Search

The COVID-19 disease is a major problem affecting human health all over the world. Consequently, researchers have been trying to find solutions to treat this pandemic-scale disease. Even if there are vaccines and approved drugs that could decrease the spread of this pandemic, multidisciplinary approaches are still needed to identify new small molecules as alternatives to combat COVID-19, especially those from nature. In this study, we employed computational approaches by screening 17 natural compounds from the tropical brown seaweed Sargassum polycystum known to have anti-viral properties that benefit human health. This study assessed some seaweed natural products that are bound to the PLpro of SARS-CoV-2. By employing pharmacophore and molecular docking, these natural compounds from S. polycystum showed remarkable scores for protein targets with competitive scores compared to X-ray crystallography ligands and well-known antiviral compounds. This study provides insightful information for advanced study and further in vitro examination and clinical investigation for drug development prospects of abundant yet underexploited tropical seaweeds.

Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the natural resources containing high carbohydrate, and it has potential as an alternative raw material for sugar industry. This study aims to analyze the optimum conditions of the fungi Trichoderma harzianum in degradating polysaccharides from K. alvarezii into sugar. The seaweed was collected in Takalar Sea, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The fungi was previously activated at 30°C for three days in 2% of seaweed substrate. The efficiency of the T. harzianum in producing biosugar was evaluated under various concentrations of inoculum (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and hydrolysis time (0 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). The result implied that K. alvarezii contain 55,58% of carbohydrate which was dominated by starch 35.83% and cellulose 12.21%. Furthermore, the highest content of sugar indicated by 12,27 g/L of reducing sugar was obtained at the combination of 20% of the fungi and 24h incubation. In conclusion, the fungi T. harzianum has ability to convert carbohydrate of K.alvarezii to sugar through hydrolysis process.

Marine algae are promising third-generation feedstocks for bioethanol production as they are fast growing, require minimal inputs, and do not compete for land. However, marine algae have complex cell walls which necessitate pretreatment prior to fermentation, and this represents a major component of the cost of bioethanol production. Standard pretreatment processes using acids are costly and generate hazardous waste streams. This study aims to develop an economic and environmentally friendly pretreatment process using ozonolysis for the marine algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gelidium amansii. Acid and ozone pretreatments were compared across the pretreatment, enzyme hydrolysis, and fermentation stages of bioethanol production. Acid pretreatment outperformed ozonolysis over the pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis stages. However, it also generated as by-products the compounds 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid (LA), which inhibited ethanol fermentation and reduced the efficiency of the process overall. Ozone pretreatment did not produce these inhibitory compounds, and as such outperformed acid pretreatment across the process as a whole. These results indicate the potential of ozonolysis as an economic and environmentally friendly pretreatment for the production of bioethanol from marine algae.

Preservation of fossil fuels are currently depleting with the massive exploitation of fuels. In this condition, breakthroughs are necessary to produce alternative fuels. One of the breakthroughs is bioethanol. It is a renewable energy which is more effective than gasoline inasmuch it can increase combustion efficiency and reduce exhaust emissions. In this work, a bioethanol process was done by using sugarcane bagasse waste material which has a lot of lignin and cellulose content. The content was converted into bioethanol by utilizing a strong base to degrade lignin and T. Viride as cellulose-producing and S. cereviseae yeast as a sugar converter to bioethanol. This present research aims to find the best formula of bioethanol production based on sugarcane bagasse with variations in cellulose hydrolysis temperature, shaking speed, and fermentation time by using an integrated shaker machine fuzzy-logic control of temperature and humidity. This research employed a complete randomized design experimental research (CRD) to test temperature, speed, and time modification by using a shaker machine. The independent variables were: (1) temperature, (2) shaking speed, and (3) fermentation time. The dependent variables measured were reducing sugar and bioethanol levels. The results showed that the best formula for producing bioethanol levels was at a treatment temperature of 45 °C and a speed of 140 rpm with fermentation time of 48 hours which resulted in a bioethanol level of 2.75%.

Metabolic engineering of a yeast fermentation process with an intention of increasing ethanol production is a challenging engineering task since the fermentation system involves multi-enzymes and multi-substrates systems. When a certain reaction is disturbed, the other reactions are also influenced since it is a connecting system coupled with co-enzymes/co-factors which also controls the metabolic process. In this study we numerically investigate the complex system by formulating a multi-enzymes and a multi-substrate kinetic model as a tool to study system regulatory opportunities. Based on the sensitivity analysis for the maximal reaction changes, the glucose transpose is predicted to yield the largest improvement in ethanol productivity while the reaction catalysed by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase is with the highest negative effect in reducing the amount of ethanol. The existence of NAD+ and NADH affect the performance of ethanol production that shows ups and downs behaviour when the maximal activity of some enzymes is disturbed. This is due to the inverse role of NADH and NAD+ in the certain reactions whether NAD+/NADH acts as a substrate or as a product.

The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of clinical supervision by the principal to improve teacher performance and find out the driving and inhibiting factors. The approach to this research is the qualitative description. Data analysis techniques use data reduction, data exposure, and conclusions. The results showed that (1) Clinical supervision planning is to compile a program design at the beginning of each semester through limited meetings with the supervision team, compile clinical supervision instruments, and carry out clinical supervision socialization. (2) The implementation of clinical supervision, namely pre-observation, conducts meetings with teachers to be given time to prepare. Observation by checking learning tools and the principal conducting direct observations when the teacher conducts learning in the classroom. Post-observation, including data analysis of observation results through detection of weaknesses and then a return meeting, is held between the supervision team and teachers. (3) clinical supervision evaluation is carried out at the end of the semester by involving all teachers to analyze the success of the clinical supervision program and then recap and use it as a report. Clinical supervision provides advice, direction, and guidance to teachers through in-house training activities and personal and teacher meetings. The driving factor is the teacher's awareness of clinical supervision so that the teacher can verify his own mistakes, while the inhibiting factor is the teacher the form of awkwardness. There is a sense of tension that will be supervised.

Malaria is one of the most important public health problems worldwide, with nearly half of the global population exposed to the risk of contamination. The disease is found in 91 countries, mostly in the tropics and subtropics of the planet. There are several previous research that identifies Plasmepsins as a potential target to develop novel antimalarial drugs from the malaria parasite Plasmodium that play a role in the breakdown of globin into amino acids. Given the above, it is important to find novel and effective drugs that can decrease this disease, especially from natural products such as medicine. Seaweed is a potential source of bioactive compounds to be used as antimalarials, such as species from the genera Laurencia and Halymenia. This recent study has studied the molecular docking approach to identify the potential of Halymenia sp. and Laurencia sp. against Plasmepsin by using PyRx 0.8 software. It showed that the compounds in Halymenia sp. and Laurencia sp. were able to react and inhibit the action of plasmepsin, seen from the binding affinity value, which was quite small at -4.3, this value is higher than the two bioactive compounds in seaweed, namely Stigmasterol and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde which have binding affinity values of -8.5 and 6.5, respectively. Judging from this, the compounds contained in Laurencia sp and Halymenia sp have potential as candidates for antimalarial drugs.

Background and Objectives: Pathogenic bacterial infection is one of the factors that can cause extensive losses in poultry farming. Pathogenic bacteria that infect domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) include Escherichia coli. This study has investigated antimicrobial compounds from probiotic bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of domestic chickens origi- nating from Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Lactic acid bacteria were grown on de Man–Ragosa–Sharpe agar medium for 24 hours. The bac- terial isolate with the best inhibitory power was identified as Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), based on 16S RNA sequences. Antimicrobial activity of the selected lactic acid bacteria was tested on the pathogenic bacteria, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Using well diffusion method. In this study, in silico study was conducted to examine the structure and binding affin- ity of lactic acid bacteria against E. coli and S. aureus. Molecular docking experiments were performed using the PyRx 0.8 software. Results: This study showed that the bacteria were B. subtilis strain PATA-5. The response of inhibition of antimicrobial compounds produced by B. subtilis strain PATA-5 maximum in the stationary phase. The bactericidal properties of B. subtilis strain PATA-5 were categorized as strong against Gram-negative E. coli, i.e., 30.5 mm, when compared to Gram-positive S. aureus, i.e., 17.5 mm. Conclusion: B. subtilis strain PATA-5 is capable to produce natural antibiotic cyclic lipopeptides, namely surfactin.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif yang dilakukan pada situs Wadu Pa’a di Desa Kananta kabupaten Bima. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan Sejarah keberadaan Situs Wadu Pa’a, dan untuk menerapkan motif wadu pa,a dalam Pembelajaran Apresiasi Seni Rupa Di Kelas X SMA. Teknik pengumpulan datanya dilakukan melalui teknik observasi, dokumentasi, tinjauan pustaka dan wawancara. Sedangkan sampelnya dipilih relief patung Budha dan Ganesha untuk mewakili keseluruhan relief patung yang ada di Situs Wadu Pa’a. Teknik analisis datanya menggunakan teknik deskriptif-kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa Kecamatan, Soromandi Kabupaten Bima merupakan peninggalan Hindu yang menurut sejarah bahwa yang memahat Wadu Pa’a ini adalah sang Bima dimana sang bima ini merupakan bangsawan dari kerajaan Medang, ( Jawa Timur). Ornamen pada makam Situs Wadu Pa’a terdapat Pahatan relief Ganesha, Budha, Mahaguru (Siwa), pilar, Catra ( payung) Stupa dan huruf Jawa kuno yang terdiri dari garis lurus, lenkung, dan terbentuk bidang dan penggarapannya dengan cara di pahat. Sehingga bisa diterapkan dalam pembelajaran apresiasi seni rupa.

The fermentation system is a metabolic system that can be considered as a complex system, since it involves metabolites linked by different reactions. Some outputs of the reaction act as input in the other reactions and they control the behaviour of the system. Glucose as the main carbon source of the yeast cells plays an important role in the cell’s reproduction cycle and product synthesis. Glucose promotes negative feedback to some reactions in the central metabolism of the yeast cell. In this paper we mathematically study the effects of the negative feedback (inhibition) by glucose and other metabolites on the dynamics of the fermentation system. We also study the sensitivity of the flux in the presence of inhibition. We found that high inhibition by glucose affects the concentration of acetyl-CoA, which will lead to the respiration pathway of the yeast cells. High inhibition by acetaldehyde affects the concentration of all metabolites, including the maximal concentration of ethanol. Based on the metabolic control analysis results, we found that glucose can be considered as the external regulating point in increasing the flux of ethanol. Although glucose acts as a negative feedback, it can also be used to promote certain processes in the metabolic pathway since it gives the highest positive control in increasing the flux of ethanol as the desired product. For the internal regulation point, the maximal concentration of ethanol can be increased significantly by regulating the maximal activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase simultaneously.

Objective: T h e a i m o f t h i s s t u d y wa s t o i s o l a t e , c h a r a c t e r i z e a n d e v a l u a t e the potential of probiotic bacteria from the Indonesian domestic chicken. Methodology: Probiotic bacteria were isolated using the medium Mann Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRSA). Seven isolates were obtained, five of which had potential as probiotics and were referred to as Probiotic Bacteria (PB): PBA, PBB, PBD, PBE and PBG. A variety of tests were performed to characterize the bacteria, including evaluating their resistance to acidity and bile salts. Results: The results showed that the two isolates of probiotics (PBD and PBG) resistance to acidity (pH 3) and bile salts (5%) could inhibit the growth of the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Two isolates were selected, PBD and PBG, to give as a probiotic solvent to broiler chickens. A total of 40 broiler chickens were divided into four treatments with 8 repetitions. The treatments were R0 (without probiotic), R2 (probiotic PBD), R3 (probiotic PBG) and R4 (a mixture of probiotics PBD and PBG). The results showed that probiotics containing different bacteria in chicken feed influenced the body weight gain of broilers, but did not significantly affect Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The obtained results confirm the effect of probiotic that was isolated from domestic chicken provided increased body weight gain and meat quality. Conclusion: T he v i s ua l d i f f e r e nc e s f ound i n t hi s s t udy w e r e d ue t o t he i nc reased health of the broiler chickens that were given probiotics in comparison to those that were not given probiotics.

In this paper, we study an extracellular process of a biochemical system such as batch ethanol fermentation system by considering an unstructured kinetic model with four different well-known models for the specific growth rate of the yeast cells. Then, we fit the unstructured models to the experimental data for determining the appropriate model that can capture the dynamic behaviour of the batch ethanol fermentation experimental data. The fitting procedure is proceeded by minimising a least-squared error between the model solutions and the experimental data using a direct search method. Our simulations show that the unstructured model with Aiba-type structured model for the specific growth rate of the yeast cell has the best approximating ability to describe the dynamic of the batch ethanol fermentation data.

The respiratory infection COVID-19 caused by the virus SARS CoV-2 has continued to be a major health problem worldwide and has caused more than a million mortalities. Even if the development of COVID-19 vaccines has shown much progress, efforts to find novel, natural anti-viral drugs should be pursued. Halymenia durvillei is a marine red alga widely distributed around Southeast Asia. This study aimed to develop new anti SARS CoV-2 compounds from ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of H. durvillei via a computational approach, focusing onthe inhibitory action against the main protease (3CL-Mpro). In this study, 37 compounds were extracted and identified by GC–MS analysis. The potentials of compounds 1–2 tetradecandiol and E,E,Z-1,3,12-nonadecatriene-5,14-diol were identified for therapeutic purposes based on our pharmacophore study, while cholest-5-En-3-Ol (3.Beta.)- had a high fitness score in molecular docking studies both in monomer and dimer state compared to the N3 inhibitor and remdesivir affinity scores. As these compounds show competitive affinity scores against the 3CL-Mpro, these natural compounds may be effective for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. The ADME and pharmacokinetic studies should also be employed to assess the ability of the natural compounds as oral drugs. These promising results have shown the potentials of H. durvillei as an alternative drug in addressing COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, further studies should explore the effectiveness of these active compounds.

This research aimed to obtain fungi isolates from the laboratory collection Mycology Department of Plant Pests and Diseases Hasanuddin University which has the potential to produce hormones Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). The isolate used is the result of isolation from Takalar sugar factory waste. Measurement The fungi isolate was inoculated in the media of Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) enriched L-Tryptophan and then added the Salkowski Reagent. The results showed a change in pink color showed the fungi can produce the IAA hormone. High and low content of IAA produced by fungi isolates was shown with pink color. The pinker the suspense color, the higher the IAA content. IAA concentration produced by the isolates was measured using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 520 nm. The IAA value is calculated by comparing it with the absorbance value of the standard curve. The results showed that the isolate D4 code produced the highest IAA hormone concentration of 10.17 ppm.

The Indonesian seaweed industry has rapidly expanded over the last twenty years and now contributes to the livelihoods of 267,000 coastal households. Policy makers need accurate information from which to base policy that improves the livelihoods of smallholder farmers without further straining natural resource limits. The sustained growth of the sector necessitates means for reporting and monitoring the sector, particularly in the context of COVID-19. This paper uses newly available, high resolution, high frequency satellite data from April 2017 to December 2020 to identify seaweed farming plots and to map the seasonal changes in the industry. This is overlaid with data on environmental factors, prices, and official production statistics to reveal a range of insights into the industry which are obscured by official annual data, such as the seasonality of production and the change in activity since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper evaluates the usefulness of this data for monitoring the industry and informing strategic policy decisions.

This study aimed to determine the effects of the growth medium, water levels and incubation period on Spirogyra hyalina and Spirogyra peipingensis biomass. Completely randomized design (CRD) was used by varying the nutritional composition, water levels and incubation period. Culture was performed using a 12 h:12 h light:dark cycle using a TL 36 W fluorescent lamp with 3000 lux light intensity. The results show that the growth of the alga Spirogyra hyalina was faster than that of Spirogyra peipingensis. The highest yield obtained for Spirogyra hyalina was on day 10, whereas the highest yield obtained for Spirogyra peipingensis was on day 15. Both algae, i.e. Spirogyra peipingensis and Spirogyra hyalina, grew best in 20 cm of water level using Sulfahri-01 medium containing a high level of nitrogen.

In this study, the feasibility of the Hungate technique was studied using the alga Spirogyra hyalina. This study aimed to determine the effect of different types of gas, culture pH and the duration of fermentation on cell biomass, total reducing sugars, and total ethanol produced from the fermentation of Spirogyra hyalina hydrolysates using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The experimental trials were carried out in batches with two types of gas (nitrogen and hydrogen), three pH levels (pH 4, 5, 6), and four fermentation times (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours). The fermentation process was carried out under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic conditions were ensured using the Hungate technique, namely by injecting nitrogen gas or hydrogen gas into the fermentor. The results show that the average levels of ethanol produced tended to be higher in the presence of hydrogen gas when compared to the presence of nitrogen gas. The highest level of ethanol was achieved in the presence of hydrogen gas at pH 4 after 72 hours of fermentation.

Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the natural resources that contains high carbohydrates and has the potential as an alternative raw material for the sugar industry. The aims of this research is to analyze the optimal conditions of the combination of Trichoderma harzianum and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera in degrading polysaccharides from K. alvarezii into sugar. T. harzianum and S. fibuligera were activated three times at 30° C in 2% seaweed substrate. The method used was a combination of hydrolysis and fermentation to produce evaluated bio sugar in various concentrations of inoculum (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) and time (0 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours). Based on the results, hydrolysis with an inoculum concentration of 20% for 24 hours showed the highest total sugar production. Followed by fermentation with S. fibuligera which produced glucose and galactose which is 1.74 g/L and 9.93 g/L. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the ability of T.harzianum and S. fibuligera to convert carbohydrates from K. alvarezii to produce biosugar through a combination of hydrolysis and fermentation methods.

ABSTRAK Penelitian dengan judul ???Potensi Sediaan Probiotik Bentuk Cair Dari Ayam Buras Gallus domesticus Berasal Dari Kawasan Pertambangan Nikel Sorowako Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ayam Broiler??? bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi bakteri yang berpotensi sebagai probiotik serta mengujii potensi bakteri probiotik dari ayam buras Gallus domesticus dalam bentuk sediaan cair terhadap pertumbuhan ayam broiler. Seleksi bakteri probiotik dilakukan dengan menggunakan medium MRSA (Man Ragosa Sharpe Agar) yang ditambahkan CaCO3 1%.Karakteristik bakteri probiotik diketahui dengan berbagai uji, yaitu uji ketahanan terhadap pH dan garam empedu. Hasil seleksi bakteri probiotik diperoleh sebanyak 1 isolat yang bersifat gram positif, berbentuk batang, mampu tumbuh pada medium yang memiliki pH 3 dan medium yang mengandung garam empedu sintetik konsentrasi 1% dan 5%. Isolat probiotik yang terpilih ditambahkan pada pakan ayam broiler dengan perlakuan R0= Kontrol + (pakan komersil/ BP 11), R1= Kontrol - (pakan buatan), R2 (pakan buatan + probiotik S2 1 mL), R3 (pakan buatan + probiotik S2 0,5 mL (pagi) dan 0,5 mL (sore). Probiotik tersebut diberikan selama 42 hari pada waktu pagi dan sore hari. Masing-masing perlakuan menggunakan ayam uji sebanyak 5 ekor ayam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian probiotik pada ransum memberikan pengaruh positif pada pertumbuhan ayam broiler yang ditunjukkan pada perlakuan R3 dengan berat badan 1485 g, rata-rata konversi ransum 1,31 g, keaktifan, penampilan visual dan daya tahan tubuh yang baik. Kata Kunci : Ayam Buras Gallus domesticus, Probiotik, Ayam Broiler, Pertumubuhan, Konversi Ransum. ABSTRACT The research entiled "The Potential of Liquid Probiotic from Local Chicken Gallus domesticus In The Sorowako Nickle Mining to Growth of Broiler Chicken" aims to isolate and Characterization potential bacteria as probiotics and test the potential of probiotic bacteria from Local Chicken Gallus domesticus in the dosage form Liquid against the growth of broiler chickens. Selection of probiotic bacteria was done by using MRSA (Man Ragosa Sharpe Agar) medium which was added CaCO3 1%. Characterization as probiotic bacteria were obtained by testing the resistance to low pH and bile salts. The result of the selection of probiotic bacteria have as much as 1 isolates is gram-positive, rod and round shape, able to grow on a medium which has a pH 3 and a medium containing a synthetic bile salt 1% and 5%. Isolates probiotic selected is added to the feed of broiler chickens with R0 = Control + (commercial feed / BP 11), R1 = Control - (artificial feed), R2 (artificial feed + probiotics S2 1 mL), R3 (artificial feed + probiotic S2 0.5 mL (morning) and 0.5 mL (afternoon). Feeding the probiotics are given every day in the morning and afternoon for 42 days. Each treatment using the test as much as 5 chicken. The result of research that feeding probiotic on artificial feed can give positive effect is treatment R3 with weight 1485 g, feed convertion is 1,31 g, liveliness, appearance, endurance. Keywords : Local Chicken Gallus domesticus, Probiotics, Broiler, Gowth, conversionration.

This research aims to identify the effects of nutrition, type of yeast and the duration of its fermentation towards biomass, the ethanol contents, and the total sugar contents produced from the fermentation of the S. Peipingensis algae hydrolysis results. The fermentation of the S. Peipingensis algae hydrolysis results is performed by adding the ??-amylase (Liquozyme Supra, Novozymes, Denmark) enzyme with the concentration of 25 KNU in anaerobic condition. The hydrolyzed Spirogyra algae is then fermented using three types of yeast, namely the Saccharomyces cerevisiae InaCC Y655, Pichia kudriavzevii InaCC Y18, Kluyveromyces thermotoleran InaCC Y102, with the addition of the Organic (YE), Inorganic (GAND), and Control (non-nutrition) nutrients, which is then fermented according to the duration of fermentation (0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours). The result of this research shows that the difference in the type of nutrition, type of yeast, and the duration of its fermentation significantly affect the ethanol content and the total sugar content produced from the fermentation of the S. Peipingensis algae hydrolysis results yet do not affect the cell biomass produced because the addition of nutrition is rather similar to that without nutrition. The most optimal ethanol content is achieved with the addition of inorganic nutrition (gandasil-D??) which is 0,29%, whereas the most optimal total sugar content is achieved with the addition of inorganic nutrition on the 96th hour, which is 0,04%-0,05%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh nutrisi, jenis yeast dan lama waktu fermentasi terhadap biomassa, kadar etanol, dan kadar gula total yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi hasil hidrolisis alga S. peipingensis. Fermentasi hasil hidrolisis alga S. peipingensis dilakukan dengan penambahan enzim ??-amilase (Liquozyme Supra, Novozymes, Denmark) dengan konsentrasi 25 KNU pada kondisi anaerob. Alga Spirogyra yang telah dihidrolisis kemudian difermentasi menggunakan 3 jenis yeast, yaitu Saccharomyces cerevisiae InaCC Y655, Pichia kudriavzevii InaCC Y18, Kluyveromyces thermotoleran InaCC Y102, dengan penambahan nutrisi yaitu Organik (YE), Anorganik (GAND), dan Kontrol (tanpa nutrisi) dan selanjutnya di fermentasi sesuai durasi fermentasi (0 jam, 24 jam, 48 jam, 72 jam, 96 jam) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan pada jenis nutrisi, jenis yeast dan lama waktu fermentasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar etanol, kadar gula total yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi hasil hidrolisis alga Spirogyra peipingensis tetapi tidak berpengaruh pada biomassa sel yang dihasilkan karena dengan adanya tambahan nutrisi tidak berbeda jauh dengan tanpa nutrisi. Kadar etanol paling optimal dicapai dengan penambahan nutrisi anorganik (gandasil-D??) yaitu 0,29%, sedangkan kadar gula total paling optimal dicapai dengan penambahan nutrisi anorganik pada jam ke 96 yaitu 0,04%-0,05%.

Caesalpinia crista (Fabaceae) is one of the herbs traditionally used as a drug for the diabetic. This study aimed to discover bioactivity of the α-caesalpin compound from Caesalpinia crista for antidiabetic based on reverse docking studies. Structures of chemical constituents of Caesalpina crista (α-caesalpin) was collected from published literature. The water molecule and ligands were removed by using PyMOL v1.7.4.5 Software (Schrödinger). Molecular docking experiments were performed using the PyRx 0.8 software. Prediction and significant descriptors of Physicochemical Properties, Lipophilicity, Pharmacokinetics and Druglikeness properties of the compounds were predicted using Swissadme. The results showed that α-caesalpin has greater potential as an antidiabetic based on its binding affinity and intermolecular interactions. The binding affinity of α-caesalpin with NOS3 protein is -7.9, while binding affinity NOS3 with the control compound β-estradiol is -10.1. AMES Test showed that α-caesalpin is not potential mutagens and not carcinogens. Druglikeness prediction showed that α-caesalpin fulfil the rules of Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan and Muegge with 0.55 Bioavailability Score.