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Content-based Instruction (CBI) uses authentic materials and language as a medium for teaching English. It aligns with the ESP concept in vocational education and might affect students’ perception and motivation. This study assessed vocational high school students’ perception and motivation toward CBI implementation in teaching English. The case study involved 35 students of the 10.2 Culinary Arts Major class, SMK Negeri 2 Godean, Sleman Yogyakarta. The study was started from March to June 2024. The samples were determined through the purpose sampling technique, which involved all the participants as samples. Then, the instruments being used were validated questionnaires (a Pearson correlation value of 0.445 to 0.877 and a Cronbach alpha value of 0.997) supported by open-ended questions and classroom observation. The results showed that vocational high school students have a moderate level of perception (3.31) and motivation (3.44) on CBI implementation based on the Likert Scales’ interpretation. However, the students have a high perception of the authentic materials being used and instrumental motivation about the importance of English in their lives. This leads them to have a willingness to learn English. It is supported by their positive responses to open-ended questions and nuances in classroom observation. Meanwhile, it is vital to maintain internal motivation and be assertive in implementing CBI by applying clear learning objectives and contracts to make a conducive classroom. Finally, due to participants’ limitations, conducting future studies with broader participants, including teachers and students from other majors, is crucial.

This service aims to increase the awareness and creativity of teachers and students regarding efforts to prevent bullying in elementary schools. The method for implementing this service used workshops and socialization in the form of FGD. This service partner was SD N 02 Nglebak, Karanganyar Regency. The data analysis technique was the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion or verification. The results of this service showed that there was an increase in awareness and creativity of teachers and students regarding the importance of preventing bullying in elementary schools. This service activity could be an effort to reduce bullying cases through knowledge about bullying prevention and teacher readiness to accompany students if bullying occurs.

The pedagogy of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia (TEFLIN) underscores the significance of substantive content in language instruction. This paper elucidates the pivotal role of integrating culturally relevant materials into English teaching-learning curricula to effectively develop students’ linguistic competence and linguistic performance. Drawing upon the symbiotic relationship between language and culture, the discourse explores how native speakers' cultural nuances in instructional materials catalyze students' linguistic competence and character development. Central to this approach is the recognition that language acquisition encompasses understanding the cultural underpinnings inherent in communication. This study delves into the pedagogical framework wherein the exploration and elucidation of linguistic features within input texts serve as conduits for delving into students' indigenous wisdom, thereby fostering character-building opportunities. However, successfully integrating these materials for character development hinges upon educators' adeptness in devising contextually relevant teaching-learning activities. Emphasizing the intrinsic moral values interwoven within instructional materials, this paper delineates a structured approach to character development through TEFLIN. Based on experiential insights, this article delineates a procedural framework for leveraging learning materials and teaching-learning activities within TEFLIN to nurture character traits. The outlined phases encompass pre-teaching rituals to set a conducive learning environment, interactive pedagogical approaches during instruction, and reflective post-teaching assessments. Educators are empowered to cultivate a culture of ethical consciousness and character refinement among students by accentuating the integration of moral values throughout the instructional process.

International students choose Indonesia as a destination for their studies for various reasons, and they face unique challenges while studying abroad in the country. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of master's students who participate in study abroad programs in Indonesia. By understanding these experiences, the study aims to provide insights that can enhance the support and structure of such programs. To achieve this, the researchers employed a narrative inquiry methodology, focusing on the stories of two international participants in the program. This approach allows for an in-depth understanding of the participants' personal experiences and the meaning they derive from them. Through the analysis of their narratives, the study highlights the value of studying overseas for a student’s overall development. The findings emphasize that studying abroad in Indonesia offers significant benefits, contributing to the students' personal and academic growth. The experiences shared by the participants reveal how they navigated the cultural, social, and academic challenges encountered during their time in Indonesia. These challenges, while initially daunting, ultimately contributed to their resilience and adaptability. In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of international study programs in fostering global understanding and cooperation. By sharing the narratives of the international participants, the research highlights both the challenges and the profound benefits of studying abroad. These insights are crucial for universities aiming to provide enriching and supportive study abroad experiences that contribute to the personal and professional development of their students.

This research aims at revealing the associative meanings of durian naming on the subordinate level. The data of this research are durian names taken from two biggest places producing large number of durian harvesting in Jember, East Java. Employing Leech’s classification of meanings, durian as the semantical prototype is broken down into variously associative meanings. Based on the properties that a durian has, the specialties or distinctive marks come to be the characteristics that are associated to the names given. The result shows that among 30 durian names, they are distributed into 4 associative meanings comprising connotative meaning (19 names), affective meaning (6 names), reflected meaning (3 names), and social meaning (2 names). Those groupings of meanings as the subordinate levels of semantical prototype of durian come to exists due to the associatively mental image or concept of experience proximity.

The study aims to review and discuss the outcomes of emergency preparedness training programs among nursing students.

Coursebooks have become the most prominent English learning materials, especially in formal education. Therefore, recursive evaluation should be conducted to adjust the coursebook based on the current needs and learning goals. Moreover, dynamic evaluation brings interaction or mediation with a genuine act of teaching to make the evaluation more meaningful and substantial. However, limited resources are available, especially the ones that could help the teacher evaluate vivid steps dynamically. This study fulfills the need for a coursebook, especially ELT, evaluation method by following the research and development design proposed initially by Dick and Carey that many experts have simplified. The design was constructed from a sequence of steps, namely ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). Thirty participants conducted an evaluation phase based on the product trial design, followed by a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The data were gathered using a questionnaire and the interview guidelines. The instruments were developed based on the ideal coursebook criteria. They are shaped in quantitative and qualitative forms and analyzed using Creswell’s data analysis technique. Thus, a set of evaluation methods was designed: SQRAR (Survey, Question, Read, Analyse, and Recommend). The design benefits the teachers by allowing them to evaluate the coursebook systematically and effectively. Survey results demonstrate strong consensus among English teachers, advocating for urgent development of such evaluation models. Implementation of the SQRAR model involves detailed stages emphasizing thorough evaluation and constructive feedback, with micro and macro evaluation options discussed. The model ensures comprehensive evaluation, consistency, and alignment with learning objectives and provides clear recommendations for coursebook improvement.

Pelanggaran prinsip kerja sama dalam web series skaya And The Big Boss menjadi pokok bahasan penelitian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelanggaran maksim prinsip kerja sama yang terjadi dalam tuturan tokoh Skaya And The Big Boss. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif untuk menggambarkan pelanggaran peribahasa, pada setiap data ujaran yang ditemukan. Metode pengumpulan informasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan beberapa teknik antara lain: teknik dokumentasi, teknik menyimak, dan teknik mencatat. Selanjutnya, metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penemuan ini dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan metode padan pragmatic.. Ditemukan 17 data yang melanggar prinsip kerja sama, meliputi 2 data yang melanggar maksim kuantitas, 6 data yang melanggar maksim kualitas, 5 data yang melanggar maksim relevansi, dan 4 data yang melanggar maksim cara. Pelanggaran paling banyak terjadi pada maksim kualitas dan paling sedikit maksim kuantitas. Selain pelanggaran maksim, terdapat beberapa implikatur dalam pernyataan yang dibuat, antara lain implikatur meminta, berbohong, memberikan informasi, menyatakan, dan menjelaskan.

Implementation of character education will create superior human resources in all aspects of personality. This study aims to explore the essential core of character education in elementary schools and explore the similarities and differences in character education applied in elementary schools in Malaysia and Indonesia. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach with the comparative method, and the type of research used was library research. Data collection techniques included researching and identifying data through various documents from scientific publications in journals, national and international articles, and applicable laws and regulations. The results of a literature review on character education in elementary schools in Malaysia and Indonesia show similarities and differences in the concepts, programs, and implementation of character education in the two countries.A comparison of character education in Indonesia and Malaysia can be a valuable basis for improving these two countries' character education systems and drawing lessons that can be applied in other countries.

Ozone produced using plasma technology can act as an antimicrobial agent that could be applied in a sterilization process. A Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DDBD) machine has ability to produce ozone in sufficient amount for microbial inactivation. The objective of this study is to characterize the ozone distribution expressed as dissolved ozone in distilled water and coconut water produced using a DDBD machine. The information can be useful for industries to design a commercial sterilization process. The results shows that an oxygen flow rate of 0.2 L/min produces the highest ozone concentration, i.e. 3440 mg/L. In addition, the capacity of the machine is relatively similar to all off oxygen flow rate, i.e., 41.28-43.2 g/hour. The oxygen flow rate of 0.2 L/min produces the highest dissolved ozone concentration, i.e. 0.42 mg/L distilled water. This oxygen flow rate is followed by its best kinetic model based on its linear portion during dissolved ozone penetration. A zero order model could describe this penetration process well, including its best k value of 0.0292 mg/L per minute with the highest dissolved ozone concentration among other oxygen flow rates. Besides, distilled water could represent dissolved ozone penetration in coconut water. Ozone gas and dissolved ozone concentration have possitive corellation with R-square value of 0.8934.

The need to take English as a foreign language proficiency test (known as TOEFL [Test of English Language Proficiency]) has been gaining popularity in Indonesia. The increasing demands for such a test and its expensive cost have reinforced many institutions to develop TOEFL instruments and administer the test internally. However, constructing a test instrument is a complex process that makes conducting item analysis become more challenging. Meanwhile, item analysis is crucial to assess the items’ quality. Therefore, this study reported the results of statistically analyzing 20 questions of TOEFL reading comprehension that were analyzed in terms of the test reliability, the item and person fit, and the items’ difficulty level. Thirty-eight members of the English Department Students’ Association of a state university in West Java participated in this study by taking the reading test. The data were analyzed using the Rasch model by utilizing the Quest program. The results showed that four items (36.8%) did not fulfill the ideal criteria of a valid test because they were too easy and too difficult to be given to the target test takers; thus, they needed to be discarded. Meanwhile, 16 items (63.2%) are of good quality and can be used immediately in the proficiency test, especially to measure reading comprehension skills, because they have fulfilled the standard requirements for a valid test. The findings have provided insight into the importance of item analysis in validating test instruments to improve the test quality for future administrations.

This study aims to investigate the effect of digital literacy skills and learning motivation on students' online learning outcomes in Fiqh subjects at Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs). The approach used in this study is quantitative with the data collection technique being a survey model. The sample includes 52 students, along with the corresponding teacher, from MTs Nurul Falah. The correlation data analysis is conducted using SPSS 25 software. The findings reveal a significant influence of digital literacy skills and learning motivation on online learning outcomes. Specifically, digital literacy skills account for a 90% influence on the online learning outcomes of MTs Nurul Falah students, while learning motivation accounts for an 88% influence. Moreover, the combined impact of both variables on online learning outcomes is 82%. The implications of this study underscore the necessity of enhancing digital literacy skills and nurturing learning motivation in online Fiqh courses at MTs Nurul Falah to improve students' learning outcomes. This can be accomplished through adequate training and support for students and teachers to develop digital literacy skills and learning motivation. Additionally, it is crucial to address the internal factors influencing students' digital literacy. Moreover, addressing factors such as technical issues and student motivation within the online learning environment is equally essential for optimizing online learning experiences.

Fungi, including Rhizopus sp., are food sources that commonly contain high nucleic acid levels. Therefore, the nucleic acid content must be reduced to achieve health standard requirements. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and produce Rhizopus sp. mycelium containing low nucleic acid. The Rhizopus spp. were isolated from tempeh collected from 12 different areas in Indonesia. Fungal identification was conducted based on morphological characteristics. The fungal isolates were selected based on mycelial growth and spore production on PDA. Biomass production of mycelium was carried out in potato extract and soybean extract media obtained from 200 g/L and 333.3 g/L, respectively. In each medium, 6 sugar levels were added, namely 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 g/L. Mycelium nucleic acid content reduction was achieved by heat treatment at 50°C and 60°C for 15 minutes and measured by a spectrophotometer at 260 nm. Fifty-eight isolates that were identified into 3 species were obtained in this experiment: R. oryzae, R. stolonifera, and R. microsporus. R. Microsporus had higher mycelium biomass and lower spore number than the other species. R. Microsporus produced a higher mycelium biomass in the soybean extract medium with 5 g/L additional sugar. The nucleic acid content of the 50°C heat-treated mycelium was 1.82% and 1.73% at 65°C. These values fulfilled the standard of mycelial nucleic acid content permitted in food by the USDA. Keywords: morphology, Rhizopus microspores, spore, soybean extract, tempeh

This research aims to compare the education equity policies in remote areas of Indonesia and Malaysia to identify the differences, similarities, and effectiveness in addressing socioeconomic disparities between urban and remote regions. The study examines policy documents, government reports, and previous research using a qualitative comparative approach. Indonesia employs a regional autonomy approach, while Malaysia adheres to a centralized system in education policy. Both countries have adopted financial assistance programs to increase the participation of students from low-income families in remote areas. Critical challenges in policy implementation include limited facilities and infrastructure, demanding access to transportation, limited human resources, and sociocultural barriers. The study finds that policy successes are evident in increased student participation, improved infrastructure accessibility, provision of teaching staff, and community support. However, budget constraints and human resource limitations remain significant obstacles. The research concludes that effective education equity policies require proactive government involvement, active community participation, and periodic monitoring and evaluation to enhance policy effectiveness.

The banks of the Gajahwong River in Yogyakarta City are part of the slum area based on a decree from the Mayor of Yogyakarta in 2016. Various Community-Based Environmental Empowerment Programs (PLPBK) have been implemented until 2022. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out a qualitative evaluation of the success of its implementation in overcoming slums in a sustainable manner, including involvement the parties in it. The condition of the Warungboto Slum Area is a mild slum with an average sectoral slum of 23.7% in certain RTs. The existence of the Kotaku program with the handling of increasing settlements in terms of road infrastructure, drainage, infiltration wells has had an impact on the non-slum parameter score but the handling of house buildings and riverbank inspection roads is still problematic. Thus the involvement and commitment of all parties, the government, local communities as well as NGOs and universities need to be strengthened so that slum reduction can be optimally realized.

Lemon juice can be used as an acidifier to separate curd and whey from milk by decreasing the pH until it reaches the isoelectric point. This study observed the effect of lemon juice as a coagulant for soft cheese-making characteristics using direct acidification that variates the temperature point and the level of lemons maturity classify by the fruit-peel color ratio between yellow and green. Response surface methodology was used in this experimental design with 29 total runs by Design Expert 13 software to search for the optimum formula for the soft cheese-making process. The result shows that the optimum formula reached 70% yellow and 30% green lemon-peel color of fruit maturity, several lemon juice concentrations at 5%, 10%, and 15, and the coagulation temperature point at 30 °C. This research showed that there was an effect of using lemon juice as an acid coagulant in the soft cheese-making process based on the concentration added as an acidifying agent on the characteristic results.

ABSTRACT Wood from planted forests is the main input in the charcoal production chain. However, the heterogeneity of charcoal, in terms of its physical, chemical and mechanical properties, and the low yield in production processes is among the main problems faced by industries. To select the best clones for the production of charcoal for steelmaking, the objective of this work was to evaluate the properties of wood, in addition to the yield and quality of charcoal from different genotypes of Eucalyptus and Corymbia. Five clones of Eucalyptus spp., 8 years old and one of Corymbia torelliana x Corymbia citriodora, 4 years old were studied. In the wood were determined the basic density, structural chemical composition, thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), crystallinity index and higher heating value. Carbonizations were carried out in a muffle oven, with a total time of 270 minutes, starting at 150°C and ending at 450°C. The gravimetric yield, apparent density, higher heating value and proximate analysis of charcoal were determined. The wood basic density varied between 477 and 652 kg/m3, with the highest value observed for the Eucalyptus cloeziana clone. This clone also had the highest total lignin content (32.6%), the highest charcoal yield (36.3%) and charcoal with the highest apparent density (466 kg/m3). The two clones of Eucalyptus urophylla had the highest heating value for charcoal, whose mean was 7545 kcal/kg. The clone of Corymbia torelliana x Corymbia citriodora, having an apparent density greater than 500 kg/m3 at 4 years of age, stood out in terms of productivity. All evaluated clones have potential for charcoal production, however, the Eucalyptus cloeziana clone stood out positively, being the most suitable for charcoal production.

Hybrid project-based learning effectively develops academic writing skills in preparation for a gradual return to face-to-face instruction after a two-year pandemic triggered by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since this hybrid project-based learning initiative is a pioneering effort, it is essential to reflect on the program's successes and identify areas for improvement. This case study aims to explore the lecturers' and students' reflections on using hybrid project-based learning in academic writing courses. In-depth interviews and end-of-semester reflection were utilized to obtain data. Thematic analysis was conducted using the qualitative data analysis (QDA) miner lite software for data reduction. the findings revealed three prominent themes that emerged in this lecturers' reflections: i) integrating varied learning modalities; ii) fostering critical thinking and involvement; and iii) improving competencies, as they were also crucial to boosting professional development. Meanwhile, students portray hybrid project-based learning as challenging and rewarding and fosters a sense of value and acceptability among students. This research has transformative implications for curriculum development and instructional practices in higher education, especially academic writing.

Everyone can have different thoughts in solving a problem, including Anies Baswedan (AB) when dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic, especially in DKI Jakarta. This study aims to reveal AB's thoughts on dealing with pandemics constructed by several online media. The research data are in the form of words, phrases, and sentence fragments which are indicated to contain AB's thoughts as the Governor of DKI Jakarta. The datawere collected from news about the handling of Covid-19 in several online media published in July–September 2021. The collected data were analyzed using a critical discourse analysis approach of the Fairclough model to reveal the language features used by the media in constructing AB thinking. The results of this study indicate that (1) AB has thoughts that tend to prioritize issues of safety and welfare for the citizens of DKI Jakarta; (2) these thoughts can be interpreted as a reflection that AB is the right person and is skilled in handling the Covid-19 pandemic in DKI Jakarta; (3) apart from that, AB's thoughts constructed by the media can also be interpreted as AB's attempt to build the impression of a 'pro-people governor'.

Lately, parents are faced with problems that should not be ignored, namely moral and moral issues, which will become a severe problem in the future. This article is here to explain clearly the implementation of uswah hasanah education in character building in Islamic boarding schools as exemplified by Rasulullah SAW in everyday life, especially in the dormitory of the new students of Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor campus 10 Jambi. In this study, the authors used a qualitative approach with case study. From the research that has been carried out, it is found that the role of the dormitory supervisor teacher and dormitory administrator in terms of good, especially the habit of living disciplined in all things and inculcating the spirit of ukhuwah Islamiyah is a vital instrument in the formation of the Islamic character of new students.

Character education is important for instilling good morals in students, including social care values. This study aims to discover more deeply how schools internalize social care values through character education in elementary schools. Character education makes students good citizens who care about social problems in their immediate environment. The research design used is descriptive qualitative research with a case study model. Researchers used interviews (structured) and observation with educators and students to collect data. Data was validated based on the character education triangulation rubric in learning. Results of the study show that overall the internalization of social care values through character education at Muhammadiyah 1 Elementary School of Surakarta has been successfully carried out through value transformation, namely various strategies such as; character formation and empathy towards others, habituation of social caring attitude; the teacher gives constructive reprimands; The teacher also acts as a role model by setting an example in socially caring behavior and peer tutoring. This result is also strengthened by changes in student attitudes, such as respecting the school community; help a friend in need. This research implies that all relevant stakeholders must continue to improve and be consistent with changes in student behavior.

Coursebooks have become the most prominent English learning materials, especially in formal education. Therefore, recursive evaluation should be conducted to adjust the coursebook based on the current needs and learning goals. Moreover, dynamic evaluation brings interaction or mediation with a genuine act of teaching to make the evaluation more meaningful and substantial. However, limited resources are available, especially the ones that could help the teacher evaluate vivid steps dynamically. This study fulfills the need for a coursebook, especially ELT, evaluation method by following the research and development design proposed initially by Dick and Carey that many experts have simplified. The design was constructed from a sequence of steps, namely ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). Thirty participants conducted an evaluation phase based on the product trial evaluadesign, followed by a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The data were gathered using a questionnaire and the interview guidelines. The instruments were developed based on the ideal coursebook criteria. They are shaped in quantitative and qualitative forms and analyzed using Creswell's data analysis technique. Thus, a set of evaluation methods was designed: SQRAR (Survey, Question, Read, Analyse, and Recommend). The design benefits the teachers by allowing them to evaluate the coursebook systematically and effectively. Survey results demonstrate strong consensus among English teachers, advocating for urgent development of such evaluation models. Implementation of the SQRAR model involves detailed stages emphasizing thorough evaluation and constructive feedback, with micro and macro evaluation options discussed. The model ensures comprehensive evaluation, consistency, and alignment with learning objectives and provides clear recommendations for coursebook improvement.

Abstract In this paper, spin‐to‐charge current conversion properties in the Weyl semimetal TaP by means of the inverse Rashba–Edelstein effect (IREE) with the interfacial integration of this quantum material with the ferromagnetic metal Permalloy (Py = Ni81Fe19) are presented. The spin currents are generated in the Py layer by the spin pumping effect (SPE) from microwave‐driven ferromagnetic resonance and are detected by a dc voltage along the TaP crystal, at room temperature. A field‐symmetric voltage signal is observed without the contamination of asymmetrical lines due to spin rectification effects observed in studies using metallic ferromagnets. The observed voltage is attributed to spin‐to‐charge current conversion based on the IREE, made possible by the spin–orbit coupling induced intrinsically by the bulk band structure of Weyl semimetals. The measured IREE coefficient λIREE = (0.30 ± 0.01) nm is two orders of magnitude larger than in graphene and is comparable to or larger than the values reported for some metallic interfaces and for several topological insulators.

Objectives: This study was performed to identify and characterize circulating Plasmodium species in three provinces of Mindanao approaching malaria elimination. Methods: Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), microscopic examination, and PCR were used to detect malaria parasites. PCR-positive isolates were genotyped for polymorphisms in loci of interest. Results: A total of 2639 participants were surveyed in Mindanao between 2010 and 2013. Malaria prevalence by PCR was 3.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7–5.2%) in Sarangani, 10% (95% CI: 7.7–12.7%) in South Cotabato, and 4.2% (95% CI: 3.2–5.6%) in Tawi-Tawi. P. falciparum and P. vivax were identified in all three provinces, and there was one case of P. malariae in South Cotabato. RDT was inferior to PCR for detecting asymptomatic P. falciparum and P. vivax. In Tawi-Tawi, microscopy failed to identify 46 PCR-positive malaria infections. The presence of pfcrt haplotypes CVMNK, CVIET, and SMNT (codons 72–76), pfmdr1 haplotype NFSND (codons 86, 184, 1034, 1042, 1246), and pvmdr1 haplotype NFL (codons 91, 976, 1076) was confirmed in Mindanao. Conclusions: Asymptomatic Plasmodium infections persisted in local communities between 2010 and 2013. PCR successfully identified subpatent malaria infections, and can better characterize malaria epidemiology in communities seeking malaria control and elimination at the local level.

This study aimed to determine and describe the influence of psycholinguistics and metacognition on the ability of physics education students to use verbal language in the learning process. Quantitative research is used to measure the level of influence between variables, and then the case study is used to determine the sample. Based on the data, it could be concluded that the ability of psycholinguistics had a positive correlation with language skills, with a correlation of 0.924 and a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.000 <0.05. Thus, it could be understood that there was a positive correlation between psycholinguistics toward language skills with a very strong correlation category. The correlation between metacognition and language skills was 0.874 with a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05. Therefore, this article argues that the ability of psycholinguistics and metacognition, so the language skills of physics students in carrying out physics learning would be better. This meant that the two variables affected the verbal language skills in learning physics together and not separately. Because language skills are related to metacognitive abilities, including intellectual abilities, teachers need to consider the use of verbal language in the classroom for the cognitive development of students. To achieve this, a psycholinguistic skill development program was needed for physics education students and other prospective teacher students; they could use verbal language in both the declarative, imperative, and interrogative aspects appropriately and accurately.

Effects of chitosan (CHS) to carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) mixing ratio (1:0; 4:1; 3:1; 2:1; 1:1; 1:2; 1:3; 1:4; 0:1), temperature (25; 45; 65; 85 °C), and pH (3.0; 3.5; 4.0; 4,5) on obtaining of macro- and micro-polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) were investigated. Mixing ratio 1:2 and 25 °C maximized the biopolymers' interactions and the formation of macro-PECs (macroscopic structures), independent of the pH. Both macro- and micro-PECs (dispersed microscopic structures) were studied by SEM, FT-IR, XRD and TGA. Micro-PECs had a more homogeneous appearance, whereas macro-PECs presented porous network structures interspersed with heterogeneous-sized vacuoles. Attractive electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds were involved in PECs formation. Macro-PECs were amorphous, which is desirable for encapsulating technologically relevant compounds. Finally, macro-PECs had low thermal degradation rates, and micro-PECs were thermally more stable than the forming biomolecules separately. Therefore, both macro- and micro-PECs formed by CHS and CMC appeared as green materials for different techno-functionalities, some of which are currently being studied by our team.

This article reviews the optimization of energy generated by solar panels using MPPT. The need for increased power that can be done using MPPT with the P&O algorithm that goes to the load is proven because of the addition of influencing factors. MPPT A technique for keeping solar panels working. to stay within the Maximum Power point (MPP) area. MPP is a point or point in the VI curve or VP curve in the solar panel where the solar panel works at maximum efficiency and releases maximum power. The P&O algorithm is used to keep the MPPT power out panel always in the MPP area by changing the voltage value before MPPT and after the MPPT Comparison of the results of modeling with the use of techniques developed and special computer programs that have shown satisfactory results. Through comparison of the output power that comes out of the solar panel using MPPT 16.86406 W and without using MPPT of 13.63239 or experiencing an increase of 23%.

As a country with full of cultural diversity, Indonesia has various cultures comprising knowledge, belief, art, law, moral, custom, and habit possessed by human as a member of a community. One of the cultural forms in Indonesia is mantra which is still maintained up to the current time and is still practiced by the community in many different places for many different purposes. One of the existing mantras is mantra pengasihan (the spell of affection). The aim of this study is to reveal the role of linguistic features used in mantra pengasihan (MP), especially Sabuk Mangir. The data were collected by deeply interviewing some Subjects (shamans/dukun/pawang or the mantra spellers) and the Object (the target persons) in Glagah and Licin Subdistricts, Banyuwangi. Having been collected, the data were analyzed by content analysis approach to find the types of languages, the narrative elements, the sentence patterns, and the figurative languages used in MP. This research reveals that mostly MP uses (Osing) Javanese and Arabic language, employs opening, main part, and closing elements to express the magic power, chooses declarative and imperative moods to state the physical description of the speller, and the request to the supernatural power, and uses some figurative languages (metaphors, simile, and repetition) to motivate and generate the magical power. Keywords: dukun, magi, mantra, magical power, Osing,

Highlight • aw on smoked tandipang fish analyzed. • Peroxide value on smoked tandipang fish analyzed. • TPC on smoked tandipang fish analyzed. • The shelf life of liquid smoked tandipangfish stored at 27o C was obtained the value of t = 23.2 in units of weeks or 5.8 months of storage. Abstract Fumigation using liquid smoke produces smoked fish products with a smoky flavor character and can increase shelf life. The research objective was to determine the shelf life of the tandipang fish which was processed using liquid smoking. The test was carried out by storing smoked fish in an incubator at different temperatures 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C with three replications for 5 weeks (35 days). The samples prepared at each temperature were kept in an incubator for five weeks. The parameters tested for estimating shelf life are using the test data aW (activity water), peroxide number, and TPC (total plate count). The three parameters are selected by one parameter to calculate the shelf life of liquid smoked tandipang fish which is considered to greatly affect the quality degradation during storage. The aw parameter is used to determine the shelf life because it has a high R2 value with an activation energy of 86972.75 J / mol.K. Estimation of shelf life of liquid cured fish at room temperature using aw parameter is 23.2 weeks or 5.8 months.

Oligosakarida alginat (OSA) adalah produk hasil depolimerisasi polimer alginat yang biasanya terdiri dari 2-25 monomer. Produksi OSA dapat dilakukan melalui proses enzimatis, fisik maupun kimiawi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik dan bioaktivitas OSA sebagai antioksidan dan inhibitor α-glukosidase. Proses produksi OSA dilakukan secara enzimatis dengan 3 cara penambahan alginat liase yaitu ditambahkan satu kali di awal reaksi (E1), ditambahkan 4 kali dengan interval 2 jam (E2) dan 2 kali interval 4 jam (E3) dengan total volume sama, yaitu 0,15 mL dan aktivitas enzim (1 unit/mL). Total waktu inkubasi adalah 8 jam. Karakterisasi OSA yang dilakukan adalah perhitungan rendemen, analisis profil TLC dan FTIR serta kadar gula pereduksi. Metode DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) digunakan untuk menguji aktivitas antioksidan OSA, sedangkan pengamatan terhadap aktivitas inhibitor α-glukosidase dilakukan dengan melihat aktivitas α-glukosidase dalam mengubah substrat yang diberikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen OSA dan kadar gula pereduksi tidak berbeda nyata antar perlakuan dengan rendemen OSA berkisar antara 77,29±1,97% hingga 85,46±9,15% dan kadar gula pereduksi OSA berkisar antara 290,32±20,42 µg/mL hingga 312,76±4,74 µg/mL. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi diperlihatkan oleh OSA E1 dengan penghambatan terhadap DPPH sebagai radikal bebas sebesar 41,22±2,03% pada konsentrasi 1,2 mg/mL. Aktivitas inhibitor α-glukosidase OSA E1 lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan alginat dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 11,23±4,17 ppm dan 5,27±0,29 ppm. Proses depolimerisasi alginat meningkatkan aktivitas alginat sebagai antioksidan namun tidak meningkatkan aktivitasnya sebagai inhibitor α-glukosidase. Abstract Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) is depolymerization of alginate polymer product that consist of 2-25 monomers. Alginate oligosaccharides can be produced by enzymatic, physical and chemical processes. This research was conducted to find out the characteristics and bioactivity of AOS as an antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitor. AOS was produced by enzymatic process with 3 procedures of the addition of the alginate lyase that was added once at the beginning reaction (E1), 4 times every 2 hours (E2) and 2 times every 4 hours (E3) with the same addition of enzyme volume (0.15 mL) and enzyme activity (1 unit/mL). Total incubation times was 8 hours. Alginate oligosaccharides was then characterized their yield, TLC, FTIR profiles and reducing sugar content. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method was used to determine antioxidant activity of AOS while observation of α-glucosidase activity in changing the substrate was used to determine inhibitor α-glucosidase activity of AOS. The results showed that yields and reducing sugar level of AOS were not significantly different between treatments. The AOS yields ranged from 77.29±1.97% to 85.46±9.15% and the reducing sugar levels ranged from 290.32±20.42 µg/mL to 312.76±4.74 µg/mL. The highest antioxidant activity was shown by AOS E1 with free radical (DPPH) inhibition of 41.22±2.03%. AOS E1 α-glucosidase inhibitor activity was lower than that of alginate, with the IC50 values of 5.27±0.29 ppm for alginate and 11.23±4.17 ppm for AOS. Depolymerization process of alginates increased antioxidant activity but did not enhance its activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor.

Al-Qur'an is the “Kalam Allah” that contains instructions to educate mankind to be the pious people by running off Allah commandment and avoiding all of the prohibitions. The purpose of this research was to uncover types and functions of directive speech acts that was found in Surah Al-Alaq as one of the Surah in Qur'an. The research data were in the form of verses containing the elements of directive speech acts that was collected from Surah Al-Alaq (96). The collected data were classified based on types of directive speech acts then analyzed with a content analysis approach to uncover various functions contained in each type of the speech acts. The results of this study showed that there are two types of directive speech acts: command and prohibition, both of which are delivered directly or indirectly. Accordingly, there are four kinds of directive speech acts, namely: (1) the direct command speech act; (2) the indirect command speech act; (3) the direct prohibition speech act; and (4) the indirect prohibition speech act. Furthermore, this study revealed that both the command and prohibition speech acts are contained of five functions, namely: commanding, requiring, forcing, prohibiting, and threatening. In general, all directive speech acts are found in Surah Al-Alaq contained God's intention of educating mankind to seek knowledge that is beneficial for their life in order to be closer to Allah by carrying out all the commands and avoiding every prohibitions as for to be safe in the world and the here after.

English translation of the Holy Qur’an comes as solutions for Muslims and non-Muslims worldwide to be able to understand the message of the Holy Qur’an besides its authentic Arabic text. Two of the most famous versions are translated by Saheeh International SI (2004) and Abdel Haleem hereafter AH (2004). Since Arabic and English belong to different language families, the translations resulted in the variation of lexicons and grammatical structures to express the same meaning in English from the Holy Qur’an. This research attempts to reveal how lexical and grammatical differences happened in two different English translation versions of surah al-Fatihah by SI and AH. The data were analyzed using a contrastive analysis method with content analysis. The results showed that firstly, there are lexical and grammatical differences in the five ayats. Secondly, SI used procedures that are mostly oriented to the SLT such as transcription and componential analysis while AH used procedures that are mostly oriented to the TLT such as modulation and contraction. Lastly, the two translators applied different dominant ideologies on their translations. SI represents the foreignization ideology while AH represents domestication ideology. Keywords: al-Fatihah, English translation, contrastive analysis, translation procedures, translation ideology PROSEDUR PENERJEMAHAN DAN IDEOLOGI DALAM DUA VERSI TERJEMAHAN BAHASA INGGRIS SURAT AL-FATIHAH: SEBUAH ANALISIS KONTRASTIF Abstrak Terjemahan bahasa Inggris dari kitab suci AlQur’an adalah sebuah solusi untuk orang-orang muslim dan nonmuslim di seluruh dunia untuk dapat memahami isi dari kitab suci AlQur’an di samping teks Arab aslinya. Di antara versi terjemahan-terjemahan kitab suci AlQur’an, dua yang paling terkenal diterjemahkan oleh Saheeh International yang disingkat SI (2004) dan Abdel Haleem (2004) yang disingkat AH. Karena bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggris berasal dari keluarga bahasa yang berbeda, terdapat beberapa perbedaan leksikal dan gramatikal dalam terjemahan dari kitab suci Al-Qur’an untuk menunjukkan makna yang sama di dalam bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana perbedaan leksikal dan gramatikal terjadi pada dua versi terjemahan surah al-Fatihah oleh SI dan AH. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif dengan analisis konten. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, terdapat perbedaan leksikal dan gramatikal yang dapat ditemukan di 5 ayat. Kedua, SI menggunakan prosedur yang kebanyakan berorientasi pada bahasa sumber seperti transkripsi dan analisis komponen, sedangkan AH menggunakan prosedur yang kebanyakan berorientasi pada bahasa sasaran seperti modulasi dan reduksi. Selain itu, SI cenderung menggunakan ideologi foreignisasi, sedangkan AH cenderung menggunakan ideologi domestikasi. Kata kunci: Al-Fatihah, terjemahan bahasa Inggris, analisis kontrastif, prosedur penerjemahan, ideologi penerjemahan

Rice bran and banana flour contain nutrients and bioactive compounds that have potential to be used for the development of functional food, such as breakfast cereal. The study is aimed to develope functional breakfast cereal from corn flour (54%, 59%, 64%), rice bran (20%), and banana flour (10%) (raja bandung and kepok) with the addition of coconut sugar (0 %, 5 %, 10%) using twin-screw extruder. The best-accepted formula based on sensory test was cereal with the substitution of 0% coconut sugar and 10% raja bandung banana flour. The breakfast cereal has moisture content of 10.38 ± 0.01%, ash content of 3.36 ± 0.00%, protein content of 8.92 ± 0.11%, fat content of 6.14 ± 0.07%, carbohydrate content of 81.58 ± 0.18%, and dietary fiber content of 13.22 ± 0.46% which can be claimed as high-fiber foods. It contained a total phenol content of 74.13 ± 0.87 mg GAE / 100 g, antioxidant activity of 40.67 ± 1.71 mg AEAC/ 100 g, and IC50 of 84.48 ± 0.9 mg/mL. Saturated fatty acids in breakfast cereal were dominated by palmitic acid (14.22 ± 0.17%), while for unsaturated fatty acids were dominated by oleic acid (30.76 ± 0.04%) and linoleic acid (45.40 ± 0.03%). Keywords: banana flour, breakfast cereal, functional food, rice bran

It is essential to provide entrepreneurship courses to teacher candidates as a provision for when they are already taking part to become teachers. Often, entrepreneurship lectures are not carried out in a meaningful way, and therefore the competencies that should be possessed by students after attending entrepreneurship lectures could be better achieved. This research aims to design entrepreneurship lectures using case study-based learning so that the competencies expected of students can be achieved. This study uses the Fuzzy Delphi method involving 10 experts who are entrepreneurship practitioners with teacher education backgrounds, researchers in the field of education, and lecturers of entrepreneurship courses. The ten experts validated the learning phases and results. Then, the validation was analyzed using fuzzy techniques. The results showed that an agreement was reached on the phases of case study-based learning in entrepreneurship lectures among 10 experts. These phases include (1) case identification; (2) literature study; (3) creation of a roadmap for solving cases; (4) settlement of cases according to the road map; (5) construction of a report of the results; (6) presentation of the report. The six phases are expected to facilitate students to achieve the expected competencies.

This Qualitative research is to see the suitability of land waqf implementation, especially in the administrative area of ​​the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA), Pandak District, Bantul Regency, with the prevailing regulations in Indonesia. The sociological juridical approach was chosen in analyzing the data collected by observation, documentation and in-depth interviews. Some of the informants are the Registration Officer for the Akta Ikrar Waqf (PPAIW KUA and staff); Nadzir Legal Entity; and individual Wakif in Pandak District. The implementation of land waqf in Pandak District is in accordance with the applicable provisions, namely Law Number 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf. However, several obstacles, especially in land law certainty and the active participation of all parties involved in land ownership, must receive immediate attention. Socialization regarding Law N0. 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf can be implemented in a sustainable manner so that the benefits can be extended to the productive waqf area. The action can be through face-to-face counseling or community recitation activities in addition to the use of electronic and print media.

This study aims to determine the effect of the Discussion Practice Reflection -online technique clinical supervision of the teacher's ability to develop Islamic religious education learning tools with scientific approaches. This study uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method through a quasi-experimental method with pretest and posttest designs. The sample in this study were teachers of Islamic religious education subjects at elementary schools in Bramitam District, West Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi province, with totaling 65 teachers. Based on the data and discussion, it can be concluded that the application of Discussion Practicing and Reflection-online technical clinical supervision has had a significant effect on the ability of Islamic Education teachers to develop learning tools with a scientific approach. Although the increase in ability was still dominated by an increase in the "low" category, namely as much as 47.7%, in general (on average) the increase in the ability of Islamic Education teachers in developing scientific learning tools was in the "medium" category with an average gain score average 4.2 or 42%. Thus, clinical supervision with discussion, practice and reflection techniques needs to be used by school principals and supervisors to improve the ability of teachers to develop learning tools.

The issue of Islamic education management governance in global education is the main objective of this secondary data review. To complete the discussion of this study, we have collected a series of data and literature on several data sources electronically in educational journal publications, book proceedings, and website databases that actively voice Islamic education issues in a global context. We cannot describe the data that we collect directly. We analyze it using various approaches, such as sharp evaluation coding and drawing conclusions that can answer the essence of the problems of this book review. The data we take online is as much as possible to look for the more up-to-date ones published in the last ten years. Finally, we can conclude that based on the findings and discussion data, among others, issues relating to the governance of Islamic religious education still leave problems and challenges, including the difficulty of achieving quality education due to issues of teacher resources that are still low in the mastery of technology that is still lacking. Straightforward access to education is still unequal, and issues related to leadership and school leadership in general education and the Islamic religion. We hope that these results will be a meaningful input in developing studies related to issues and governance of education management that will be held in the future.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of both the Solid State Fermentation (SSF) technique and the use of Rhizopus oligosporus on the physicochemical changes of fermented de-husked rice flour. Three varieties of de-husked rice, i.e., Mentik Wangi Susu (non-pigmented), red Cempo Merah, and black Jowo Melik (pigmented) were fermented using Rhizopus oligosporus. Fermentation was performed at room temperature with a fermentation time of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The analyzed parameters were proximate composition, bio-active compounds, and pasting profile. The results showed an increase in flour pasting profile, ash, protein, and fat content after the fermentation. The total availability of the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity were also increased. The highest TPC (0.37 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity (1.43 mg TEAC/g) were obtained in the Jowo Melik variety at 72 hours of fermentation. In contrast, anthocyanin and carbohydrate contents decreased as fermentation time increased. The highest anthocyanin content of 0.53 mg/g (after 24-hour fermentation) was obtained in the Jowo Melik variety. In conclusion, 72-hour-fermented black rice flour (Jowo Melik) has a higher potential to be developed as a functional food.

In the electric power system, the transmission system is a pathway to transmit electrical energy from the generator to the substation or from the substation to another substation which allows power losses and large voltage drops if the transmission length is relatively far and the overload is very high. affect the reliability of the transmission system. Analysis of power losses and voltage drop on the 150 KV high voltage transmission system at the Pati substation to the Jekulo substation. The analysis was carried out by conducting a survey at the research location then doing manual calculations and calculations using ETAP 12.6.0 software. The research method used was that the researcher collected voltage and current data at 10.00 and 19.00 WIB in one month and the transmission system supporting equipment specifications to be simulated in ETAP 12.6.0 from Pati and Jekulo substations in order to make comparisons between manual calculations and ETAP. 12.6.0.The conclusion of this study is the calculation of power losses manual calculation and simulation of ETAP 12.6.0 has a difference of 2.5% with the value of manual calculation power losses of 685.5 KW and the power losses from The simulation results reached 266.6 KW and the calculation of the presentation of power losses in the transmission line of GI Pati - GI Jekulo reached 6.8% exceeding the service percentage variation limit due to losses according to SPLN No. 72 of 1987 a maximum of 5% at least -10%.

Covid-19 has brought comprehensive changes in the field of education such as conducting learning with a distance learning system. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the teacher's view of learning needs and explore the factors that become obstacles in online thematic learning in elementary schools. This type of research is a mixed methods research, namely qualitative and quantitative research designs. The subject of this research is to take a sample of teachers in 20 elementary schools with a population of 200 teachers with a sample of 20 teachers. The sampling method used simple random sampling. Quantitative data in the form of samples based on questionnaire scores from 5th grade teachers with a sample of 20 teachers from 20 elementary schools. Data analysis is used to draw final conclusions on the results of the data, both from interviews, observations, and documents using interactive analysis techniques, namely data collection, data condensation, data display (data display) and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the thematic learning system had not been maximally implemented in schools; it is necessary to get used to implementing an android-based system which includes zoom for face-to-face online meetings, learning materials and evaluation of learning, so that teachers can explore the learning system used during the Covid-19 pandemic. In conclusion, the learning system in thematic learning during the Covid-19 pandemic still needs to be developed and explored because there are obstacles in the implementation of the learning process.

The purpose of this study was to formulate cereals from red rice, red beans, and sesame into the right food as a food consumed at breakfast and characterization of its physical chemistry. The cereal was made by extrusion method using an extruder with a temperature of 130°C and a rotating speed of auger, screw, and cutter 50 Hz. This study used a completely randomized design with 9 formulas. Based on the Bayes method, the best formula was F8 with a composition of brown red rice (85%), red beans (10%), and sesame (5%) cereals contained a total phenol compound of 0.10± 0.01 mg GAE/g, water content of 7.35±0.58%, ash content of 0.02±0.00%, protein content of 10.85±0.29%, fat content of 1.77±0.08, and carbohydrate content of 80.01±0.79%.

This study aims to determine the development of smart mobility in Lampung province with an analysis based on the Medium-Term Development Plan 2019-2024. The method used is qualitative with analysis using Computer Assigned Data Qualitative Software Nvivo 12plus. Data visualization using theme identification analysis and crosstab analysis. The results showed that the Lampung provincial government is concerned in building smart mobility based on the Medium-Term Development Plan 2019-2024 with the classification of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) Infrastructure, Innovative and Safe Transportation System, Local Accessibility, and Sustainable. Of the four indicators, local accessibility is the main program of Lampung Province in building local networks and inter-regional transportation because access to social mobility is still difficult as many as 252 KM of roads are still in damaged condition. Then ICT infrastructure which is due to the still very minimal network and telecommunications by positioning ICT Lampung to 30 of the total provinces in Indonesia. Furthermore, Innovative and safe sustainable transportation is less detailed in the Medium-Term Development Plan document because the main focus is physical infrastructure.

Germination constitutes one of bio-processing techniques and has attracted a tremendous attention due to its advantageous effects on the improvement of technical functional properties of grains. Mean-while, blanching has been used as the complementary treatment in germination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the functional properties of Moringa oleifera seed flour due to germination and blanching that affect the characteristics of the resulting food the products. Germination was performed at four levels of incubation time (0, 48, 72, and 96 hours) at room temperature in the dark room and two levels of blanching time (0 and 30 second). The functional properties analyzed consisted of bulk density, flour solubility, water and oil absorption, and capacity and stability of emulsion. The results of this study showed that germinated Moringa seed flour had significantly better technical functional characteristics than the ungerminated ones, i.e. bulk density (0.33-0.43 g/mL), flour solubility (16.82-21.00 g/g), water absorp-tion capacity (0.93-0.99 g water/g), oil absorption capacity (1.18-1.58 mL oil/g), and emulsion capacity (88.80-91.70%). Blanching decreased the functional properties of the flour. The statistical analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between two factors in all parameters. This study shows that ger-mination is a good method to improve the functional properties of Moringa seed flour, but blanching dec-reases them. Germination without blanching is recommended to improve the technical functional charac-teristics of the flour.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a relationship between professional competence and teacher work productivity at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Batang Hari. This type of research approach is quantitative. The research population of teachers at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Batang hari was 30 people, using a saturated sampling technique (census). The data collection technique used a questionnaire (questionnaire), and the data were analyzed using simple correlation analysis. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between professional competence and teacher work productivity, with the obtained t count value > t table value (7,75415> 1,7011) and p value 0,000. Then obtained an r value of 0,826, which states that there is a strong relationship between professional competence and teacher work productivity. The amount of the effective contribution of the professional competency variable with the teacher work productivity variable was 70,2%. Thus, the better the professional competence of teachers, the more teacher work productivity will increase.

This study aimed to determine the effect of explain-analysis-doing discussion or known as ex-add learning techniques on critical thinking skills and pedagogic competence of Islamic religious education students at State Islamic University (UIN) Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi and at UIN Raden Fatah Palembang, Indonesia. The approach used quantitative with quasiexperimental techniques. The number seen in this study was 31 students from UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. The data were obtained using tests, namely pretest, and posttest. The test instrument was in the form of multiple-choice questions, each consisting of 40 questions. Data analysis was carried out using percentage techniques, N-gain analysis, and a T-test. Based on the data and discussion that has been done, it can be concluded that the ex-add technique in 'learning methods and strategies' can increase critical thinking skill (CTS) and pedagogic competence (PC) respectively by 78 0.23% in the 'high' category and 59.81% in the 'medium' category. This is reinforced by the results of the T-test that both variables obtain a value (2- tailed) of 0.000<0.05. This means that there is an average difference between the pretest and posttest scores for each variable. In other words, it can be said that the increase in student CTS and PC after participating in learning with the ex-add technique is significant.

Abstract Background The Atlantic Forest biome extends along the entire Brazilian coast and is home to approximately 20,000 plant species, many of which are endemic; it is considered one of the hotspot regions of the planet. Several of these species are sources of natural products with biological activities that are still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 90 extracts derived from native Atlantic Forest tree species against Staphylococcus aureus, an important human and veterinary pathogen. Methods Extracts from native Atlantic Forest tree species were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against S. aureus by in vitro standard methods. Phytochemical fractionation of the extract from Maclura tinctoria was performed by liquid-liquid partitioning. LC-DAD-ESI-MS was used for identification of constituents in the most active fraction. Damage of cells and alterations in the permeability of cell membrane were determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and crystal violet uptake assay, respectively. In vivo antimicrobial activity was evaluated using Galleria mellonella larvae infected with S. aureus with survival data collected using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Among the organic or aqueous extracts tested here, 26 showed biological activity. Eight species showed relevant results, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) below 1 mg/mL. Antibacterial activity was registered for three species for the first time. An organic extract from Maclura tinctoria leaves showed the lowest MIC (0.08 mg/mL). Fractionation of this extract by liquid-liquid partitioning led to obtaining fraction 11FO d with a MIC of 0.04 mg/mL. This fraction showed strong activity against veterinary S. aureus isolates and contributed to the increased survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with S. aureus ATCC 29213. The bacterial surface was not altered by the presence of 11FO d, and no cell membrane damage was detected. The LC-DAD-ESI/MS analyses identified prenylated flavonoids as the major constituents responsible for the antibacterial activity of this active extract. Conclusion A fraction enriched in prenylated isoflavones and flavanones from M. tinctoria showed in vitro and in vivo efficacy as antistaphylococcal agents. These findings justify the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms of action of these compounds.

Dried tekwan is a traditional restructured-fish product of South Sumatera processed by convectional drying. The study aimed to determine the effect of fish and tapioka ratio and tekwan’s length on the physical quality of the dried tekwan. The physical quality of dried tekwan made with different ratio of fish and tapioca ratio (1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1 (w:w)) and length 1, 2, and 3 cm were investigated. The physical quality evaluated were the degree of whiteness, rehydration ratio, water holding capacity (WHC) and microstucture. The drying profile and proximate composition were also evaluated. There was no difference in the rate of drying of different fish:tapioca ratio as well a different tekwan length when free water evaporation was progressing. However, difference in drying rate was observed when the water content reached the equilibrium. Ratio 2:1 of fish and tapioca and 2 cm length of tekwan was found the to be best treatment and resulting in dried tekwan with moisture content 10.22%, ash 1.9%, protein 27.9%, fat 1.38%, carbohydrate 58.6%, whiteness 45.96% and expressible moisture content 2.06%. Microstructure of dried tekwan with 2:1 ratio showed more compact structure and slight damage than 1.5:1 ratio. However, dried tekwan with 2:1 ratio still had lower rehydration properties than other treatment.

Natural resources and the strategic position of Indonesia in a cross position shipping lanes of the world contributed to having a great economic potential but also gives a serious impact threat. For that, it is needed a strong national defense in order to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Indonesia. The overall defense system, involving the entire nation must be nurtured as directed. The national industry as one of the supporting components in the country's defense system should be controlled by domestic industry management, including the national industry in the sector of maritime transport means. Government's attention that supports the growth of maritime transport means is a great opportunity to boost the national economy as well as the preparations for war situations. Amid the possibilities and constraints, this study investigated the strategy for the control of the maritime industry to strengthen the country's defense. Mixed method research descriptive qualitative and quantitative SWOT analysis was used to investigate it. The study found that the strategy for the control of the maritime industry is to carry out the construction of port facilities, the construction of a fleet of ships made in the country, the formation of qualified human resources, to improve its management, ensure the availability of the main spare parts and improve shipbuilding capability, to optimize the benefits of sabotage principle to resolve banking policy which is still not very profitable to the industries.

Delivering request is not only influenced by linguistic factors, but also by socio-cultural factors. Some studies have reported the interaction between linguistic and socio-cultural factors in delivering requests in many different languages. However, this issue is rarely explored in Javanese (language). The aim of this study is to investigate the politeness strategies, the linguistic markers, and the social contexts commonly used to deliver requests in Javanese. The data were collected and sorted from the conversations among the Javanese people in Jember, East Java, Indonesia, when making speech acts to deliver requests. Having been sorted, the data were analysed using the deconstructive method to reveal the linguistic markers commonly used by the Javanese speakers to deliver requests and the social-cultural backgrounds which influence the choice of the politeness strategies. This research shows that (1) there are four types (most direct, direct, less direct, and indirect) of politeness strategies in Javanese, (2) there are four linguistic devices (sentence moods, speech levels, passive voice, and supposition/condition) as the markers of the politeness strategies and (3) the choices of the levels are strongly influenced by the social contexts (social distance, age, social status or power, and the size of imposition) among the tenors. The appropriate strategies for delivering requests in Javanese will make the communication among the interlocutors run harmoniously.