Search

This study aimed to illustrate the concept and components of adolescent body dissatisfaction. The expert informants comprised five individuals. The information was gathered by interview with semi-structured guidelines. The interview was primarily focused on producing the information, without regard for data accessibility or consensus. Initially, the results showed that the significance and components of the body’s appearance involved four dimensions: societal acceptance, health, personal life, and social relationships. Second, the impression of bodily appearance encompassed anatomical and physiological aspects, dimensions of perfection and beauty, mental and health dimensions. Next, the attitude toward body appearance consisted of a cognitive component which was one’s perception whether the body appearance was beneficial or detrimental, affective component which involved satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and behavior component which included prevention, modification and resolution (treatment). Additionally, the assessment of one’s own body image can be classified as either positive or negative. Final, a person’s physical appearance may be evaluated along three dimensions: personal pleasure, emotional effect, and knowledge and awareness of the ideal physique.

This article has three important objectives. (1) To inform readers about classic and contemporary learning theories (2) To give readers a glimpse on learning managementdirection using various conceptual frameworks and (3) To present readers with information about evolutionary concepts explaining human learning mechanisms that are considered complicated to understand. The body of knowledge in this article was synthesized from books and journal articles focusing on learning theories. The article begins with a short prologue of education, outlining learning. The following part of the article presents learning theories classified in two sections: classical and contemporary learning theories. Classical theories of learning include Bloom’s taxonomy, Connectionism Theory, Operant Conditioning Learning Theory, Cognitive Development Theory, and Social Cognitive Learning Theory. Contemporary Theories of Learninginclude Visible Learning Theory, Discovery Learning and Representation Theory, Social Theory of Learning, Multiple-Intelligences Theory, Sociocultural Theory, and Affective Dimensions of Learning Theory. The final part of the article sheds light on possible trends of education and research of learning in the future.

This article is delivered to the readers with three important objectives: (1) to enhance understanding of online counseling in terms of meaning, historical background, categories and components ; (2) to present the advantages and limitations of online counseling, and (3) to inform readers of the results of recent online counseling research studies in order to shed light on trends or directions of current and future research in this stream of social, economic, political, catastrophic volatilityand COVID-19 pandemic. The authors synthesized the body of knowledge from books, textbooks, documents and relevant research integrating with personal experiences in conducting online counseling research. At the beginning of this article, the authors present important content of online counseling. More information on advantages and limitations of online counseling are detailed at the middle of the article. In the final part, the authors show an example of online counseling research to guide readers including psychologists, mental health providers, and psychiatric practitioners with information for further personal improvement in order to gain readiness for online services. This article will also be beneficial to individuals with stress and anxiety who are seeking initial help. They can use this primary information to aid the decision for obtaining online psychological services to alleviate mental health issues and continue further treatment process in a medical care unit.