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Introduction: Limited studies have been documented on the presence of pathogenic Leptospira in public markets serving the community in sub-districts of Selangor. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of pathogenic Leptospira in rats using a gene encoding an outer membrane lipoprotein LipL32. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using LipL32 primers on sixty kidney samples of rats trapped at two locations of study; Pasar Borong Selangor in Seri Kembangan and Pasar Basah Bandar Baru Bangi in Bangi. Results: Out of 60 samples analysed, 36.7% were positive for the presence of LipL32. All positive samples highly matched (>94%) nucleotide sequence for LipL32 of pathogenic Leptospira and related to the pathogens through phylogenetic analysis. Conclusion: The detection of LipL32 indicates the potential presence of pathogenic Leptospira species at public markets. Although only 60 rats were successfully trapped, the rats are mobile and might further transmit the pathogenic organisms to other areas.

Bladder cancer (BC) recurrence is one of the primary clinical problems encountered by patients following chemotherapy. However, the mechanisms underlying their resistance to chemotherapy remain unclear. Alteration in the pattern of membrane proteins (MPs) is thought to be associated with this recurrence outcome, often leading to cell dysfunction. Since MPs are found throughout the cell membrane, they have become the focus of attention for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Identifying specific and sensitive biomarkers for BC, therefore, requires a major collaborative effort. This review describes studies on membrane proteins as potential biomarkers to facilitate personalised medicine. It aims to introduce and discuss the types and significant functions of membrane proteins as potential biomarkers for future medicine. Other types of biomarkers such as DNA-, RNA- or metabolite-based biomarkers are not included in this review, but the focus is mainly on cell membrane surface protein-based biomarkers.

This study aims to determine the occurrence of C. trachomatis infection across a multi-ethnic cohort of pregnant women who presented with preterm complications and stillbirths and to determine the risk factors for C. trachomatis infection. This study also detects C. trachomatis using nested PCR and PCR ELISA as the screening tools. A cross-sectional study on pregnant women less than 37 weeks of pregnancy who presented with preterm contractions, preterm premature rupture of membranes and stillbirths was carried out in two public hospitals in Southern Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 106 endocervical swabs obtained were subjected to DNA amplification using Nested PCR (BioSewoom, Korea) and PCR-ELISA (Roche, USA) for C. trachomatis detection.Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic and behavioural factors. In addition, C. trachomatis was detected in 43% of women with preterm complications and in 62% of women with stillbirths. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that mothers who were less than 25 years old of age (OR 2.731; 95% CI: 1.139, 6.549) and Chinese ethnicity (OR 17.799; 95% CI: 1.406, 225.387) were significant independent risk factors for chlamydial infection (p<0.05). High prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was observed among women with preterm complications and stillbirths. This study supports the essential need to screen pregnant women with preterm complications and stillbirths for infection with C. trachomatis using highly sensitive PCR ELISA. Thus, early intervention such as antibiotic therapy can be instituted at the earliest possible time with appropriate screening guidelines to reduce the adverse outcomes of C. trachomatis infection.

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium that resides in the upper respiratory tract of domesticated animals. It is responsible for pneumonia in cattle, sheep and pigs, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, fowl cholera in poultry and haemorrhagic septicaemia of cattle and buffaloes. Different strains of P. multocida are associated with disease in different host species but little is known about the molecular basis of virulence and host-specificity in this pathogen. The outer membrane of P. multocida is at the interface between pathogen and host and it is highly likely that outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are involved in disease pathogenesis and host-specificity. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are derived from the outer membrane and there is increasing evidence of their involvement in disease pathogenesis. Hence, the present study aimed to compare the composition of OMPs and OMVs derived from different strains of P. multocida using proteomic approaches. Proteomic characterisation was carried out on the outer membranes of eight P. multocida isolates using gel-based and gel-free methods. A combination of gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches identified a total of 67 OMPs associated with outer membrane biogenesis and integrity (11 proteins), transport and receptor activities (19 proteins), adherence (9 proteins), enzymatic activity (6 proteins) and unknown functions (22 proteins). Of these, 44 proteins were identified by both methods, 21 proteins were identified only by the gel-based method and two proteins were identified only by the gel-free approach. The study also characterised OMV production from the same P. multocida isolates and assessed the optimal OMV protein concentrations at different stage of growth. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis indicated that OMVs were enriched with OMPs and LPS. The OmpA protein was used as an outer membrane marker protein and its presence in OMVs was demon

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium that resides in the upper respiratory tract of domesticated animals. It is responsible for pneumonia in cattle, sheep and pigs, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, fowl cholera in poultry and haemorrhagic septicaemia of cattle and buffaloes. Different strains of P. multocida are associated with disease in different host species but little is known about the molecular basis of virulence and host-specificity in this pathogen. The outer membrane of P. multocida is at the interface between pathogen and host and it is highly likely that outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are involved in disease pathogenesis and host-specificity. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are derived from the outer membrane and there is increasing evidence of their involvement in disease pathogenesis. Hence, the present study aimed to compare the composition of OMPs and OMVs derived from different strains of P. multocida using proteomic approaches. Proteomic characterisation was carried out on the outer membranes of eight P. multocida isolates using gel-based and gel-free methods. A combination of gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches identified a total of 67 OMPs associated with outer membrane biogenesis and integrity (11 proteins), transport and receptor activities (19 proteins), adherence (9 proteins), enzymatic activity (6 proteins) and unknown functions (22 proteins). Of these, 44 proteins were identified by both methods, 21 proteins were identified only by the gel-based method and two proteins were identified only by the gel-free approach. The study also characterised OMV production from the same P. multocida isolates and assessed the optimal OMV protein concentrations at different stage of growth. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis indicated that OMVs were enriched with OMPs and LPS. The OmpA protein was used as an outer membrane marker protein and its presence in OMVs was demon

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium that resides in the upper respiratory tract of domesticated animals. It is responsible for pneumonia in cattle, sheep and pigs, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, fowl cholera in poultry and haemorrhagic septicaemia of cattle and buffaloes. Different strains of P. multocida are associated with disease in different host species but little is known about the molecular basis of virulence and host-specificity in this pathogen. The outer membrane of P. multocida is at the interface between pathogen and host and it is highly likely that outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are involved in disease pathogenesis and host-specificity. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are derived from the outer membrane and there is increasing evidence of their involvement in disease pathogenesis. Hence, the present study aimed to compare the composition of OMPs and OMVs derived from different strains of P. multocida using proteomic approaches. Proteomic characterisation was carried out on the outer membranes of eight P. multocida isolates using gel-based and gel-free methods. A combination of gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches identified a total of 67 OMPs associated with outer membrane biogenesis and integrity (11 proteins), transport and receptor activities (19 proteins), adherence (9 proteins), enzymatic activity (6 proteins) and unknown functions (22 proteins). Of these, 44 proteins were identified by both methods, 21 proteins were identified only by the gel-based method and two proteins were identified only by the gel-free approach. The study also characterised OMV production from the same P. multocida isolates and assessed the optimal OMV protein concentrations at different stage of growth. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis indicated that OMVs were enriched with OMPs and LPS. The OmpA protein was used as an outer membrane marker protein and its presence in OMVs was demon

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium that resides in the upper respiratory tract of domesticated animals. It is responsible for pneumonia in cattle, sheep and pigs, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, fowl cholera in poultry and haemorrhagic septicaemia of cattle and buffaloes. Different strains of P. multocida are associated with disease in different host species but little is known about the molecular basis of virulence and host-specificity in this pathogen. The outer membrane of P. multocida is at the interface between pathogen and host and it is highly likely that outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are involved in disease pathogenesis and host-specificity. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are derived from the outer membrane and there is increasing evidence of their involvement in disease pathogenesis. Hence, the present study aimed to compare the composition of OMPs and OMVs derived from different strains of P. multocida using proteomic approaches. Proteomic characterisation was carried out on the outer membranes of eight P. multocida isolates using gel-based and gel-free methods. A combination of gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches identified a total of 67 OMPs associated with outer membrane biogenesis and integrity (11 proteins), transport and receptor activities (19 proteins), adherence (9 proteins), enzymatic activity (6 proteins) and unknown functions (22 proteins). Of these, 44 proteins were identified by both methods, 21 proteins were identified only by the gel-based method and two proteins were identified only by the gel-free approach. The study also characterised OMV production from the same P. multocida isolates and assessed the optimal OMV protein concentrations at different stage of growth. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis indicated that OMVs were enriched with OMPs and LPS. The OmpA protein was used as an outer membrane marker protein and its presence in OMVs was demon