1.10 ± 0.12 μg/mL) and FO (2.97 ± 0.13 μg/mL) were excreted by patients after 24 h. The present paper offers balanced conditions for an expedient, reliable and quick determination of DFO and FO in urine samples.