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Abstract The increasing pollution of river systems poses a significant challenge to water quality management and public health. This study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of the Gomati River in India, focusing on the impact of anthropogenic activities on pollution levels across different seasons. The primary objective was to develop a comprehensive assessment model using an effective weighted fuzzy soft expert system (WFSES) to derive a weighted water pollution score (WWP-score) for rating water pollution levels based on various water quality parameters. To achieve this, we employed a fuzzy soft set (FSS) methodology integrated with a weighted fuzzy soft set (WFSS) model to analyze water quality indices at six sampling stations along the Gomati River, the largest river in Tripura, India. Originating from the Raima and Sarma streams, the river flows westward through key regions, providing 249.39 million cubic meters of water annually, essential for drinking, agriculture, fishing, and transportation. The study utilized crisp data summaries of key water quality parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, chloride, total alkalinity, and total coliform, across the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons from May 2022 to April 2023, guided by the distribution of waste discharge points. Fuzzy membership functions were defined for these parameters, and the root mean square (RMSQR) operation was used to combine multiple FSSs. The results revealed that the WWP-scores, a measure of water quality, ranged from 0.744 to 0.872 across the sampling stations, with Srimantapur exhibiting the highest level of pollution and Udaipur showing comparatively better quality. These scores indicate that water quality at all sites falls into the poor category, with Srimantapur experiencing the most severe contamination due to high levels of coliform bacteria and organic pollutants. The analysis highlights the impact of domestic wastewater and agricultural runoff on the river's health. This research offers a novel application of FSS and WFSS theory in environmental management, providing a robust framework for evaluating and ranking water quality across multiple parameters. The findings are valuable to the scientific community as they offer detailed insights into the pollution dynamics of the Gomati River and propose a methodological approach for assessing water quality in other river systems facing similar challenges. The study's results underscore the need for targeted pollution control measures and continuous monitoring to safeguard water resources and public health.

ABSTRACT Background Birds are known to harbour many pathogens, including circovirus, herpesviruses, adenoviruses and Chlamydia psittaci. Some of these pose zoonotic risks, while others, such as beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), have a significant impact on the conservation of endangered bird species. Objectives This study was aimed to determine the faecal virome of a group of apparently healthy Monk parakeet using high‐throughput sequencing. Methods Fresh faecal samples were collected from four Monk parakeets at a pet shop in Melbourne, Australia. Virus enrichment and nucleic acid extraction were performed on the faecal samples, followed by high‐throughput sequencing at the Australian Genome Research Facility (AGRF). Results Utilising an established pipeline for high‐throughput sequencing data analysis, this study revealed the presence of three viruses of the families Circoviridae, Parvoviridae and Adenoviridae. Subsequent sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses further confirmed that the detected viruses belong to the genera Chaphamaparvovirus (unassigned species), Circovirus (species Circovirus parrot) and Siadenovirus (species Siadenovirus viridis). Conclusion Despite non‐pathogenicity, the existence of multiple viruses within a bird species underscores the risk of these viruses spreading into the pet trade. Detection and a better understanding of avian viruses are crucial for the establishment of appropriate management and biosecurity measures in the domestic and international bird trade, which ultimately supports the conservation of vulnerable bird species.

A simple new, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective HPLC–PDA method was developed and validated for the determination of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) simultaneously. Chromatographic separations were carried out using a reversed-phase Shim-pack GIS C18 column (4.60 × 250.00 mm; 5.00 µm) at 30°C. Oxalic acid (0.05 M), acetonitrile, and methanol were used as mobile phase under gradient elution conditions at the flow rate of 1.50 mL min−1. Detection wavelength was set at 330 nm. An aliquot of 20.00 µL solution was injected, and three drugs were eluted within 7.39 ± 0.05 min. As per ICH guidelines linearity, recovery, accuracy, precision, selectivity, specificity, sensitivity, stability, column efficiency, system suitability, and robustness were determined for the validation of the proposed method. Calibration curves were linear over a studied concentration range of 8.00 µg mL−1 with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999 for all drugs. Relative standard deviation (RSD) for intra− and interday precision was found less than 2.87% and 3.22%, respectively, indicating the method to be reproducible. The proposed method has been suitably applied for the estimation of TC, OTC, and CIP in pharmaceutical formulation and milk samples collected from local market in Bangladesh. Among 15 milk samples analyzed, most of the cases (more than 50%) TC, OTC, and CIP were detected above maximum residue levels (MRLs) though no significant toxicological effect on the health of consumers in the study area was identified.

Abstract In this article, building on our recent investigations and motivated by the fuzzball-paradigm, we explore normal modes of a probe massless scalar field in the rotating BTZ-geometry in an asymptotically AdS spacetime and correspondingly obtain the Spectral Form Factor (SFF) of the scalar field. In particular, we analyze the SFF obtained from the single-particle partition function. We observe that, a non-trivial Dip-Ramp-Plateau (DRP) structure, with a Ramp of slope one (within numerical precision) exists in the SFF which is obtained from the grand-canonical partition function. This behaviour is observed to remain stable close to extremality as well. However, at exact extremality, we observe a loss of the DRP-structure in the corresponding SFF. Technically, we have used two methods to obtain our results: (i) An explicit and direct numerical solution of the boundary conditions to obtain the normal modes, (ii) A WKB-approximation, which yields analytic, semi-analytic and efficient numerical solutions for the modes in various regimes. We further re-visit the non-rotating case and elucidate the effectiveness of the WKB-approximation in this case, which allows for an analytic expression of the normal modes in the regime where a level-repulsion exists. This regime corresponds to the lower end of the spectrum as a function of the scalar angular momentum, while the higher end of this spectrum tends to become flat. By analyzing the classical stress-tensor of the probe sector, we further demonstrate that the back-reaction of the scalar field grows fast as the angular momenta of the scalar modes increase in the large angular momenta regime, while the back-reaction remains controllably small in the regime where the spectrum has non-trivial level correlations. This further justifies cutting the spectrum off at a suitable value of the scalar angular momenta, beyond which the scalar back-reaction significantly modifies the background geometry.

Abstract We discuss conditions under which a deterministic sequence of real numbers, interpreted as the set of eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian, can exhibit features usually associated to random matrix spectra. A key diagnostic is the spectral form factor (SFF) — a linear ramp in the SFF is often viewed as a signature of random matrix behavior. Based on various explicit examples, we observe conditions for linear and power law ramps to arise in deterministic spectra. We note that a very simple spectrum with a linear ramp is E n ~ log n. Despite the presence of ramps, these sequences do not exhibit conventional level repulsion, demonstrating that the lore about their concurrence needs refinement. However, when a small noise correction is added to the spectrum, they lead to clear level repulsion as well as the (linear) ramp. We note some remarkable features of logarithmic spectra, apart from their linear ramps: they are closely related to normal modes of black hole stretched horizons, and their partition function with argument s = β + it is the Riemann zeta function ζ(s). An immediate consequence is that the spectral form factor is simply −ζ|(it)|2. Our observation that log spectra have a linear ramp, is closely related to the Lindelöf hypothesis on the growth of the zeta function. With elementary numerics, we check that the slope of a best fit line through |ζ(it)|2 on a log-log plot is indeed 1, to the fourth decimal. We also note that truncating the Riemann zeta function sum at a finite integer N causes the would-be-eternal ramp to end on a plateau.

A phosphate compound can stabilize cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)-contaminated soils, although its effectiveness in reducing metal availability and plant uptake when low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) are present is uncertain but nonetheless worth evaluating. Here, 3 % NaH2PO4 (a P compound), tartaric acid (TA), oxalic acid (OA), and mixtures of P and TA/OA are used to evaluate Indian spinach (Basella Alba L.) for soil Cd, Pb, and Zn availability and absorption. Additionally, soil metal immobilization options were examined. Of these treatments, P plus low TA (P-TA2), followed by P, decreased shoot Cd, Pb, and Zn the most, with values of 1.03, 2.52, and 104.50 mg kg−1, respectively, somewhat greater than threshold values of WHO, particularly for Pb and Zn. After harvest, P-TA2 contained >2.44, >321.70, and >290.22 mg kg−1 of total oxidizable and residual Cd, Pb, and Zn, showing that 48 %, 80 %, and 58 % of soil metals were immobilized and not taken up by the plant. P-TA2′s zeta potential, followed by P, became steadily more negative as pH increased, confirming that electrostatic adsorption was the main metal immobilization process, notably in P-TA2. However, in XRD studies, P alone generated Cd phosphate, pyromorphite, and hopeite, showing that sorption and precipitation were the predominant metal immobilization mechanisms. Finally, P-TA2 is the best in immobilizing and inhibiting metals in contaminated soils for plant absorption. Since rhizotropic LMWOAs may impact Cd, Pb, and Zn mineral stability, they should be addressed when treating Cd, Pb, and Zn-contaminated soils with P for plant growth studies.

Abstract Black holes are believed to have the fast scrambling properties of random matrices. If the fuzzball proposal is to be a viable model for quantum black holes, it should reproduce this expectation. This is considered challenging, because it is natural for the modes on a fuzzball microstate to follow Poisson statistics. In a previous paper, we noted a potential loophole here, thanks to the modes depending not just on the n-quantum number, but also on the J-quantum numbers of the compact dimensions. For a free scalar field ϕ, by imposing a Dirichlet boundary condition ϕ = 0 at the stretched horizon, we showed that this J-dependence leads to a linear ramp in the Spectral Form Factor (SFF). Despite this, the status of level repulsion remained mysterious. In this letter, motivated by the profile functions of BPS fuzzballs, we consider a generic profile ϕ = ϕ 0(θ) instead of ϕ = 0 at the stretched horizon. For various notions of genericity (eg. when the Fourier coefficients of ϕ 0(θ) are suitably Gaussian distributed), we find that the J-dependence of the spectrum exhibits striking evidence of level repulsion, along with the linear ramp. We also find that varying the profile leads to natural interpolations between Poisson and Wigner-Dyson(WD)-like spectra. The linear ramp in our previous work can be understood as arising via an extreme version of level repulsion in such a limiting spectrum. We also explain how the stretched horizon/fuzzball is different in these aspects from simply putting a cut-off in flat space or AdS (i.e., without a horizon).

Decision making under an uncertain environment is a critical task. In this article, we develop a Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) model using BWM and Neutrosophic-TOPSIS under Single Valued Neutrosophic Set (SVNS) environment. In developed model, BWM is utilized to find the weights of the attributes those are selected by a group of experts, and the Neutrosophic-TOPSIS is utilized to rank the alternatives.

This is empirical research that focuses on the urban water ecosystems in the humid tropics of South Asia. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the quality of drinking water in the urban water bodies (UWBs) of Chittagong Metropolitan City (CMC), Bangladesh. The field data was centered on the analysis and depiction of twenty-three (23) water quality parameters, collected from twenty-one (21) spatial observation units. Analytic tools include suitability analysis, correlation matrix, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA) as a means to an end. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The analysis reveals that drinking water quality in studied UWBs was inappropriate during the monsoon season. Parameters that crossed the extreme permissible concentration incorporate EC, BOD, COD, Turbidity, Nitrate, Total coliform, and Fecal coliform. The PCA extracted four factors (PC1–4) with an eigenvalue of 10.23, explaining 73.1% of the total variation in the dataset in cumulative terms. The CA recognized three (3) broad groups of the sampling stations. Group A represents nine cases, suffering the most from pollution concentration in CMC. Awareness building at all levels is advocated to improve clean water sources, increase service provision, and ensure public health safeguards. HIGHLIGHTS Urban water bodies are alternative sources of drinking water.; A significant gap exists between the demand for and supply of municipal piped water supply.; Anthropogenic activities have an impact on the quality of drinking water.; Multivariate analytic techniques (MATs) have been used to determine the suitability of drinking water quality.; Promoting awareness-raising on all levels is encouraged.;

The rapid intensification of poultry production raises important concerns about the associated risks of zoonotic infections. Here, we introduce EPINEST (EPIdemic NEtwork Simulation in poultry Transportation systems): an agent-based modelling framework designed to simulate pathogen transmission within realistic poultry production and distribution networks. We provide example applications to broiler production in Bangladesh, but the modular structure of the model allows for easy parameterization to suit specific countries and system configurations. Moreover, the framework enables the replication of a wide range of eco-epidemiological scenarios by incorporating diverse pathogen life-history traits, modes of transmission and interactions between multiple strains and/or pathogens. EPINEST was developed in the context of an interdisciplinary multi-centre study conducted in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, and will facilitate the investigation of the spreading patterns of various health hazards such as avian influenza, Campylobacter, Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in these countries. Furthermore, this modelling framework holds potential for broader application in veterinary epidemiology and One Health research, extending its relevance beyond poultry to encompass other livestock species and disease systems.

Introduction: Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is a treatable, rare inflammatory disease, either primary or secondary to systemic causes. Aims: To characterize the etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment outcomes of HP patients and determine the factors influencing the radiological resolution of the pachymeningeal enhancement and recurrence of symptoms within the follow-up period. Materials and Methods: We collected data for this prospective observational study between March 1, 2021 and May 31, 2022, at the Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, and the patients were followed for a 6-month period. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment-related data were collected. A univariate logistic regression model was used for comparison between patients with and without radiological resolution of pachymeningitis and between patients with and without symptom recurrence. Results: Among 44 patients, the male: female ratio was 1.2:1. The median age at disease onset was 35.5 (28.5–49.5) years. The etiologies were idiopathic (56.8%), tuberculosis (22.8%), immunoglobulin G subtype 4 (IgG4) disease (9.2%), other infections (6.8%), and neoplastic (4.4%). Headache was the most common presentation (95.4%), followed by cranial neuropathies (68.2%). Optic and oculomotor neuropathies were the most common. In terms of radiological features, 27.27, 29.54, and 43.18% of patients had diffuse, focal regular, and focal irregular enhancement, respectively. Temporal (50%), followed by cavernous sinus (38.63%) enhancement, was the most common. Recurrence occurred in 36 and 50% of idiopathic and IgG4-related HP cases, respectively. Mycophenolate mofetil was added to their steroid regimen with no further recurrences. Conclusion: The cohort had a marked absence of (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) ANCA-associated HP. The severity of clinical manifestations or distribution of pachymeningitis did not differ significantly among the etiological groups. The presence of idiopathic etiology and focal regular enhancement had a significantly higher chance of radiological resolution. The response to therapy was satisfactory. Recurrence was significantly related to shorter steroid courses (

Abstract We consider a black hole with a stretched horizon as a toy model for a fuzzball microstate. The stretched horizon provides a cut-off, and therefore one can determine the normal (as opposed to quasi-normal) modes of a probe scalar in this geometry. For the BTZ black hole, we compute these as a function of the level n and the angular quantum number J. Conventional level repulsion is absent in this system, and yet we find that the Spectral Form Factor (SFF) shows clear evidence for a dip-ramp-plateau structure with a linear ramp of slope ~ 1 on a log-log plot, with or without ensemble averaging. We show that this is a robust feature of stretched horizons by repeating our calculations on the Rindler wedge (times a compact space). We also observe that this is not a generic feature of integrable systems, as illustrated by standard examples like integrable billiards and random 2-site coupled SYK model, among others. The origins of the ramp can be traced to the hierarchically weaker dependence of the normal mode spectrum on the quantum numbers of the compact directions, and the resulting quasi-degeneracy. We conclude by noting an analogy between the 4-site coupled SYK model and the quartic coupling responsible for the non-linear instability of capped geometries. Based on this, we speculate that incorporating probe self-interactions will lead to stronger connections to random matrix behavior.

Abstract Adapting the Social Cognitive Theory framework, we conducted a cross-sectional study on 137 commercial chicken farms in Bangladesh to investigate factors influencing the behaviour of farmers towards the application of antimicrobials to their birds. Almost all farmers used antimicrobials to treat poultry diseases, while 38.6% also were using them to promote healthy growth of chickens and 10.2% to increase egg production or improve meat quality. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), we identified that inappropriate usage of antimicrobials (behaviour) was strongly driven by farmers’ short-term goals to maintain the health of their chickens in a production cycle (β = 0.813, p = 0.029), rather than long-term concerns. Farmers’ perception about their ability to control antimicrobial administration based on their skills and opportunities (self-efficacy) marginally influenced the short-term goals of antimicrobial usage (β = 0.301, p = 0.073). The results of this study can be used to develop targeted education programs for farmers, to reduce the application of antimicrobials in their poultry flocks.

In this article, we procure the concept of single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic Lie (in short SVPN-Lie) algebra under single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic set (in short SVPN-set) environment. Besides, we study the notion of SVPN-Lie ideal of SVPN-Lie algebra, and produce several interesting results on SVPN-Lie algebra and SVPN-Lie ideal.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel similarity measure, the single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic exponential similarity measure (SVPNESM), and the single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic weighted exponential similarity measure (SVPNWESM) under the single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic set (SVPNS) environment for selecting bacteria on concrete mortar to improve compressive strength and to reduce water absorption, porosity and chloride permeability. In order to improve the properties of concrete, bacteria must fulfill requirements such as increased compressive strength, decreased water absorption capacities, reduced porosity, decreased chloride permeability etc. A novel approach for selecting suitable bacteria in concrete mortar is presented in this study based on such requirements. In this study, suitable bacteria is selected from four bacteria for concrete mortar based on 4 criteria with fixed bacteria concentrations of 105. Based on this study, Bacillus subtitles is selected among four alternatives as suitable. Furthermore, the proposed MADM method is shown to be well suited to this problem after it has been compared with two existing methods.

The main focus of this paper is to introduce the notion of single valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic off set / over set / under set. Besides, we establish several operations on single valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic off sets / over sets / under sets. Besides, we furnish some suitable examples to validate the results established in this article. Further, we establish some interesting results on single valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic off set / over set / under set.

A 5-year retrospective study was conducted to describe the mastitis-causing organisms isolated from bovine milk samples submitted to four veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Australia. The aim of this study was to identify temporal, geographical, and seasonal patterns of occurrence for the organisms and report the in vitro susceptibility of the most common mastitis-causing pathogens. In total, 22,102 milk samples were submitted between 2015 and 2019. The results were reported as positive growth for at least one significant organism (n = 11,407; 51.6%), no growth (n = 5,782; 26.2%), and mixed/contaminated growth (n = 4,913; 22.2%). Culture results for no growth, gram-negative bacteria, and eukaryotic organisms were combined for each region, and they were accounted for between 23 and 46% of submissions. These results represent a subset of mastitis cases for which the antibiotic treatment may not be warranted. A total of 11,907 isolates were cultured from 11,407 milk samples. The most common isolated organisms were Streptococcus uberis [41.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 40.4–42.1%] and Staphylococcus aureus (23.6%; 95% CI: 22.8–24.3%). For S. uberis and S. aureus, there was an association between a positive culture result and the dairy region. All regions except for the Sub-tropical Dairy region were more likely to culture S. uberis compared to the reference, Dairy NSW (P < 0.001). Similarly, for S. aureus, a positive culture result was more likely in all other dairy regions compared to Dairy NSW (P < 0.001). The LISA cluster analysis identified differences between High-High (hotspot) postcodes for S. aureus and S. uberis throughout all the analyzed dairy regions. These results highlight the need for further investigations into specific risk factors, such as environmental factors and herd-level predictors, which may have influenced the observed regional variations. Common mastitis-causing pathogens showed overall good susceptibility to a range of antimicrobials used in the treatment of mastitis. On-going surveillance of mastitis-causing pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibilities will facilitate targeted mastitis control and treatment programs.

Abstract A cross-sectional study was conducted with 144 small-scale poultry farmers across 42 Bangladeshi villages to explore risk factors associated with avian influenza H5 and H9 seropositivity on backyard chicken farms. Using mixed-effects logistic regression with village as random effect, we identified crow abundance in garbage dumping places and presence of migratory wild birds within villages to be associated with higher odds of H5 and H9 seropositivity. At farm-level, garbage around poultry houses was also associated with higher odds of H5 and H9 seropositivity. In addition, specific trading practices (such as, purchase of chickens from live bird markets (LBM) and neighboring farms to raise them on their own farms, frequency of visits to LBM, purchase of poultry at LBM for consumption) and contact of backyard chickens with other animals (such as, feeding of different poultry species together, using pond water as drinking source for poultry, access of feral and wild animals to poultry houses) were associated with higher odds of H5 or H9 seropositivity. Resource-constrained small-scale poultry farmers should be able to address risk factors identified in this study without requiring large investments into poultry management, thereby reducing the likelihood of avian influenza virus transmission and ultimately occurrence of avian influenza outbreaks.

The notion of single valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic set is the extension of single valued neutrosophic set and quadripartitioned single valued neutrosophic set. The single valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic set is a powerful mathematical tool that comprehensively deals with indeterminacy by splitting it into three independent components, namely, unknown, contradiction, ignorance. We apply the concept of single valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic set to graph theory.

In this article, we propose a MADM-strategy based on hyperbolic cosine similarity measures under the single valued neutrosophic set environment. Further, we also give some properties of the similarity measures by giving some suitable examples. We also solve a numerical example to validate our proposed MADM-model.

In the present paper, we propose the Hyperbolic Sine Similarity Measure (HSSM) for pentapartitioned neutrosophic sets which is based on hyperbolic sine function. We also establish some properties of the similarity measures by providing some suitable examples. Further we develop an MADM (Multi-Attribute-Decision-Making) model for single valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic set (SVPNS) environment based on the similarity measure which we call HSSM-MADM strategy. We also validate our proposed model by solving a numerical example.

Serosurveillance studies show a heterogenous mix of the Indian population with immunity to COVID-19 due to vaccination or natural infection. Here, the authors enrol subjects representative of the general population, to assess whether pre-existing antibodies are further boosted by a single dose of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, BBV152.

This is an empirical study on small urban water bodies in Chittagong Metropolitan City, Bangladesh. The ultimate objective was to explore the alternative source of fresh water supply for the city dwellers–the urban poor. To determine the level of drinking water, a suitability analysis was performed in conjunction with the construction and calculation of a Water Quality Index (WQI) for two distinct seasons: Rainy and Winter. The IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics version: 20 and CAP: version: 5.0.0.465 was used as a means to an end. The study reveals that water quality in sampled UWBs of CMC was found unsuitable (WQI value 237.11) for drinking in the Rainy season and very poor (WQI value 99.62) in the Winter. The eight (8) parameters that crossed the maximum permissible limit in the Rainy and Winter seasons include electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and nitrate. The two biological parameters, i.e. total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC) that stood alone in crossing the admissible limit, detected measured values 1100+ MPN- 100 mL−1 in Rainy and Winter seasons, against unit recommended value 50. Awareness building on water pollutants in both public and private sectors is required to improve public health service delivery. HIGHLIGHTS Urban water bodies are found polluted.; Shortage of piped water supply in the city created a demand for alternative fresh water sources.; The quality of drinking water is affected by natural processes and various human activities.; Suitability Analysis and Water Quality Index indicates implications for the urban environment.; Awareness building is advocated for effective service delivery and public health protection.;

In this manuscript, we introduce and study some pentapartitioned neutrosophic probability distributions. The study is done through the generalization of some classical probability distributions as Poisson distribution, Exponential distribution, Uniform distribution etc. This study opens the way for dealing with issues that follow the classical distributions and at the same time contains data not specified accurately.

Neutrosophic set, developed by Smarandache, is characterized by a truth membership function, an indeterminacy function and a falsity membership function. Neutrosophic sets have been employed to model uncertainty in several areas of application such as decision making, pattern recognition, image segmentation, etc. Neutrosophic separation axioms are interesting concepts via neutrosophic topology. In this paper, we introduce the notion of neutrosophic Ti-spaces (i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) via neutrosophic topological spaces, and investigate their different properties. By defining neutrosophic Ti-spaces (i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4), we prove some interesting results on neutrosophic separation axioms via neutrosophic topological spaces.

The main objective of this paper is to introduce the notion of single-valued bipolar pentapartitioned neutrosophic set (SVBPNS). We also present some supporting examples and prove some basic properties of SVBPNS. We define score function and accuracy function of SVBPNS, and establish their basic properties. We define the single-valued bipolar pentapartitioned neutrosophic arithmetic mean (SVBPNAM) operator and the single-valued bipolar pentapartitioned neutrosophic geometric mean (SVBPNGM) operator and prove their basic properties. We develop two Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) strategies namely SVBPNS-MADM Strategy based on SVBPNAM operator and SVBPNS-MADM strategy based on SVBPNGM operator under SVBPNS environment. Finally, we present a real world numerical example to illustrate the developed strategies.

Abstract In this article, we consider a Renormalization Group flow of the Thermofield-Double state in a UV-complete description of Holography, by introducing a relevant deformation to the N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super Yang-Mills theory at strong coupling. This RG-flow is known to have a non-trivial, interacting N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 fixed point at the IR. Geometrically, an RG-flow of the TFD-state naturally continues radially and inside the black hole event horizon and yields a Kasner-structure near singularity, as has been observed in recent works. We show that for a generic value of the deformation, the putative IR fixed point remains inside the black hole in a certain sense. By fine-tuning this deformation, the “fixed point” can be brought arbitrarily close to the event horizon, while always remaining inside. Physically, this distinguishes between the vanishing temperature limit of the RG-flows with the one at exactly zero temperature. We further discuss its general implications in the context of Holography, including a study of the recently-proposed Holographic a-function, especially in the interior of the black hole. We also discuss how correlations between the two-copies of the TFD-state depend on this explicit RG-flow.

Abstract Optically-assisted large-scale assembly of nanoparticles have been of recent interest owing to their potential in applications to assemble and manipulate colloidal particles and biological entities. In the recent years, plasmonic heating has been the most popular mechanism to achieve temperature hotspots needed for extended assembly and aggregation. In this work, we present an alternative route to achieving strong thermal gradients that can lead to non-equilibrium transport and assembly of matter. We utilize the excellent photothermal properties of graphene oxide to form a large-scale assembly of silica beads. The formation of the assembly using this scheme is rapid and reversible. Our experiments show that it is possible to aggregate silica beads (average size 385 nm) by illuminating thin graphene oxide microplatelet by a 785 nm laser at low intensities of the order of 50–100 µW/µm2. We further extend the study to trapping and photoablation of E. coli bacteria using graphene oxide. We attribute this aggregation process to optically driven thermophoretic forces. This scheme of large-scale assembly is promising for the study of assembly of matter under non-equilibrium processes, rapid concentration tool for spectroscopic studies such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering and for biological applications.

Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is considered to be genetically diverse, with a relatively small circular single-stranded DNA genome of 2 kb that encodes for a capsid protein (Cap) and a replication initiator protein (Rep). Australasia is known to be the origin of diverse species of the Order Columbiformes, but limited data on the PiCV genome sequence has hindered phylogeographic studies in this species. To fill this gap, this study was conducted to investigate PiCV in 118 characteristic samples from different birds across Australia using PCR and sequencing. Eighteen partial PiCV Rep sequences and one complete PiCV genome sequence were recovered from reservoir and aberrant hosts. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that PiCV circulating in Australia was scattered across three different subclades. Importantly, one subclade dominated within the PiCV sequenced from Australia and Poland, whereas other PiCV sequenced in this study were more closely related to the PiCV sequenced from China, USA and Japan. In addition, PiCV Rep sequences obtained from clinically affected plumed whistling duck, blue billed duck and Australian magpie demonstrated natural spillover of PiCV unveiled host generalist characteristics of the pigeon circovirus. These findings indicate that PiCV genomes circulating in Australia lack host adapted population structure but demonstrate natural spillover infection.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to introduce a new similarity measure namely single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic dice similarity measure (SVPNDSM) under the single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic set (SVPNS) environment, and to formulate several interesting results on SVPNDSM and SVPNWDSM. In this present work, the SVPNDSM under the SVPNS framework is combined with a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) strategy. This proposed method is used to select suitable metal oxide nano-additive for biodiesel blends on the basis of environmental aspects. The effects of nano-additives on engine emissions have been reported here from six different literatures. The SVPNDSM applied under the SVPNS environment enables the selection of the best nano-additive among relevant literatures. Alternative L4 comes out as the best from the proposed method. The proposed MADM method is shown to be well suited to this problem after it has been compared with two existing methods.

Background: Medical students have been reported to suffer from a higher degree of perceived stress compared to the age-matched population doing other courses. Stress caused by the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, lockdown, and the consequent shift of teaching methods to digital format has further compounded the stress associated with pursuing the medical curriculum. Aims and Objectives: Our study aimed to assess perceived stress among first-year MBBS students during COVID-19 induced lockdown using a self-administered Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaire. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 first-year MBBS students in the 18–25 years age group of both sexes were administered a 10-item questionnaire: PSS-10 during 2 months from June-July 2021and depending on their scores of PSS were divided into three groups Group A, B, and C signifying mild, moderate, and severe stress perceived by them, respectively. The continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and the categorical variables as proportions. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the data between continuous variables in the three groups. Result: There was a statistically significant difference in the PSS scores between the three groups when a comparison was done (P < 0.05). A larger segment of the first-year medical students undergoing medical curriculum during the COVID-19 pandemic were found to be moderately (63%) to severely (4%) stressed. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the stress induced by the pandemic in addition to the stressors associated with undertaking medical courses creates a highly stressful environment for the medical students predisposing them to significant psychological morbidity.

Overuse of antimicrobial drugs has led to selective resistance to existing antibiotics, necessitating the development of different and improved alternatives. Natural substances, particularly those derived from plants, are well-known for their therapeutic characteristics, including antibacterial and antifungal properties. Over the last decade, several pharmacological investigations on medicinal plants have been carried out based on their traditional uses in complementary therapies. In our current study, we have evaluated the pharmacological properties of Mesua ferrea seed ethanolic extract. To test their antioxidant properties, a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity test was performed. Using the agar well diffusion method, the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of M. ferra seed was investigated against four bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The ethanol extract of M. ferra seed was shown to be efficient against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria in this investigation, although Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli. Demonstrated resistance to this extract. The results revealed that gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than gram negative bacteria to the ethanolic extract of M. ferra seed at all concentrations utilized (from 20 μL to 100 μL). The lowest inhibition zone was produced by a dose of 20 μL with an inhibition zone equal to 11 mm and 14.33 mm, while the maximum inhibition zone was produced by a high concentration of 100 μL with an inhibition zone 19.33 mm and 18 mm against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was performed to identify the compounds in the extract to determine their pharmacological effects and then we performed in-silico experiments to determine the biological activity of the compounds. We have concluded from the study that M. ferrea seed can be a potential source for lead compound development.

IntroductionIntestinal epithelial cells (IECs) provide the frontline responses to the gut microbiota for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Our previous work revealed that IEC-derived components promote the beneficial effects of a commensal and probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). This study aimed to elucidate the regulatory effects of IEC-derived components on LGG at the molecular level.MethodsDifferential gene expression in LGG cultured with IEC-derived components at the timepoint between the exponential and stationary phase was studied by RNA sequencing and functional analysis.ResultsThe transcriptomic profile of LGG cultured with IEC-derived components was significantly different from that of control LGG, with 231 genes were significantly upregulated and 235 genes significantly down regulated (FDR

In this paper, we introduce the ultra neutrosophic set, and define some operations and establish a few properties of the ultra neutrosophic sets. Using the notion of topology on ultra neutrosophic sets, we introduce the concept of ultra neutrosophic topology. Further, we define the notion of ultra neutrosophic interior and ultra neutrosophic closure via ultra neutrosophic topological space.

In the present study, we present a multi-attribute-decision-making (MADM) strategy in Single Valued Pentapartitioned Neutrosophic Set (SVPNS) environment based on Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) which we call SVPNS- MADM strategy. We define Hamming distance between two single valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic sets and prove its basic properties. The notion of pentapartitioned neutrosophic set is a powerful mathematical tool to deal with incomplete, indeterminate, ignorance, and inconsistent information. In this paper, we extend the neutrosophic GRA strategy to pentapartitioned neutrosophic GRA strategy. Then we employ it to an MADM strategy. Further, we demonstrate the developed MADM strategy by solving an illustrative numerical example that reflects the efficiency and applicability of the proposed strategy.

In this article, we procure the idea of single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic cosine similarity measure (SVPNCSM) and single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic weighted cosine similarity measure (SVPNWCSM) under the single-valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic set (SVPNS) environment. Besides, we formulate several interesting results on SVPNCSM and SVPNWCSM of similarities between two SVPNSs. Further, we present a multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) model under SVPNS environment using the SVPNCSM. Finally, we provide a numerical example to show the applicability and effectiveness of our proposed MADM technique.

In this article, we introduce the concept of neutrosophic d-ideal of neutrosophic d-algebra. Also we have studied several properties of them. We also furnish some suitable examples.

Background The relationship between gut microbiota and in vivo coronary plaque characteristics has not been reported. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and coronary plaque characteristics in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods and Results Patients who underwent both optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound imaging and provided stool and blood specimens were included. The composition of gut microbiota was evaluated using 16S rRNA sequencing. A total of 55 patients were included. At the genus level, 2 bacteria were associated with the presence of thin‐cap fibroatheroma, and 9 bacteria were associated with smaller fibrous cap thickness. Among them, some bacteria had significant associations with inflammatory/prothrombotic biomarkers. Dysgonomonas had a positive correlation with interleukin‐6, Paraprevotella had a positive correlation with fibrinogen and negative correlation with high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, Succinatimonas had positive correlations with fibrinogen and homocysteine, and Bacillus had positive correlations with fibrinogen and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein. In addition, Paraprevotella, Succinatimonas, and Bacillus were also associated with greater plaque volume. Ten bacteria were associated with larger fibrous cap thickness. Some were associated with protective biomarker changes; Anaerostipes had negative correlations with trimethylamine N‐oxide, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin‐6, and Dielma had negative correlations with trimethylamine N‐oxide, white blood cells, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, and homocysteine, and a positive correlation with high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusions Bacteria that were associated with vulnerable coronary plaque phenotype and greater plaque burden were identified. These bacteria were also associated with elevated inflammatory or prothrombotic biomarkers. Registration URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/; Unique identifier: UMIN000041692.

The focus of this paper is to introduce the notion of quadripartitioned neutrosophic topology (Q-NT) on quadripartitioned neutrosophic sets (Q-NS). In this paper, we define quadripartitioned neutrosophic closure, quadripartitioned neutrosophic interior operator of Q-NSs in quadripartitioned neutrosophic topological space (Q-NTS) and investigate several properties of them. Again, we introduce quadripartitioned neutrosophic semi-open (Q-NSO) set, quadripartitioned neutrosophic pre-open (Q-NPO) set, quadripartitioned neutrosophic b-open (Q-N-b-O) set, and quadripartitioned neutrosophic -open (Q-N-O) set in Q-NTSs. Further, we furnish some suitable examples and prove some basic results on Q-NTS.

The main focus of this study is to present the notions of pentapartitioned neutrosophic topological space. We introduce the notions of closure and interior operator of pentapartitioned neutrosophic sets in pentapartitioned neutrosophic topological space and investigate some of their basic properties. Further, we define pentapartitioned neutrosophic pre-open (in short P-NPO) set, pentapartitioned neutrosophic semi-open (in short P-NSO) set, pentapartitioned neutrosophic b-open (in short P-N-b-O) set and pentapartitioned neutrosophic -open (in short P-N-O) set via pentapartitioned neutrosophic topological spaces. By defining P-NPO set, P-NSO set, P-N-b-O set, P-N-O set, we furnish some suitable examples and formulate some basic results on pentapartitioned neutrosophic topological spaces.

In this article, we present the notion of neutrosophic tri-topological space as a generalization of neutrosophic bi-topological space. Besides, we study the different types of open sets and closed sets namely neutrosophic tri-open sets, neutrosophic tri-closed sets, neutrosophic tri-semi-open sets, neutrosophic tri-pre-closed sets, etc. via neutrosophic tri-topological spaces. Further, we investigate several properties, and prove some propositions, theorems on neutrosophic tri-topological spaces.

Abstract Background Gastroenteritis is a common infectious disease in children, which results in high mortality and morbidity, especially in resource-poor countries. This study presents the selected main gastroenteritis causing bacteria, including Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella and Shigella species delineating their prevalence and resistance pattern to the clinically used antibiotics. Results A total of 346 stool specimens from children of clinically suspected gastroenteritis below five years have been obtained, and bacterial pathogens were recovered using selective media, biochemical and serologic tests. We found that 35 (10%) of them were confirmed bacterial gastroenteritis (BGE) with either Escherichia coli O157 (14%), Salmonella spp. (43%), and Shigella spp. (43%). Nevertheless, the prevalence of E. coli O157, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. in this study were documented as 1.45%, 4.34%, and 4.34%, respectively. Moreover, 2 (40%) of E. coli O157, 4 (26.67%) of Salmonella spp., and 14 (93%) of the Shigella spp. were found as multidrug-resistant. Nonetheless, Shigella spp. isolates showed 100%, 87%, and 73% resistance to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin respectively, while E. coli O157 showed 80% resistance to cotrimoxazole and 60% to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. On the contrary, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and tetracycline were resistant in 40%, 47%, 27%, and 53% of Salmonella spp. isolates respectively. Conclusion These findings generate significant insights on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of the three major gastroenteritis causing bacteria in the study area. Therefore, it will help physicians and policymakers selecting the right antibiotics in essential cases, particularly, reevaluation of recommending cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin in the management of bacterial gastroenteritis.

The aim of this article is to procure the notions of neutrosophic supra simply open set, neutrosophic supra simply open cover, neutrosophic supra simply compactness via neutrosophic supra topological spaces. Further, we formulate some results in the form of remarks, theorems, propositions etc.

The main focus of this article is to procurethe notions of pairwise neutrosophic continuous and pairwise neutrosophic b-continuous mappings in neutrosophic bitopological spaces. Then, we formulate some results on them via neutrosophic bitopological spaces.

The main focus of this article is to procure a new similarity measure namely tangent similarity measure for single valued pentapartitioned neutrosophic sets (SVPNS). We formulate some results on tangent similarity measure of similarities between two SVPNSs. Then, we develop a SVPNS-MADM (SVPNS-Multi-Attribute-Decision-Making) model under the SVPNS environment based on the tangent similarity measure. Further, we validate our proposed SVPNS-MADM model by giving a numerical example.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify farm-level risk factors associated with avian influenza A H5 and H9 virus exposure on commercial chicken farms in Bangladesh. For broiler farms, both H5 and H9 seropositivity were associated with visits by workers from other commercial chicken farms [odds ratio (OR) for H5 = 15.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.8–80.8; OR for H9 = 50.1, 95% CI: 4.5–552.7], H5 seropositivity was associated with access of backyard ducks (OR = 21.5, 95% CI: 2.3–201.1), and H9 seropositivity with a number of farm employees (OR = 9.4, 95% CI: 1.1–80.6). On layer farms, both H5 and H9 seropositivity were associated with presence of stray dogs (OR for H5 = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1–9.1; OR for H9 = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.1–15.3), H5 seropositivity with hatcheries supplying chicks (OR = 0.0, 95% CI: 0.0–0.3), vehicles entering farms (OR = 5.8, 95% CI: 1.5–22.4), number of farm employees (OR = 5.8, 95% CI: 1.2–28.2), and burying of dead birds near farms (OR = 4.6, 95% CI: 1.2–17.3); H9 seropositivity with traders supplying feed (OR = 5.9, 95% CI: 1.0–33.9), visits conducted of other commercial poultry farms (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.1–20.6), number of spent layers sold (OR = 24.0, 95% CI: 3.7–155.0), and frequency of replacing chicken droppings (OR = 28.3, 95% CI: 2.8–284.2). Policies addressing these risk factors will increase the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies reducing the risk of avian influenza on commercial chicken farms.

In this paper, we procure the idea of pentapartitioned neutrosophic Q-ideal of Q-algebra. Then, we formulate some definitions and results on it. Further, we furnish some suitable examples.

Context: Human populations have undergone a steady constant decline in sleep hours attributable to changes in environmental and social circumstances. Excessive daytime sleepiness has been associated with a decreased capacity to perform daily activities and cognitive decline all over the world particularly among students. Aim: The aim of our study was to see the association between excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive function in Indian medical students. Settings and Design: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in a Government Medical College located in the Delhi/NCR region. Materials and Methods: The study included 60 healthy young volunteers in the 18–30 years age group of both sexes. The students were assessed for daytime sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Color–Word Stroop Test was used to assess cognition in both the groups. Statistical Analysis: Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using SPSS Software Version 21. Results: The average score of the ESS scale of the participants was 7.33 ± 2.20. In the Stroop Test, the reaction time of congruent trial and incongruent trial was 24.81 ± 7.76 and 31.15 ± 8.03 s, respectively. No significant correlation was seen between the ESS score and parameters of the “Stroop Test.” Conclusion: The reaction time of the incongruent trial was significantly higher as compared to the congruent trial (P < 0.05) in the Stroop Task. No significant correlation was seen between the ESS score and Stroop Test results.

Context: Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) had been implemented in India to improve access to quality health care, reducing out-of-pocket (OOP) and catastrophic health expenditure. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the current status of RSBY in rural areas of a district in West Bengal. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was done in erstwhile “Burdwan Health District,” West Bengal. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted from September 2016 to August 2018. Primary study units were below poverty line (BPL) families; members of selected families comprised the study subjects. The calculated sample size was 350 families, out of which 324 could be studied covering 22 blocks following multistage sampling technique. Data were collected by interviewing head of the family (HOF). Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: Awareness on different benefits and features of RSBY varied widely from 6.8% to 97.2%. Overall current enrollment rate was 79.6%, while 20.4% of families remained nonenrolled. On the multivariable logistic regression, type of family, socioeconomic status of the family, and education of HOF were significant variables predicting nonenrollment. Among enrolled BPL families, 24.0% and 8.1% utilized services under RSBY since their enrollment and in the last 1 year, respectively. OOP expenditure, nonprovision of free food, inadequate posthospital treatment, inattentiveness of doctor and hospital staff, etc., were major difficulties faced in utilization of services. Conclusions: Nonenrollment in RSBY was quite high in the area with few predicting variables. Low level of utilization of services was also noted with some obstacles.