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Increased use of environmentally friendly practices has become a trend in science because of the current awareness regarding climate change and related issues. Similarly for analytical chemistry, considering the development of greener methods for reducing the use of reagents and samples and also toxic waste generation. To meet such goals, automation, and miniaturisation of sample preparation—a well-recognised laborious and time-consuming analytical step—are two promising strategies. This work associates the greener aspects of miniaturisation and the performance of automated sample preparation. Therefore, we proposed an analytical method using a miniaturised extraction column for pre-concentrating sulphamerazine, sulphamethazine, sulphamethoxazole, sulphadimethoxine, sulphathiazole, and sulphachlorpyridazine from honey and cleaning-up the samples. Several variables were optimised: extractive phase, loading flow, loading phase, and loading time. Under optimised conditions, the method showed adequate linearity between 5.0 and 60 ng g−1 with R > 0.99, and also good selectivity and recovery (114.6–124.1%) which are acceptable according to Brazilian legislation. Intra and inter-day precision were in the range 3.0–5.0%. Although sulphonamides were detected in one of the eight commercial honey samples, the value was below the established MRL. The method showed efficiency, while also exhibiting greener characteristics resulting from miniaturisation and automation, representing a promising environmentally friendly alternative for conventional sample preparation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions of diglycine with sulphathiazole drug as a function of temperatures have been studied using volumetric and acoustic parameters. Densities and speeds of sound of diglycine in (0.001, 0.002, 0.005 and 0.010) mol·kg-1 aqueous solutions of sulphathiazole drug have been measured at five different temperatures of (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K under 0.1 MPa pressure. From density data, the apparent molar volume, the partial molar volume and the standard partial molar volume of transfer for glycine from water to aqueous sulphathiazole solutions have been calculated. Partial molar isentropic compression and partial molar isentropic compression of transfer have been calculated from the speed of sound data. Transfer parameters by using cosphere overlap model have been explained on the basis of ionic-hydrophilic, hydrophilic-hydrophilic, hydrophilic-hydrophobic and hydrophobic-hydrophobic group interactions. To draw the conclusion from the volumetric and acoustic data, limiting apparent molar expansion as well as the hydration numbers have been studied. The calculated values of thermal expansion coefficient have small and positive values. All of these derived or calculated parameters are explained to understand the solvation behaviour and various types of interactions born in the ternary solutions of (dipeptide + drug + water) due to change in structure. We have also attempted to examine the temperature and concentration dependence of such interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of added molecular heterogeneity on the hysteretic features of liquid-glass- liquid transition, we studied acetaminophen, sulfathiazole, and three of their mixtures by calorimetry, and determined the Tg and the fictive temperature, Tf, from changes in the enthalpy and entropy on the cooling and heating paths, as well as the non-exponential parameter, βcal. We find that, (i) Tf for cooling is within 1-3 K of Tf for heating and both are close to Tg, (ii) the closed loop entropy change in the liquid-glass-liquid range is negligibly small, (iii) Tg and Tf increase on increasing sulfathiazole in the mixture, (iv) βcal first slightly increases when the second component is added and then decreases, and (v) ageing causes deviations from a non-exponential, nonlinear behavior of the glass. In terms of fluctuations in a potential energy landscape, adding a solute heterogeneity would shift the state point to another part of the landscape with a different distribution of barrier heights and a different number of minima accessible to the state point. Part of the change in βcal is attributed to hydrogen-bond formation between the two components. Ageing changes the relaxation times distribution, more at short relaxation times than at long relaxation times, and multiplicity of relaxation modes implied by βcal < 1 indicates that each mode contributing to the enthalpy has its own Tg or Tf. βcal differs from βage determined from isothermal ageing, and the distribution parameter of a-relaxation times would differ from both βcal and βage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain sulfathiazole-triazolo chalcone hybrids were identified as anticancer agents with dual vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitory effect. All of the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 and HepG-2 tumor cell lines. Compounds 11g, 11h, and 11j exhibited the most potent antiproliferative activity against both cancer cell lines, with good safety toward WI-38 normal cells. Thus, they were further assessed for VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity. They have suppressed VEGFR-2 enzyme at IC 50 of 0.316, 0.076, and 0.189 µM, respectively in comparison to sorafenib (IC 50  = 0.035 µM). EGFR enzyme inhibition was further screened for the most potent inhibitors, 11h and 11j, where they displayed enhanced potency with IC 50 of 0.085 and 0.108 µM, respectively, compared to erlotinib (IC 50  = 0.037 µM). Compounds 11h and 11j were additionally investigated for inhibition of comparable kinases, PDGFR-β and B-Raf, where results assessed adequate selectivity of both compounds toward the VEGFR-2 and EGFR kinases. Furthermore, the wound healing assay of compound 11h manifested a percent wound closure of 65.18% in MCF-7 cells compared to doxorubicin (58.51%) and untreated cells (97.77%), proving its antiangiogenic activity. The cell cycle assay of MCF-7 cells treated with 11h demonstrated cell cycle arrest at the S phase. Moreover, compound 11h induced apoptosis with a 44-fold increase compared to that induced in the control MCF-7 cells. Molecular docking results of compounds 11h and 11j established their efficacies, and in silico studies showed convenient safety profiles with drug-likeness properties., (© 2023 Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft.)

The densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) for glycine in aqueous solutions of (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04) mol·kg-1 sulphathiazole drug have been measured at T = (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K, using vibrating tube digital densimeter and sound analyser Anton-Paar Model DSA - 5000. The apparent molar properties like apparent molar volume (vφ), apparent molar adiabatic compressibility (Kφ, s) and the apparent molar volume (Vφ 0) and adiabatic compressibility at infinite dilution (Kφ, s 0) of glycine have been determined in water as well as in ternary mixtures containing sulphathiazole drug at different concentrations and at different temperatures from experimental data of densities and speeds of sound under atmospheric pressure. These data were also used to calculate the transfer parameters. Transfer parameters have been explained from the point of view of concentration dependence of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. The limiting apparent molar expansibility (Eφ°) values for glycine in aqueous solutions of drug have been calculated. The calculated values of thermal expansion coefficient (α2) have small and positive values. These results are explained on the basis of drug-amino acid - water interactions and hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of oligosaccharides are Cyclodextrins with an outer surface hydrophilic and its central cavity is lipophilic, the size of β- Cyclodextrins complexes with many drugs as well as the small organic molecules in a host-guest system where the guest interact with the Cyclodextrins lipophilic cavity via a physical interaction. Material and Methods: Inclusion complex between Schiff bases derived from sulfathiazole Schiff bases as a guest and β-cyclodextrin as a host were prepared by freeze drying method .The mode of interaction between guest and host were characterized by IR, HNMR, 13CNMR and XRD. Particle size distribution of Schiff base and their inclusion complexes were compared to investigate the effect of complexation on particle size and surface area . Biological activity of Schiff bases and their complexes were estimated Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa and Staphylococcus aureus exerted antimicrobial susceptibility according to sulfa derivatives Concentrations and diffusibility potential. Results: E. coli had dramatically sensitivity than other bacteria like P. aerogenosa and S. aureus toward all prepared compounds that related hydrophobic and generation time of each bacterial species. Conclusion: sulfa and sulfa derivatives exerted high potential antibacterial activities against E. coli, P. aerogenosa and S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural soil was treated with biochar (5% w/w) produced from two pyrolysis temperatures (400 and 700 °C) of giant Miscanthus (GMC-400 and GMC-700, respectively), and the subsequent sorption of sulfathiazole (STZ) was evaluated as a function of pH (2, 5, and 7) and aging period (0, 3, and 6 months). Because sorption was nonlinear, with 0.51 < N < 0.75, the linearized sorption coefficient (Kd*) was used for the comparison across samples. The Kd* of GMC-400 treatment (3.96-9.96 L kg−1) was higher than that of GMC-700 treatment (1.27-3.38 L kg−1). In laps of aging period over 6 months, the sorption of GMC-400-treated soil had gradually increased to be 3.3 times higher than that of untreated soil, whereas there was no statistical difference for GMC-700 treatment. Results of FTIR and SEM analyses revealed that the number of O-containing functional groups in the GMC-400 treatment increases and the micropores of GMC-700 are deformed over time. Sorption was also pH-dependent in the order of pH 2 > pH 5 > pH 7. The sorption hysteresis (H) index for the GMC-400 treatment was higher at pH 7 (3.99) than at pH 5(2.53), and both values had increased after 6 months (4.18 and 3.17, respectively). The results of this study clearly demonstrate that the sorption of STZ on GMC-treated soils is greatly enhanced, mainly through the greater micropore surfaces, the abundance of hydrophilic functional groups over time, and π+-π electron donor-acceptor interaction at low pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrational spectroscopy is a useful tool for analysis of skin properties and to confirm the penetration of drugs and other formulation compounds into the skin. In particular, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) have been optimised for skin analysis. Despite an impressive amount of data on these techniques, a comparative methodological assessment for skin penetration monitoring of model substances is still amiss. Thus, in vitro skin penetration studies were conducted in parallel using the same porcine material and four model substances, namely sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sulfathiazole sodium (STZ) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in combination with tape stripping and CRS were employed to evaluate the skin penetration of the applied substances. In addition, the skin hydration status or change in skin hydration after application was investigated. The results show that both methods provide valuable information on the skin penetration potential of applied substances. The penetration profiles determined by CRS or ATR-FTIR/tape stripping were comparable for all substances; a slow decrease in relative substance concentration was visible from the skin surface inwards within the stratum corneum (SC). In general, deeper penetration into the SC was observed with CRS, which may be related to the depth resolution of the employed device. However, when related to the respective total SC thickness of each experiment, the penetration depths determined by parallel CRS and ATR-FTIR analysis were in good agreement for all model substances. The observed order of the penetration depth was DMSO > SDS > SLES > STZ with both techniques. A decrease of the relative concentration to 10% of the maximum value was found approximately between 34 and 89% of total SC thickness. Summarising these findings, advantages and drawbacks of the two techniques for in vitro skin penetration studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the interaction of drugs with DNA is very exciting and significant not only for understanding the mechanism of the interaction but also for the design of new drugs. Here, we report the results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy studies to determine the external binding modes of sulfathiazole (STZ), and the binding constant and stability of the STZ-DNA complex in aqueous solution. The results of absorption spectra showed that the interaction of STZ-DNA is weak because there is only a hyperchromic effect. A hyperchromic effect reflects the corresponding changes of DNA in its conformation and structure after the drug-DNA interaction has occurred. Spectroscopic evidence revealed that STZ binds DNA with an overall binding constant of K (STZ-DNA)=0.42×103m−1. FT-IR spectroscopy showed that the complexation of STZ with DNA occurred via A-T and PO2 groups. Nano cadmium hydroxide has been synthesized using hexamine as the template at room temperature. Then, this nano cadmium hydroxide recrystallizes into nano cadmium oxide (CdO) at 400°C for 2 h. The product was characterized by using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of drugs in aquatic media has emerged in the last decade as a new environmental risk. The other aim of this study was to investigate the degradation of the STZ antibiotic by nanosized CdO under ultraviolet irradiation. Various experimental parameters, such as initial CdO concentration, initial pH, and reaction times, were investigated. According to the results, this method has a good performance in the removal of STZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: To prepare antibacterial, polymeric catheters for preventing catheter‐induced infections, sulfathiazole was loaded into polyurethane by solubilizing with solvents and the resultant films were cast. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of sulfathiazole in the drug‐loaded polyurethane films. The thermal and mechanical properties of the films were assessed using differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The drug‐loaded films were immersed in constantly stirred, deionized water at 37 °C for in vitro drug release study. The experimental data obtained from the in vitro drug release study were fit into mathematical models. Antibacterial efficiency of released sulfathiazole was evaluated by Escherichia coli growth inhibition test. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46467. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of salts is a frequently used approach for the modification of physicochemical properties of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Despite the frequency of application, there has been little research into the structural–property relationships of the final material and the nature of the counterion present. This work reports on five new salts of sulfathiazole and compares the energetics of the intermolecular interactions with variation in the crystal packing motifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics in environment can be of concern as they can enter the food chain posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Photodegradation has been considered as a promising way of naturally degrading antibiotics in environment. Antibiotics are usually present in mixtures in environment; however, previous studies focused on individual compounds. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of UV irradiation on the degradation of tetracycline (TC) and sulfathiazole (STH) in individual solutions and mixtures. Under dark conditions, the initial masses of TC and STH were reduced by about 35% and 26%, respectively, over a 35 d-reaction period. With UV irradiation TC and STH were completely removed within 14 d and 35 d, respectively, regardless of the initial concentrations. Both the TC and STH removals were faster (i.e., 2–4 times) when they were in mixtures. This may be partly attributed to the byproducts such as sulfate that can promote indirect photolysis and partly to the enhanced hydrolysis due to changes in the solution pH. Overall, this study suggests that when photodegradation is used to remove antibiotics in water, the removal kinetics of antibiotics individually and in mixtures can be considered to develop more efficient treatment technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A UVC-assisted photo-Fenton process was applied to hospital wastewater that had been submitted to anaerobic treatment. Low iron (10 μM; 0.56 mg L −1 ) and H 2 O 2 (500 μM; 17 mg L −1 ) concentrations were used at the natural pH of the effluent (pH ≈ 7.4). Citric acid was employed as a complexation agent, at a 1:1 ratio, in order to maintain Fe 3+ soluble at this pH, avoiding extra procedures and costs associated with acidification/basification of the final effluent. The anaerobic process quantitatively reduced the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC), with low removal of antibiotics present in the wastewater. Degradation of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, sulfathiazole, and sulfamethazine was studied by spiking the anaerobic effluent at initial concentrations of 200 μg L −1 . The antibiotics were efficiently degraded (80–95%) using UVC radiation alone, although under this condition, no DOC removal was observed after 90 min. Further additions of H 2 O 2 and iron citrate increased the degradation rate constant ( k obs ), and 8% of DOC was removed. A lower pH resulted in higher k obs , although this was not essential for application of the photo-Fenton process. Irradiation with a germicidal lamp resulted in greater degradation of the antibiotics, compared to use of a black light lamp or sunlight, since the overall degradation was influenced by photolysis of the antibiotics, photolysis of H 2 O 2 , and the Fenton reaction. The photo-Fenton treatment could also be applied directly to the raw hospital wastewater, since no significant difference in degradation of the antibiotics was observed, compared to the anaerobic effluent. The photo-Fenton process under UVA and solar radiation reduced total coliforms and E. coli after 90 min. However, quantitative disinfection of these bacteria present in the Hospital effluent was only accomplished under UVC radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfathiazole forms II, III and IV are polytypes where common monolayers accumulate in different stacking modes. These polytypes are difficult to identify using conventional analytical techniques when they concomitantly crystallize. However, the use of low-frequency Raman spectroscopy enables discrimination of these polytypes and can determine the ratio of forms III and IV, which are the most challenging pair for quantification. A Hydrogen/deuterium exchange study suggests that characteristic patterns below 100 cm−1 predominantly come from differences of superstructure geometries, especially layer stacking, rather than hydrogen-bond geometries. This study demonstrates that low-frequency Raman spectroscopy has advantages for both polytypic discrimination and quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution sulfathiazole have been investigated by volumetric, ultrasonic measurements at T  = (288.15–308.15 K) along with absorption spectra and fluorescence studies. The apparent molar volumes at infinite dilution, V ϕ 0 and the apparent molar isentropic compression at infinite dilution K ϕ , S 0 , have been calculated from density and speed of sound data. Furthermore, partial molar volumes of transfer, Δ tr V ϕ 0 , partial molar isentropic compression of transfer, Δ tr K ϕ , S 0 , apparent molar expansivity, E ϕ 0 , Hepler’s constant values, ∂ E ϕ 0 ∂ T P and thermal expansion coefficient, α have also been evaluated to support the conclusions obtained from the volumetric and acoustic studies. These parameters are helpful to study the solvation behavior and various interactions present in the ternary solutions of (α-cyclodextrin/β-cyclodextrin + sulfathiazole + water). Further, absorption and emission spectra has been recorded for aqueous sulfathiazole solution in α-cyclodextrin to analyze the host-guest interactions. The inclusion complex of sulfathiazole with α-cyclodextrin is investigated by UV–visible spectroscopy and fluorescence. The study indicates that sulpha drug forms 1:1 inclusion complexes with α-cyclodextrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of veterinary antibiotic removal from wastewater using an electrocoagulation method. The removal efficiency of ampicillin, doxycycline, sulfathiazole and tylosin; the antibiotic degradation degree after electrolysis; and the toxicity and qualitative composition of antibiotic solutions after electrocoagulation were determined in the experiments. HPLC-QTOF was used for quantitative and qualitative determination. The eco-toxicity was assessed using the MARA ® assay. After electrocoagulation, the concentration of ampicillin, doxycycline, sulfathiazole and tylosin in wastewater decreased 3.6 ± 3.2%, ∼100%, 3.3 ± 0.4% and 3.1 ± 0.3%, respectively. Doxycycline was the only antibiotic effectively removed from wastewater during electrocoagulation. Simultaneously, part of this antibiotic underwent oxidative degradation. As a result of this process, the eco-toxicity in the reaction environment decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics in the environment are a concern due to their potential to harm humans and interrupt ecosystems. Sulfathiazole (STZ), a sulfonamide antibiotic, is commonly used in aquaculture and is typically found in aquatic ecosystems. We evaluated the ecological risk of STZ by examining biological, molecular and biochemical response in Chironomus riparius. Samples were exposed to STZ for 12, 24 and 96 h, and effects of STZ were evaluated at the molecular level by analyzing changes in gene expression related to the endocrine system, cellular stress response and enzyme activity of genes on antioxidant and detoxification pathways. STZ exposure induced significant effects on survival, growth and sex ratio of emergent adults and mouthpart deformity in C. riparius . STZ caused concentration and time-dependent toxicity in most of the selected biomarkers. STZ exposure leads to significant heat-shock response of protein genes (HSP70, HSP40, HSP90 and HSP27) and to disruption by up-regulating selected genes, including the ecdysone receptor gene, estrogen-related receptors, ultraspiracle and E74 early ecdysone-responsive gene. Furthermore, STZ induced alteration of enzyme activities on antioxidant and detoxification responses (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and peroxidase) in C. riparius . By inducing oxidative stress, antibiotic STZ disturbs the endocrine system and produces adverse effects in growth processes of invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinary antibiotics are available for uptake by the plants through sources such as manure, irrigation, and atmospheric interaction. The present study was conducted to estimate the half-lives of three veterinary antibiotics, chlortetracycline (CTC), enrofloxacin (ENR), and sulphathiazole (STZ), in soil and experimentally explore their uptake from contaminated soil to radish roots and leaves. Samples were extracted using a modified citrate-buffered version of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe “QuEChERS” method followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric analysis (LC–MS/MS) in the positive ion mode. Good linearity was observed for the three tested antibiotics in soil and plants (roots and leaves) with high coefficients of determination ( R 2 ≥ 0.9922). The average recovery rates at two spiking levels with three replicates per level ranged between 77.1 and 114.8%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 19.9% for all tested drugs. In a batch incubation experiment ( in vitro study), the half-lives of CTC, ENR, and STZ ranged from 2.0–6.1, 2.2–4.5, and 1.1–2.2 days, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, the half-lives of the three target antibiotics in soil with and without radishes were 2.5–6.9 and 2.7–7.4; 4.7–16.7 and 10.3–14.6; and 4.4–4.9 and 2.5–2.8 days, respectively. Trace amounts of the target antibiotics (CTC, ENR, and STZ) were taken up from soil via roots and entered the leaves of radishes. The concentration of CTC was lower than 2.73%, ENR was 0.08–3.90%, and < 1.64% STZ was uptaken. In conclusion, the concentrations of the tested antibiotics decreased with time and consequently lower residues were observed in the radishes. The rapid degradation of the tested antibiotics in the present study might have only little impact on soil microorganisms, fauna, and plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photolysis is a core natural process impacting the fate of some sulfonamide antibiotics in sunlit waters. In this study, sunlight-induced phototransformation of sulfathiazole was investigated. A photolytic quantum yield of 0.079 was obtained in buffered water (pH = 8.0). Different natural organic matter isolates inhibited the photolysis of sulfathiazole by light screening effect. A kinetic model was developed to predict the photodegradation rate of sulfathiazole using the light screening correction factor of the water matrix in the wavelength range of 300–350 nm. An isomeric photoproduct of sulfathiazole with a longer retention time was observed on liquid chromatography. Based on its MS/MS spectra and absorption characteristics, the isomer was postulated as 2-imino-3-( p -aminobenzenesulfinyl-oxy)-thiazole. A reaction mechanism for the photo-cleavage and photo-induced structural rearrangement was proposed. The formation mechanism of the isomer was supported by photochemical experiments spiking synthetic 2-aminothiazole; while the formation kinetics were treated with a partly-diffusion-controlled model. The three identified products showed significantly enhanced photo-stability. Antimicrobial assay of irradiated sulfathiazole solutions with Escherichia coli indicated little antimicrobial potency ascribed to photoproducts. This study demonstrates the efficacy of sunlight in rapidly degrading sulfathiazole at a predictable rate, leading to photoproducts of low antimicrobial potency. The mass spectrometry and mechanistic work described here are new insights into the photochemistry of sulfonamides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to determine the reactivity during the periodate oxidation of the vicinal amino sugar, chitosan was oxidized by KIO 4 in a neutral medium. The reactivity was unexpectedly found to be low. The formation of di-aldehyde chitosan (DACT) might cause the low reactivity of chitosan oxidation. Therefore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out, which revealed that the greater stability of the cyclic amino iodate intermediate might retard the ring opening to form DACT. Furthermore, the affinity of the formation of two novel Schiff bases from the interaction of delivered DACT with two sulfa drugs [sulfanilamide and sulfathiazole] was also investigated using aldehyde content estimation. DACT and Schiff's bases were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and DTA analysis. The X-ray diffraction plane (110) of DACT at the high angle side was expanded more by sulfathiazole than sulfanilamide, indicating that sulfathiazole reacted effectively with DACT. The lowest interaction of DACT with sulfa drugs could be ascribed to the lowest aldehyde content and the intramolecular hemiacetal formation that hinders the Schiff's base condensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of two of the most commonly used antibiotics, tetracycline (TC) and sulfathiazole (STZ), using laccase-producingPhanerochaete chrysosporiumwas studied in liquid-phase batch experiments in the absence of any synthetic redox mediator. The removal of STZ and TC from single antibiotic spikes varied from 97.8% to 15.4% and 98.8% to 31%, respectively, with increasing initial doses of 10–250 mg L−1within 14 days of incubation. The enzyme activity ofP. chrysosporiumwas only minimally influenced by the concentrations of these antibiotics. The degradation of antibiotics initiated before an appreciable extracellular enzyme activity was noted in the fungal culture. The appearance of low-molecular weight molecular fragments from parent antibiotics in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry confirmed the biodegradation process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A new dynamic covalent polymer (DCP) gel was well designed and constructed based on imine chemistry. Polycondensation of 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbohydrazide via Schiff-base reaction resulted in an acylhydrazone bond gel (AB-gel) DCP. AB-gel DCP had three-dimensional network of interconnected nanoparticles with hierarchically porous structure. AB-gel DCP was successfully fabricated as a monolithic column by an in-situ chemical bonding method for online enrichment and separation purpose with excellent permeability. AB-gel DCP based monolithic column showed remarkable adsorption affinity towards target analytes including sulfonamides (SAs) and fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) due to its strong π-π affinity, hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bonding interaction. Then, AB-gel DCP based monolithic column was applied for online separation and analysis of trace SAs and FWAs in food samples coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sulfathiazole (ST) and sulfadimidine (SM2) in one positive weever sample were actually found and determined with concentrations of 273.8 and 286.3 μg/kg, respectively. 2,5-Bis(5- tert -butyl-2-benzoxazolyl) thiophene (FWA184) was actually quantified in one tea infusion sample with the concentration of 268.5 ng/L. The spiked experiments suggested the good recoveries in range of 74.5–110% for SAs in weever and shrimp samples with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 9.7% and in range of 74.0-113% for FWAs in milk and tea infusion samples with RSDs less than 9.0%. AB-gel DCP monolithic column was proved to be a promising sample preparation medium for online separation and analysis of trace analytes in food samples with complex matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Me-doped g-C 3 N 4 (Me = Cu, Co and Fe) catalysts with various % w/w of Me dopant are prepared by a versatile calcination protocol for catalytic redox-based advanced oxidation process. The characterization study using FESEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, TGA, XPS, FTIR and BET indicates that all the Me-doped g-C 3 N 4 consist of irregular morphology with at least 1.4–1.9 times higher surface area than that of pristine g-C 3 N 4 . The catalysts were used to generate SO 4 − from peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for selective sulfathiazole (STZ) degradation. The results show that the catalytic activities of the Me-doped g-C 3 N 4 are in the following order: Co-doped g-C 3 N 4 (0.59% w/w Co, Co–g–4) > Fe–doped g-C 3 N 4 ≫ Cu-doped g-C 3 N 4 ∼ pristine g-C 3 N 4 . The excessive Me doping have a negative effect on catalytic performance due to the undesired SO 4 − scavenging by surface defects (–C N) and excess Me. The STZ degradation were highly influenced by the pH, catalyst loading and Oxone® dosage. The predominant reactive radical is identified to be SO 4 − which contributes to >82% of total STZ degradation. The LC/MS/MS system was used to confirm the selectivity of SO 4 − for STZ degradation. The main STZ degradation pathway is also proposed. The performance of Co–g–4/PMS system for STZ removal in the treated drinking water (TW) and secondary wastewater effluent (SE) was investigated. It is found that, despite having poorer performance compared with the DI water due to the presence of various water matrix species particularly the dissolved organic matter, the selectivity of SO 4 − for STZ in SE and TW is evidenced. Overall, the Co-g-4/PMS system shows promising performance and excellent stability for selective catalytic degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A capacitive immunosensor for determination of sulphathaizole (STZ) has been developed on polymer coated indium tin oxide glass chip (ITO). The immunosensor chip was fabricated by polymerizing, ortho-phenylenediamine ( oPD) on ITO followed by surface modification with anti-sulphathiazole antibody. The developed immunosensor chip was characterized by using Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Cyclicvoltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitive measurement of the developed immunosensor was performed by using EIS in spiked drinking water and milk. The developed sensor showed liner detection range 0.1-100 μgL−1for STZ with a limit of detection 0.01 μgL−1 in water with recovery between 95-106 %. The biosensor showed excellent selectivity and storage stability upto 4 weeks when preserved at 4 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cooling sonocrystallization was used to recrystallize an active pharmaceutical ingredient, sulfathiazole, using methanol as the solvent. The effects of three operating parameters-sonication intensity, sonication duration, and solution concentration-on the recrystallization were investigated by using a 2 k factorial design. The solid-state properties of sulfathiazole, including the mean particle size, crystal habit, and polymorphic form, were analyzed. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of the sonication intensity, cross-interaction effect of sonication intensity/sonication duration, and cross-interaction effect of sonication intensity/solution concentration on the recrystallization were significant. The results obtained using the 2 k factorial design indicated that a combination of high sonication intensity and long sonication duration is not favorable for sonocrystallization, especially at a high solution concentration. A comparison of the solid-state properties of the original and the recrystallized sulfathiazole revealed that the crystal habit of the recrystallized sulfathiazole was more regular and that its mean particle size could be reduced to approximately 10 μm. Furthermore, the analytical results obtained using the PXRD, DSC, and FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the polymorphic purity of sulfathiazole improved from the original Form III/IV mixture to Form III after sonocrystallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary sulfonamides (4a-8h) incorporating acetoxybenzamide, triacetoxybenzamide, hydroxybenzamide, and trihydroxybenzamide and possessing thiazole, pyrimidine, pyridine, isoxazole and thiadiazole groups were synthesized. Lactoperoxidase (LPO, E.C.1.11.1.7), as a natural antibacterial agent, is a peroxidase enzyme secreted from salivary, mammary, and other mucosal glands. In the present study, the in vitro inhibitory effects of some secondary sulfonamide derivatives (4a-8h) were examined against LPO. The obtained results reveal that secondary sulfonamide derivatives (4a-8h) are effective LPO inhibitors. The Ki values of secondary sulfonamide derivatives (4a-8h) were found in the range of 1.096 × 10-3 to 1203.83 μM against LPO. However, the most effective inhibition was found for N-(sulfathiazole)-3,4,5-triacetoxybenzamide (6a), with Ki values of 1.096 ×10-3 ± 0.471 μ 10-3 μM as non-competitive inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual antibiotics in manure pose a potential threat to public and ecological health as a result of the application of manure from animals treated with antibiotics to land. The environmental fate of sulfonamides (SAs) in swine manure after composting and field application remains largely unknown. We studied the degradation of the antibiotics sulfadiazine (SD), sulfathiazole (ST), and sulfamethazine (SM2) during anaerobic composting. We tested the effects of temperature and antibiotic concentration on degradation rates. We also evaluated the changes in pH, moisture, and biological degradation material in manure spiked with SAs and in a control. Results showed that the 3 SAs decreased by between 52.31% and 90.30% in all 9 treatments following 14 days of anaerobic composting, and the highest removal efficiencies were observed at a temperature of 35°C and initial concentrations of 6.03, 6.48, and 6.32 µg/g of SD, ST, and SM2, respectively, which were degraded by 90.30%, 85.78%, and 75.18%. Removal efficiencies for all SAs correlated well with moisture and biological degradation material of the manure. These results indicate that composting may be a practical and effective way to reduce concentrations of these three SAs in swine manure prior to its land application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Template synthesis is a powerful method for the preparation of nanoscale materials with specific size and shape. Cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles were prepared by using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Cd(OAc)2.2H2O and sodium hydroxide as starting materials. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD pattern proves that the final product has cubic phase and the particle size diameter of the nanoparticles are 36.4 nm. The SEM was used for direct visualization of the size and shape of the nanoparticles. The morphology of the CdO was found nanospherical. Antibiotics are a major class of drugs included in the designation of emerging contaminants, representing a high risk to natural ecosystems. We studied the degradation of Sulfathiazole antibiotic by nanosized CdO under ultraviolet irradiation. Various experimental parameters such as initial Sulfathiazole (STZ) concentrations, initial CdO concentration and initial pH were investigated. According to the results this method can be good performance in removal of Sulfathiazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Pd/Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) for the adsorption of sulfathiazole (STZ) from urine samples prior to high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection was studied. Pd/Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized using plant extract. Possible impact parameters in the extraction process such as magnetic adsorbents amount, extraction time, sample pH, and desorption conditions were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the detection and quantification limits were 10 and 30 ng mL-1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for five measurements of 100 ng mL-1 of STZ was 5.8 %. The proposed method was used for the analysis of different urine samples, and acceptable recoveries in the range of 87.6 - 101.3% were obtained. These results indicated that biosynthesized Pd/Fe3O4 NPs can be used as an efficient adsorbent for extraction of sulfathiazole from urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of antibiotics and their metabolites in natural waters has raised some concern among scientists around the world because it can lead to bacterial resistance and other unknown consequences to mankind and wildlife. Persulfate (PS)-driven oxidation is a new technology that has been used successfully to remediate contaminated sites, but its use to treat wastewater, especially sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent, is still scarce. This paper describes the effect of several persulfate activation methods for degrading sulfathiazole (STZ) in Milli-Q water and in STP effluent. Some parameters, such as pH, persulfate concentration, presence of Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Fe, as well as copper and iron organic complexes, were studied in STZ degradation. Raising the pH from 5 to 9, as well as the persulfate concentration, resulted in increased STZ degradation. Among the transition metals evaluated, only Fe and Cu were able to activate persulfate molecules. Copper was a better activator than iron since its effect lasts longer. Citrate was the best ligand evaluated increasing Fe(II) activation capacity at pH 7. Hydroxylamine addition to Fe(II) on persulfate system extended the Fe(II) effect. The presence of bicarbonate or humic acid did not affect PS-driven degradation of STZ. Finally, the degradation of STZ in STP effluent promoted by PS-driven oxidation (25 °C) was as fast as in Milli-Q water, proving to be successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a leading cause of severe hospital and infection-related morbidity and mortality in the general population. There is a critical need for dynamic, powerful medication candidates to combat MRSA and MDR-TB infections in this specific setting. As a result, the current research focuses on the development of novel sulfathiazole derivative compounds that could be used as anti-MRSA and anti-MDR-TB agents. Virtual screening approaches were used to identify the potential lead sulfathiazole derivatives with the help of BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2017 software. In this in silico study, 10 novel sulfathiazole derivatives were virtually screened from 74 designed compounds. These 10 compounds had the best predictive docking scores in MRSA and MDR-TB receptors and were then put through a molecular dynamics simulation to explain protein stability, ligand characteristics and protein-ligand interactions. The Lipinski rule and ADMET prediction results also suggested that 11 compounds (mol-12, mol-22, mol-23, mol-28, mol-30, mol-32, mol-34, mol-35, mol-45 and mol-47) have strong drug similarity features. Our findings imply that the 10 novel sulfathiazole compounds studied could be viable new therapeutic leads for MRSA and MDR-TB.

Polycationic gene carriers, mPEG- b-PLL- g-succinyl sulfathiazole (denoted as PPS), were synthesized and characterized as a shielding system for cationic gene delivery. DNA/PEI/PPS ternary complexes were prepared by shielding PPS to DNA/PEI polyplex solution. PPS can shield the surface charge of DNA/PEI polyplexes from positive (27.7 mV) to negative (−24.6 mV), and the acidic condition should trigger the disassembly of ternary complex. The gene transfection efficiency of DNA/PEI/PPS was lower than DNA/PEI at pH 7.4, but at pH 6.0, it recovered to the same level as DNA/PEI. CLSM results showed the same trend as transfection at different pH. The suitable pH-triggered shielding/deshielding ability estimated that PPS should be a potential shielding system to be used in in vivo gene delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes the synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of Cu(II)-sulfathiazole (Hstz:4-amino-N-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl) benzene sulfonamide) complexes with dien (diethylenetriamine). The techniques used for the characterization have been single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and EPR. The structural study indicated that the [Cu(stz) 2 dien] complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Pna 2 1 with Z = 4. Two sulfathiazole anions were coordinated to the metal ion through N atom of the deprotonated sulfonamido group. Almost square-bipyramidal geometry with value of τ parameter ≈ 0.048 has been completed with three nitrogen atoms of dien molecule. The most important spectral features of the complex with its structural properties were compared and discussed. The electrochemical study indicated the formation and the irreversibility of the mixed ligand metal complex. Biological study of the [Cu(stz) 2 dien]·3H 2 O against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains complex showed very strong antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 1 to 4 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, starch ( 1 ) was oxidized to starch-2,3-dialdehyde (DAS; 2 ) using potassium periodate. In addition, two novel Schiff’s bases ( 5 & 6 ) were synthesized via a condensation reaction between DAS ( 2 ) and sulfa drugs (sulfanilamide; 3 & sulfathiazole; 4 ). The synthesized Schiff’s bases ( 5 & 6 ) were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and DSC analysis. DAS can easily be oxidized owing to its high aldehyde content (91.0%). However, it has low reactivity towards sulfanilamide ( 3 ) and sulfathiazole (4). According to the diffraction functional theory, this peculiar behavior is caused by the absence of V-shape in α−glucan linkage in DAS molecules, making the carbonyl group least electropositive. This reduces the nucleophilic attacks of the amino group in sulfa drugs towards the carbonyl group in DAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the adsorption and migration characteristics of four sulfa antibiotics, which had been detected in the soil and groundwater in the northeast of China, namely sulfathiazole (ST), sulfamethyldiazine (SM), sulfamethazine (SM2), sulfamethoxazole (SMX); the groundwater pollution index was calculated by EPI Suite. Experimental results showed that the sulfa antibiotics have strong ability of migration, which was in the order of SMX > SM > SM2 > ST, and the content of sulfa antibiotics which passed through the zone of aeration and then entered the aquifer is above 78 %. Fe, Mn, iron oxide, manganese oxide and humic acid had a positive effect on the adsorption of sulfa antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to provide a scientific basis for removing the antibiotics in the soil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article has investigated regularities of adsorption of sulfanilamide, sulfathiazole, procaine, levamisole and caffeine on activated carbons of various porous structure. The adsorption rate of substances diminishes in the series sulfanilamide > caffeine > procaine > sulfathiazole > levamisole and decreases with an increase of the fraction of micropores in the structure of sorbents. It was found that at the degree of using the adsorption capacity of the sorbent of up to γ = 0.5-0.6 the kinetics of adsorption satisfactorily is described by means of an external diffusion model. The use of 50% of sorption capacity of activated carbon is achieved over ~ 10% time necessary for establishing adsorption equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New ternary copper(II) complexes of sulfathiazole (SFT, C 9 H 8 N 3 O 2 S 2 ) or nimesulide (NMS, C 13 H 11 N 2 O 5 S) and 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) were synthesized, and characterized by chemical and spectroscopic techniques. Elemental analyses indicated a 2:1:1 sulfonamide/copper/bipy composition for both complexes. Mass spectrometric measurements permitted identifying the molecular ions [Cu(SFT) 2 (bipy)+H] + and [Cu(NMS) 2 (bipy)+H] + at m / z 728 and 835, respectively, confirming the proposed compositions. Crystal structure of the [Cu(SFT) 2 (bipy)] complex was solved by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD), attesting that the Cu(II) ion is hexacoordinated in a distorted octahedral geometry. Each SFT molecule coordinates to the metal ion by the nitrogen atoms of the SO 2 –N group and of the heterocyclic ring. The coordination sphere is completed by a bipyridine. Electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies were carried out for the [Cu(NMS) 2 (bipy)] complex, indicating a tetragonal environment around the metal ion. It was suggested that NMS coordinates to Cu(II) by the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the SO 2 –N group, which was confirmed by infrared spectroscopic studies. Biological studies showed the antibacterial activity of both Cu-SFT and Cu-NMS complexes, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.10 to 0.84 mmol L −1 against Gram-negative bacteria for [Cu(SFT) 2 (bipy)], and from 1.50 to 3.00 mmol L −1 against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria for [Cu(NMS) 2 (bipy)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]