Search

Previous research in comparative historical linguistics has traditionally focused on languages within a single region, overlooking cognate languages in other areas. This study seeks to rectify this by quantitatively and qualitatively describing the kinship between Rejang, Serawai, Lembak (Bengkulu), and Toba, Mandailing, and Nias (North Sumatra) languages. It aims to unearth empirical evidence regarding the timing of divergence between Malay and Batak languages, as well as the grouping of languages and the percentage of kinship between Bengkulu Province and North Sumatra Province. Utilizing Morris Swadesh's lexicostatistics and glottochronology methods, the research evaluates word kinship based on a fundamental 150-word list. Results indicate significant differences among the six languages, particularly with Rejang and Nias displaying low similarity levels, falling below 30% and not even reaching 10%, respectively. The percentage of kinship between local language pairs in Bengkulu and North Sumatra Province averages at 22.66%, classifying them under the "Family stock" category, indicating identical word correlations despite differing phonetic elements. Glottochronological calculations estimate the separation time between Malay and Batak languages to range from 419 to 3,289 BC. This research significantly enhances understanding of regional language kinship and linguistic diversity.

This study aims to analyze the struggle of sexual harassment victims depicted in the film entitled Penyalin Cahaya. This study uses Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) model and the Outrage Management model (Scott & Martin, 2006) to examine the verbal and visual aspects of the film. The dimensions that are analyzed include the text, the discourse practice, and sociocultural practice. The key dialogues and scenes are extracted by selecting and retrieving excerpt of dialogues and scenes which depict conflict and power imbalances between the victims and the perpetrators. The results show that power imbalance and its manifestation between them can be found by observing the dialogue and the scenes. It demonstrates that there are several ways through which the abusers exercise their power over the victims. It also highlights the attempts by the victims to fight against sexual harassment, which is often ignored. Furthermore, the sociocultural state of Indonesian society, especially regarding patriarchal culture and power struggles over women, became the main driver that led to the production of this film. The significance of this study is that it can provide insight into the positions, emotions, and obstacles faced by sexual harassment victims in Indonesia, as depicted in the film.

The present study was conducted to find out Indonesian English as a Second/Foreign Language (L2) learners' attitudes towards cheating (AtC) in online English classes, as well as the possible influence of the combination of three variables, which are their AtC, absenteeism, and gender, on their L2 achievement as measured with their final grades. The study employed a survey method and was conducted by distributing an online questionnaire. In total, 164 Indonesian learners from various non-English departments at a university in Java participated in the study. Through descriptive statistics, it was found that generally learners reported their negative AtC in English class, suggesting disapproval towards cheating. Through multiple regression analysis, the study further found that the combination of learners’ AtC, absenteeism, and gender significantly influenced their L2 achievement, and the overall model could predict 34.5% of the total variance in L2 achievement. However, based on the beta coefficient of the three variables, only learners’ absenteeism and gender significantly affected their L2 achievement. As learners had higher absenteeism, they obtained lower L2 achievement. From a t-test analysis, female learners were found to have significantly better L2 achievement than their male counterparts. While the findings on the influence of absenteeism on L2 achievement generally conformed to literature in the field, the findings on the influence of AtC and gender on L2 achievement may suggest that further explorations may be necessary.

Learning media is one of the important factors determining the success of the language learning process. The media will facilitate the work of teachers in carrying out the transfer of knowledge to students. In this regard, this study aims to (1) describe the suitability of the use of media in planning (RPP) with the implementation of language learning in the classroom, and (2) describe students' responses to the use of language learning media. Indonesian language learning media in public junior high schools in Sleman Regency. Qualitative and quantitative descriptive is research methods. Qualitative methods are carried out through observation instruments, interviews, and document analysis. The quantitative method is carried out through a questionnaire instrument. The research population is teachers and students of public junior high schools in Sleman Regency. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with strata technique (high, medium, low). The data analysis technique was descriptive qualitative and quantitative. The results of the study show that: first, the use of instructional media in planning and implementation is not appropriate. The learning media used by the teacher during learning are visual, conventional, and audio visual media. Second, students' responses to the use of learning media are categorized as good. The use of learning multimedia by teachers serves to stimulate thoughts, feelings, attention, and motivate students to learn so that language learning becomes more meaningful. Abstrak Media pembelajaran merupakan salah satu faktor penting penentu keberhasilan proses pembelajaran bahasa. Media akan mempermudah kerja guru dalam mentransfer ilmu pengetahuan kepada siswa. Terkait dengan hal itu, penelitian ini bertujuan (1) mendeskripsikan kesesuaian penggunaan media di perencanaan (RPP) dengan pelaksanaan pembelajaran bahasa di kelas dan (2) mendeskripsikan tanggapan siswa terhadap penggunaan media pembelajaran bahasa. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode kualitatif dilakukan melalui instrumen pengamatan, wawancara, dan analisis dokumen. Adapun metode kuantitatif dilakukan melalui instrumen angket. Populasi penelitian adalah guru dan siswa SMP Negeri di Kabupaten Sleman. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dengan teknik strata (tinggi, sedang, dan rendah). Teknik analisis data dengan cara deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: pertama, penggunaan media pembelajaran pada perencanaan dan pelaksanaan tidak sesuai. Media pembelajaran yang digunakan guru saat pembelajaran adalah media visual, konvensional, dan audio visual. Kedua, tanggapan siswa terhadap penggunaan media pembelajaran berkategori baik. Penggunaan multimedia pembelajaran oleh guru berfungsi untuk merangsang pikiran, perasaan, perhatian, dan memotivasi peserta didik untuk belajar sehingga pembelajaran bahasa menjadi lebih bermakna.

Expressions of culture in a region can be seen as a discourse that represents the cultural activities of people, and it may show the nature and characters of the society in dealing with problems. This research aims to interpret the Javanese pitutur delivered by Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X as the King of Yogyakarta to people living in his realm during the coronavirus pandemic. This descriptive qualitative research used a recording of Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono’s speech entitled “Cobaning Gusti Allah Awujud Virus Corona”. Data were collected through a note-checking technique and were analyzed by using content analysis. The validity was maintained through expert judgment, while the reliability was through intrarrater and interrater. The results show that Javanese pitutur or advice found in Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X’s speech were in four Javanese quotes, namely: a) patient people earn the greatest fortune, and surrendering their life in faith shall result in more blessings; b) God gives way to anyone who wants to obey; c) Be wise and careful; and d) Do not be jealous if you get a trial, and do not feel bad if you lose something. The Javanese pituturs as the noble expressions of Javanese culture likely represent the nature and character of Javanese society in the face of various obstacles and problems, in this case facing the COVID-19 virus pandemic in the Yogyakarta region. The messages conveyed in the pitutur are expected to be a reminder to the people of Yogyakarta that in the face of all problems they should always hold fast to their cultural values and humbly surrender and submit themselves to God the Almighty. Abstrak Ungkapan budaya suatu daerah merupakan suatu wacana yang merepresentasikan aktivitas budaya masyarakat, dan menunjukkan sifat dan karakter suatu masyarakat dalam menghadapi suatu permasalahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginterpretasikan pitutur Jawa dalam pidato Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X selaku Raja Yogyakarta kepada masyarakat selama masa pandemik virus corona. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan data berupa rekaman pidato Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X berjudul “Cobaning Gusti Allah Awujud Virus Corona”. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik simak-catat dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis konten. Validitas data dilakukan dengan expert judgement, sedangkan reliabilitas yang digunakan ialah reliabilitas intra dan interrater. Berdasarkan penelitian, pitutur Jawa dalam pidato Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X terbagi dalam empat ungkapan, yaitu: a) wong sabar rejekine jembar, ngalah urip luwih berkah; b) Gusti paring dalan kanggo sapa wae kang gelem ndalan; c) eling lan waspada; dan d) datan serik lamun ketaman, datan susah lamun kelangan. Pitutur Jawa yang terdapat dalam ungkapan-ungkapan luhur budaya Jawa tersebut merepresentasikan sifat dan karakter masyarakat Jawa dalam menghadapi berbagai macam halangan dan permasalahan, dalam hal ini ketika menghadapi pandemik virus COVID-19 di wilayah Yogyakarta. Pesan yang disampaikan dalam pitutur tersebut diharapkan dapat menjadi pengingat bagi masyarakat Yogyakarta bahwa dalam menghadapi segala permasalahan hendaknya selalu berpegang teguh pada nilai-nilai budaya dan berserah pada Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa.

AbstractReading interest and students’ creative thinking skills cannot be optimal in the current learning process. Several things cause this. One of them is low learning models. It happens because the learning activities applied by the teacher are less innovative and varied. This study aims to analyze the effect of using Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy-Oriented Learning Activities on reading interest and creative thinking skills of elementary school students. The study used a quasi-experimental research in the form of a pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study was all fourth-grade students in Gugus 5, Kecamatan Buleleng consisted of 6 schools with 125 students. The determination of the sample is carried out using a cluster random sampling technique. The sample of this study was 58 students consisting of 30 fourth grade students as the experimental class and 28 fourth grade students as the control class. In this study, the data collection process used was a test and questionnaire method. The test method used is in the form of essay questions which are used to measure students’ creative thinking skills. The questionnaire method was used to measure students’ perceptions of reading interest. Data analysis methods used are quantitative descriptive analysis and inferential statistical analysis. The hypothesis testing used in this study was Manova, with 0.00

Thematic structure is an important concept in organizing ideas in academic writing. Although numerous studies have focused on investigating how it is realized in students' writing, only a few focus on investigating thematic structure in students' text across different proficiency levels. This article is based on a study analyzing idea organization and development in 24 high and low-scoring essays through Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). It was a qualitative content analysis with complementary quantitative data. The results show significant differences in how ideas are organized and developed in high and low-scoring essays. Even though all types of Themes (topical, interpersonal, textual Theme) were observed in both groups, the high-scoring essays elaborated more themes than the low ones indicating that the high-scoring essays comprised more clauses. As for Thematic Progression, all the patterns were present in the essays. The Linear Theme pattern was primarily applied in high-scoring essays, while the Constant Theme pattern was applied frequently in the low-scoring ones. The Split Rheme pattern was less observed in all the students' essays. These findings indicate that the high achievers provided more expounded ideas through linear theme patterns, whereas their counterparts tended to focus on a subject reflected through Theme reiteration. Thus, this implies that proficiency characterized writers in organizing and developing ideas in writing as reflected through thematic Choice and Progression.

The worsening global environmental crisis highlights the urgency of integrating Environmental Education (EE) throughout the curriculum including in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) curricula. However, challenges exist, such as the development of appropriate curriculum documents and educators' understanding of approaches to EE. This study looked at Indonesian EFL textbooks for elementary schools, focusing mainly on the images and how they can portray environmental themes. These images and some brief texts that accompany the images were examined using tools from ecolinguistics literature, including Stibbe's (2021) nine stories and the United Nations' EE objectives (UNESCO-UNEP, 1975). This study intends to fill a gap in the EE literature by analyzing images in elementary school textbooks in the specific context of Indonesia, generalizing the idea of EE to other contexts. Findings revealed that while some EE efforts were evident, the majority of the material leaned towards an anthropocentric (human centered) perspective, indicating a need for greater incorporation of insights from ecolinguistics to enhance the content. Moreover, in terms of EE objectives, the textbooks provided ecological knowledge but lacked emphasis on developing skills and encouraging student participation in solving environmental problems. Examples demonstrating the ability to evaluate and address environmental issues were also absent. Suggestions are made for future EE content in EFL materials.

Over the past few years, technology integrated into online learning has become a significant component of education in response to educational evaluation worldwide, especially in Indonesia. The current study aims to explore the TPACK levels of Javanese school teachers, identify integrated technologies-based media used by Javanese school teachers in online learning practices and learning assessment, and analyze the benefits and drawbacks of Javanese school teachers integrating technology in online learning. This study used a mixedmethod design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The participants were 330 Javanese school teachers from Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. The findings reveal that Javanese school teachers are more proficient in pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and content knowledge than technological knowledge, technological content knowledge, technological pedagogical knowledge, and TPACK. Javanese School teachers have integrated various technologies into online learning. However, Javanese school teachers limited technological literacy affects the efficiency of online learning. In addition, this study also offers an overview of the knowledge and expertise of Javanese school teachers regarding technology mastery in online learning. Thus, this study suggests that policymakers facilitate Javanese school teachers to develop technological skills in transferring materials in online learning to support the current adapted curriculum.

Despite the growing body of literature recognizing the importance of multicultural education in the 21st Century, little is known about the preservice English teachers’ (PSETs) multicultural disposition (MD) in the Indonesian setting. This survey study examined the Multicultural Dispositions Index (MDI) of PSETs. The 22 items of Thompson’s (2009a) MDI scales with four dimensions, i.e., cross-cultural competence, multicultural worldview, knowledge of professional and personal self, and professional skills and commitment, were adopted to explore the PSET MDI in this study. It was a nine-type self-report scale. The study involved 185 PSETs (aged 17–22 years; 146 females and 39 males) from one of well-established teacher education universities in Indonesia. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to confirm the underlying MDI dimensions. The findings showed that the PSETs MDI was best represented by 18 items that emerged into the same four dimensions. It means the PSETs in Indonesia possess the four dimensions of multicultural dispositions, facilitating them to navigate school-level multicultural education. Four items from the original 22 items of MDI must be due to the cross-loading and low factor loading since the value was found to be more than 0.50. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the MDI be revised when used in the Indonesian multicultural context.

This study aims to describe the trending topic #stopasianhate on Twitter using a qualitative approach. The type of research conducted is descriptive-qualitative research that takes data on tweets with the hashtag #stopasianhate. The theory used as the basis for the analysis is the theory of Teun A. van Dijk with a discourse analysis model that includes three stages, namely (1) text structure (2) social cognition, and (3) context. In the analysis of the structure, the results show there is a form of social movement in the form of rejection and resistance to the actions of violence and racism accepted by people of Asian descent in America. This is reinforced by the results of the analysis macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure which shows there is support from Twitter users to stop acts of violence and racism. In the analysis of social cognition, it was identified based on the results of the interpretation of individuals who used tweets with the hashtag #stopasianhate on Twitter. At the level of the social context, it was found there was a critique of people who committed acts of racism against Asians and it is hoped that this movement can awaken and increase one's concern for others.

Racism is not only an internal issue of a country while discussing pluralistic society. The racism in the US must attain multitudes international attentions due to diversity of the people, including Asians with diverse races. The purposes of this study are to investigate how the ideology of racism is constructed through language and why the racism is occurred in pluralistic society of the US. The data for this study is two bilingual talks of Oliver Prass in KOMPAS TV. The CDA is adopted as tool to explore and discover racism ideology though language representation. The result on textual dimension with transitivity process depicts that racism ideology occurs in different forms to show effect of personal feeling and psychological effect from racist people toward the victims. In discursive dimension, to emphasize a hidden agenda of a discourse requires the speaker status and position during producing the language; for instance, as social activist, victims, and Indonesian. Then in social practices implies the reason why racism is existing; those are as a defense mechanism, economic anxiety, personality profile and power as well as authority abuse by the government that may lead to racism treatment on minorities by discrimination and negative prejudice.

Apologizing, commonly, contains the word ‘sorry’ for the English language and other languages, has the meaning of ‘feeling regret or penitence’. In the Indonesian language, ‘sorry’ is similar to the word ‘maaf’. The study focuses on the use of ‘maaf’ in the Indonesian language. Its primary aim is to find out the functions of ‘maaf’ in the Indonesian language. The subject of this study is written data which is from three Indonesian novels. Meanwhile, the object is the functions of the use of the word ‘maaf’. Reading attentively method was used in collecting data specifically in noting technique. The technique used for data analysis is pragmatic (identity) method. The researchers used the framework by Kimura (1994) combined with Pratiwi and Hilaliyah (2018) in analyzing the functions of ‘maaf’ in the Indonesian language. Based on the analysis, it was found that the function of ‘maaf’ in the Indonesian language are for regret (63 occurrences) as the most used in the novels, followed by attention-getter (five occurrences), closing (four occurrences), request (three occurrences), and mocking or teasing (two occurrences ) as the least used function. Generally, the characters in the novel were displayed to produce apologies in different ways, depending on power (i.e. employee to employer), relationships (i.e. a nephew to his aunt, between friends), age (i.e. same age, young to old, and vice-versa) and situation (i.e. approaching strangers). These different ways bear various functions of ‘maaf’ in their conversations. The article further elaborates on the results and provides recommendations for future research in related studies.

This study analysed form and function of negation in German including the complexity of negation construction in German and its equivalence in Indonesian language. This study was qualitative in nature, describing the nature of negation in German and Indonesian language in two books: Carolin Philipps’ German novel, Traume Wohnen Überall, and Liliawati Kurnia’s translation into Indonesian, Mimpi Selalu Indah as an instance of the negation realization in texts. The validity of the data was determined by experts’ judgment and the reliability of the data by interrater and intrarater estimation. The data were analysed by using a correspondential method with a referential sorting technique involving reference to negation construction as a determiner, and a distributional method with an element distribution technique and a marker reading technique. The analysis indicates that there are six negation forms with respective meanings in German characterized by semantic similarity along with grammatical differences in the negation constructions in German and Indonesian. The findings show that German negation construction is considerably more complex. However, the different degree of complexity does not substantially influence the meaning making process in both languages; rather. tend to be mutually complementary. The findings of this study inform the way in which the meaning transfer of German-Indonesian and Indonesian-German should be made regardless of the complex negation in German.

The implication of curriculum 2013, the song is one of the topics to achieve the goal of learning. Learning through song emphasizes that the teacher should know the best song choice based on the axiology and semantic meaning. Not all the song can be as material for students. The teacher should evaluate based on level of the students. a song, there were a meaning that would be expressed and moral values so that it will be interested to find out what the songs lyric want to deliver. Some people often sing a song without know the explicit and implicit meaning of the lyric. There was also an existence of value. This research focuses (1) to analyze the lexical and contextual meaning in song lyric and (2) to know the implication of values that found in 7 years lyric by Lukas Graham (2) to evaluate 7 years whether or not to be as teaching material. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The object of the research was 7 years by Lukas Graham. The researcher found lyric and analyze the lexical and contextual meaning. Then, it was related with the implication of axiology in semantic analysis of songs lyric 7 years by Lukas Graham. The finding of semantic analysis, there are 35 for lexical meaning and 14 for contextual meaning. Then, for the lexical meaning is so different with contextual meaning. By knowing lexical and contextual meaning, it would make the listener understand and the meaning which delivered of song lyric by Lukas Graham. There is an implication of axiology in semantic analysis of lyric 7 years. This song contains esthetic and ethic based on the axiology theory. The axiology contained in song lyric can be material for students. It tells about the story of writer starting the writer was born till his father died. All of the life experiences contain in song lyric.

Abstract: The Phenomenon of Hijrah in Indonesia: Persuasive Content of Instagram. This article purpose’s is to describe how the hijrah account declare the hijrah persuasive invitation. The Datas are lingual unit that from Instagram account and have hijrah invitation meaning, there are @berani hijrah, @pemudahijrah, anda #hijrah. The discourse analysis content use van Dijk Methode as the way with marking reading technique. Lingual units that are suspected of data are analyzed based on the semantic meaning of word selection and their social context through the agihmethode. The results of this study are (1) direct rethoric, (2) indirect rethoric, (3) use Hadis, prayer and hope, (4) use story, (5) expression, (6) majas and (7) repetition.

This article is a result of critical discourse analysis (CDA) to the news entitled Gerakan #2019GantiPresiden di Antara Ambiguitas Hukum dan Syahwat Politik at Kompas.com. The approach employed in this research is the three-dimensional CDA developed by Norman Fairclough. The purposes of this research are to describe the micro, mezzo, and macro as well as the social, political and cultural situation from the linguistic aspects in Gerakan #2019GantiPresiden di Antara Ambiguitas Hukum dan Syahwat Politik text. The results show that there are linguistic aspects in the form of diction in the direct sentences that are used by Kompas.com with the theme #2019GantiPresiden. This movement is considered as a constitutional movement indicated as a rebellion because it is supported by political interests towards their current government rival. This is closely related to the background of Kompas.com as a pro-government online mass media. It is also acceptable if Kompas.com creates a positive image of the current government. The main point of information that is conveyed in the news of #2019GantiPresiden is that this movement possibly threats the government of Jokowi Widodo who will run again for the presidential election in 2019.

Language is an essential feature of communication for all poeple. It is utilized through various tools and media, and singing songs is one of the traditional forms of communication. Songs are usually written for particular reasons, messages, and purposes, and sometimes targeted for specific audience or listeners. Song lyrics usually contain various themes such as social and current issues and problems which the songwriter strives to share through expressions of his or her ideology, thoughts and feelings. This paper is aimed to find out the text analysis, social cognition and social context in the humanity song entitled We Shall Overcome through Teun A. van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis model. This model shows that the choice of words or the diction is cohesive and coherent and is able to communicate the general meaning of this humanity song. Furthermore, the social cognition in this humanity song is related with the current social context which involves the recent situation in Palestinine, where there is still in conflict with Israel.

This study aims to describe: (1) objektive und subjektive constructions in German sentences, (2) meanings of objektive und subjektive in German sentences, and (3) equivalences of objektive und subjektive in German sentences in Indonesian. This was a qualitative descriptive study. The objects of the research data were lingual units of modality constructions with objective and subjective meanings in both German phrases and sentences. The subjects of the data were modal verbs in German sentences. The data sources were the magazine NADI Indonesia Deutsch Edisi I/No. 16 Tahun 2012, Edisi I/No. 17 Tahun 2013, and Edisi II/No. 18 Tahun 2013. The data were collected by means of reading and noting techniques and analyzed by means of the translational, equivalent, and distributional techniques. The data validity was assessed through the semantic validity and the inter-rater and intra-rater techniques. The research findings are as follows. (1) the objektive construction in German is S - Inf+Modalverb and the subjektive construction is S+Inf – Modalverb. (2) Meanings of objektive are those which are loose in nature because because lexical elements of modality can reveal utterance contents while meanings of subjektive are those outside lexical elements because they are affected by speakers’ subjective intentions. (3) The equivalences of objektive und subjektive in German sentences in Indonesian are in the form können appearing 107 times, equivalent to meanings of dapat, bisa, ada, menjadi, berhasil, mampu, meraih, terdiri, sungguh, and makna zero. Dürfen (8) are equivalent to meanings of dapat, boleh, and makna zero. Modalverb sollen (27) are equivalent to meanings of harus, akan, bisa, seharusnya, perlu, dan makna zero. Wollen (3) are equivalent to meanings of ingin, terus terang, and makna zero. Müssen (31) are equivalent to meanings of harus, dapat, bisa, and makna zero. Möchten (16) are equivalent to meanings of ingin, berminat, perlu, and makna zero.

In the rapidly evolving educational landscape, this study investigates the effectiveness of hybrid teaching methods in enhancing oral communication skills in Indonesian higher education, marking a critical exploration at the intersection of digital and traditional pedagogies. Anchored in a qualitative research methodology, it seeks to unpack the complex experiences of Indonesian lecturers using hybrid teaching methods to enhance university students' oral communication skills. Data were meticulously gathered through a Google Forms survey consisting of 12 open-ended questions. The survey, conducted from March to August 2023, targeted lecturers from diverse geographical regions of Indonesia, ensuring a wide range of teaching experiences. Results reveal that lecturers are motivated by the need to adapt to pandemic restrictions, expand educational accessibility, and integrate technology into teaching. They employ a variety of hybrid teaching methods, including live online lectures, in-person workshops, flipped classrooms, and project-based learning. These strategies are supported by various technological tools such as Zoom, Google Classroom, Slack, Padlet, and Mentimeter. Despite the benefits, lecturers face challenges such as varying levels of technological access and proficiency among students, maintaining engagement, and managing increased workloads. The study highlights the importance of culturally responsive teaching practices, integrating culturally relevant materials, and using interactive digital tools to enhance oral communication skills. Continuous professional development and institutional support are essential for the success of hybrid teaching methods. This research offers valuable insights and recommendations for optimizing oral communication skills in hybrid learning, with lessons adaptable to multicultural and multilingual contexts worldwide.

Abstract This study aims to describe forms and meanings of German language composites and their correspondences in the Indonesian language. This was a qualitative descriptive study. The data were in the form of composites in German sentences in Herman Hesse’s novel Siddharta and its Indonesian translation by Hedy Holzwarth.The data were collected through the reading and writing technique. They were analyzed by the comparison and distribution techniques. The results of the study are as follows. First, there are 268 forms of composites, consisting of the Nullkonfix form, comprising a combination of noun+noun with a total of 161, a combination of adjective+noun with a total of 5, Konfixbeteiligung /-s/ (22 words), Konfixbeteiligung /-n/ (49 words), Konfix beteiligung /-en/ (6 words), Konfixbeteiligung /-er/ (17 words), and Konfixbeteiligung /-r/ (5 words). Second, German language composites are formed through the derivational and inflectional processes. A word formation functions as an attribute in a composite. In the Indonesian language, it is formed through an affixation process. Therefore, it can be concluded that German and Indonesian language composites have similar processes and meaning correspondences. Keywords: German and Indonesian language composites, correspondences