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Context: The Javanese culture includes the consumption of traditional herbal medicine known as jamu. One commonly consumed type of jamu to enhance physical fitness and alleviate fatigue is Beras Kencur, which contains the kencur (Kaempferia galanga) rhizome. Although it has been used for generations, scientific testing on the effects of K. galanga as an anti-fatigue agent remains rare. Aims: To assess the anti-fatigue effects of K. galanga rhizome extract (KGE) through an endurance swimming test conducted on male Wistar rats. Methods: This study involved 30 Wistar rats randomly allocated into 5 groups: a negative control group administered with syrup vehicle, a positive control group receiving 9 mg/kg body weight (BW) of caffeine syrup, and three treatment groups receiving KGE syrup at different doses - dose 1 (37 mg/kg BW), dose 2 (73.5 mg/kg BW), and dose 3 (147 mg/kg BW). The anti-fatigue effect was evaluated based on the duration of struggling in the water in the endurance swimming test. Results: The results demonstrated that the treatment groups exhibited a significant anti-fatigue effect compared to the negative control group. The administration of a syrup formulation containing KGE at doses 1 (37 mg/kg BW), 2 (73.5 mg/kg BW), and 3 (147 mg/kg BW) revealed an anti-fatigue effect on male Wistar rats. Conclusions: The administration of K. galanga demonstrated dose-dependent anti-fatigue activity in rats. The most effective dose was found to be 147 mg/kg body weight in rats.

Context: Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in immunity and inflammation. Aims: To evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of two compounds, magnosalicine and neotatarine, derived from the ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus L. rhizome, against IL-17. Methods: Utilizing LC/MS analysis combining molecular docking simulations, drug likeness, ADME and toxicity analysis. This study explored the molecular interactions and binding affinities of identified compounds from A. calamus with crucial residues of IL-17, including Tyr62, Pro63, Ile66, Gln94, Ile96, Leu97, and Leu99. Results: The results revealed that magnosalicine and neotatarine exhibited remarkable binding affinities of -10.16 kcal/mol and -9.53 kcal/mol, respectively, indicating their strong interactions with IL-17. Moreover, both compounds displayed superior binding energies compared to other extract constituents. Interestingly, this study highlighted that all terpenoid compounds from the A. calamus rhizome extract were capable of interacting with these key residues of IL-17, resembling the interactions observed with the natural ligand (RMK) and methotrexate. Meanwhile, the analysis results revealed a safer ADME and toxicity profile for neotatarine compared to magnolalicine. Conclusions: This research unveils the promising potential of neotatarine as candidates for further exploration in therapeutic interventions targeting IL-17-related pathways. These findings shed light on the molecular insights of Acorus calamus L. compounds, providing valuable information for developing novel treatments for IL-17-associated disorders.

Introduction: One of the most frequent types of arthritis is osteoarthritis, also referred to as a degenerative joint disease. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO) are essential factors in the pain response; IL-1β and NO are responsible for increasing the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMS) in chondrocytes. Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. Has been traditionally used to treat jaundice, liver disease, diarrhea, fever, and inflammation. Methods: This study used in vitro and in vivo models to determine the effect of a 70 % ethanol extract of Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. stems on the inhibition of NO production in RAW 264.7 cells induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1β in osteoarthritis rats induced with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). The NO inhibition test was determined by the NO colorimetric assay using Griess reagent and measured by the ELISA plate reader. The measurement of joint diameter and hyperalgesia in osteoarthritis rats was carried out once a week for 7 weeks, and then the IL-1β levels were measured at weeks 3 and 7. Result: The viability of cell line this extract was greater than 80 %, and the extract at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL significantly inhibited NO production (p

ackground: Low bone mass accompanied by microarchitectural alterations in the bone that cause fragility fractures is known as secondary osteoporosis and occurs when there is an underlying condition or medication present. Eleutherine bulbosa bulb extract has been shown to affect bone because of its content, which can help osteoblast differentiation and inhibit osteoclast differentiation. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of 70% ethanol extract of E. bulbosa Bulbs (EBE) from Pasuruan-East Java on blood calcium levels, osteoblast cell count, and bone density of trabecular femur in osteoporosis rats. Methods: Six groups of 30 female Wistar rats were created. There were no test materials offered to the healthy group; the negative group received 0.5% CMC; the positive group received alendronate 0.9 mg/kg BW; and the dose group received 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg BW. Glucocorticoid (Dexamethasone) 0.1015 mg/kg BW/day induction was given to all groups except the healthy group to create osteoporosis rats for approximately four weeks. Then they were given oral therapy for approximately 28 days. Followed by the determination of blood calcium levels, the number of osteoblast cells, and bone density of the rat femur trabecular. Results: The result showed that E. bulbosa bulbs extract could raise blood calcium levels and bone density percentage at doses of 60 and 120 mg/kg BW, as well as raise osteoblast cell levels at doses of 120 mg/kg BW. Conclusions: The findings indicate that E.bulbosa bulb extract is a potential complementary medicine for osteoporosis.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint situation that induces pain and disability in the elderly. Traditionally, Eleutherine bulbosa bulb from Pasuruan, East Java, is used to treat many diseases, also as an anti-inflammatory. Objective: In this research, we employed an in vivo model to examine the effects of 70% ethanol extracts of E. bulbosa (EBE) on the progression and development of OA. Methods: A singular intraarticular injection of Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA) was used to create the OA model in rats. The progression of OA was observed for three weeks. Furthermore, treatment of EBE at a dose of 6, 12, and 24 mg/200g BW orally for four weeks was conducted to assess the effects on decreasing IL- 1ß level, joint swelling, and hyperalgesia. Results: Induction was successful, indicated by a significant difference (P0.05) in decreasing latency time, increasing joint swelling, and IL-1ß level. EBE 24 mg/200 g BW treatment has significantly (P0.05) reduced IL-1ß levels, joint swelling, and response to hyperalgesia. Conclusion: The 70% ethanol extract of E. bulbosa bulb has therapeutic effects on inflammation through reducing IL-1ß in experimental MIA-induced osteoarthritis in a rat model. According to this study, EBE may have an effective potential new agent for OA therapy.

Candida albicans is a polymorphic human microflora species, which caused a candidiasis. This disease frequently occurred in immunocompromised patients with considerable medical outcomes due to the damage from its infections. Secreted Aspartic Proteinase (SAP) 4–6 regulated the virulence of C. albicans. Thus, inhibiting those protenases may useful to obtain a better prognosis. On the other hand, Cinnamomum zeylanicum reported to have anti-cadidiasis. However, the mechanism of action on the anti-cadidiasis activity remains unclear. This study will explain the possible mechanism of anti-candidiasis from the bioactives of C. zeylanicum through SAP 4–6 inhibion. A computational analysis was employed by molecular docking coupled with molecular dynamics simulation to comprehend the interaction among C. zeylanicum bioactives to SAP 4–6. Positive docking outcomes were observed, with Cinnamaldehyde, Pyrantel Hydrochloride, and Hexadecenoic Acidbecame showed promising binding affinity against SAP 4–6. However, those compounds interacted with different residues of each proteinase. Only Hexadenoic Acid bound to the catalytic residues of SAP5-6. Molecular dynamics simulated the stable binding of Hexadecenoid Acid to the SAP5-6. Not only has stable structural integrity, the binding of Hexadecenoic Acidalso showed minimum alterations on the structural stability of SAP5-6, which suggested a stable inhibitory activity. The stable binding of Hexadecenoid Acid also displayed by the prominent number of hydrogen bond and the free-binding energy simulations. In conclusion, the anti-candidiasis activity of C. zeylanicum may take place in the SAP5-6 inhibition, mainly by Hexadecenoic Acid.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex chronic disease characterized by increased blood glucose. The incidence of this disease is rising, especially type 2 diabetes which is caused by insulin resistance in the body. SUR1-Pancreatic KATP Channel is a receptor as an antidiabetic target because its inhibition process can increase insulin production so that it can reduce blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. Objective: This study aims to identify the in-silico activity of the SUR1-Pancreatic KATP Channel macromolecules. Methods: Identification of macromolecular binding sites using Protein Plus software, then carried out molecular docking using AutoDock software, where the formed molecular interactions are further identified using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio software. Results: After determining the macromolecular binding site, the RMSD value was 1.253, allowing for further molecular docking. Molecular docking showed that the Ligands of mangostin (α, β, γ-mangostin) and sinensetin derivatives had a good affinity, namely α-mangostin -6,31 kcal/mol; β-mangostin -5.78 kcal/mol; γ-mangostin -6.17 kcal/mol and sinensetin -4.75 kcal/mol. Conclusion: The affinity sequence in the docking process for the SUR1 KATP channel macromolecules is α-mangostin > γ-mangostin > β-mangostin > sinensetin. The highest affinity for the docking process on the macromolecule SUR1 KATP channel was α-mangostin with a value of ΔG -6.31 kcal/mol Ki 23.65 μM.

The estrogen hormone dependent accounts for a major cause in the incidence of women breast cancer. Thus, their receptor, especially the estrogen receptor α (ER-α), is becoming a target in endocrine treatment. These ligand-inducible nuclear functions are regulated by an array of phytochemical and synthetic compounds, such as 17 β-estradiol and tamoxifen (4-hydroxytamoxifen [4OHT]). The Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) leaves are known naturally for relieving internal and external diseases. Previous studies revealed the potency of Melia's ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fractions as anticancer; furthermore, this study aimed to resolve possible ER-α antagonist's mechanism and safety from M. azedarach leaves ethyl acetate fraction contents. Melia's phytochemical content was analyzed with electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, while its ER-α antagonist's potency was investigated by in silico. The computational docking was used to 3ERT (a human ER-α-4OHT binding domain complex) with Autodock Vina and related programs. The results presented Energy binding (ΔG) of Melia's quercetin 3-O-(2'',6''-digalloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside was similar to 4OHT, and lower than its agonist 17 β-estradiol. Furthermore, the toxicity prediction of these compounds were revealed safer than 4OHT. The Melia's leaves ethyl acetate fraction, therefore, is a potential pharmacological material for further studies.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has attracted worldwide attention. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f) Ness (AP) is naturally used to treat various diseases, including infectious diseases. Its Andrographolide has been clinically observed for anti-HIV and has also in silico tested for COVID-19 main protease inhibitors. Meanwhile, the AP phytochemicals content also provides insight into the molecular structures diversity for the bioactive discovery. This study aims to find COVID-19 main protease inhibitor from AP by the molecular docking method and determine the toxicity profile of the compounds. The results obtained two compounds consisting of flavonoid glycosides 5,4'-dihydroxy-7-O-β -D-pyran-glycuronate butyl ester and andrographolide glycoside 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-andrographolide have lower free binding energy and highest similarity in types of interaction with amino acid residues compared to its co-crystal ligands (6LU7) and Indinavir or Remdesivir. The toxicity prediction of the compounds also reveals their safety. These results confirm the probability of using AP phytochemical compounds as COVID-19 main protease inhibitors, although further research must be carried out.

This article examines the mertuq tradition among the Sasak people, who are faced with sophisticated modern medical tools in treating diseases. This study uses a quantitative descriptive model. Data were obtained from in-depth interviews with several key informants selected using purposive techniques. The research was conducted in Wakan Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency. This study indicates that the existence of the mertuq treatment of the Sasak community cannot be separated from the belief and trust in carrying it out. The people of Wakan Village still maintain mertuq as traditional medicine in overcoming disease even though medical treatment has been so rapid. The people of Wakan Village believe in the magic and efficacy of Mertuq's therapy because it is part of their ancestral heritage.

Background: a Migraine is a headache with pain attacks lasting 4 - 72 hours. Pain is usually unilateral, it is pulsating, the intensity of pain is moderate to severe and aggravated by activity, and can be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Headaches are one of the most common disorders of the nervous system. It has been estimated that 47% of the adult population experience headaches at least once in the past year in general. According to TCM, headache is a disease with a headache accompanied by a variety of symptoms, where the cause is an external pathogen and causes in the body. Acupressure is one form of traditional treatment skills by suppressing acupuncture points with emphasis on using fingers or blunt objects on the surface of the body, in order to support promotive, effective, rehabilitative efforts. In addition to acupressure, herbal drinks can also be used to reduce pain, namely aromatic ginger. Purpose: Knowing the effect of acupressure and aromatic ginger herbs (Kaempferia galangal Linn.) combination therapy in reducing migraine complaints. Methods: Acupressure at Fengchi point (GB20) 50 times, Taiyang (EX-HN5) 50 times, Sanyinjiao (SP6) 30 times, Taichong (LR3) 50 times and aromatic ginger herbs (Kaempferia galangal Linn.) 15 grams for 28 days. Results: Migraine complaints decreased from 5 times a month to 3 times a month. No more complaints of nausea, hypochondrium pain, diarrhea, and insomnia. Conclusion: Acupressure at Fengchi point (GB20) was 50 times of the pressure, Taiyang (EX-HN5) was 50 times of the pressure, Sanyinjiao (SP6) was 30 times of the pressure, Taichong (LR3) was 50 times of the pressure and the aromatic ginger herbs (Kaempferia galangal Linn.) As much as 15 grams for 28 days could reduce migraine complaints.

Background: Natural resources provide more efficient and safer alternatives in managing diabetes compare to the synthetic oral anti diabetes (OAD). The plants not only have hypoglycemic effect, but also prevent its complications; in which no synthetic drugs provide of both properties. Among antidiabetes plants, mahogany seed (Swietenia macrophylla) has been used as traditional medicine in Indonesia and India, though most popular utilized as timber wood. Methods: The present study was performed of chemotaxonomic approach to review its phytochemical and anti-diabetic properties of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq seed/bark/leaves. The qualitative systematic review (SR) was carried out by analysing indexed journals and peer reviewed of Swietenia and Swietenia spp from Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. Data selection criteria are accordance to botany, phytochemistry, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical test of related subject. The keywords used for the search in the databases were Swietenia, Swietenia mahagony, diabetes, and diabetes plants. Results: Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. extracts have shown in vitro, in vivo and limited clinically test of its anti-diabetic properties. Ethanolic/methanolic/aqueous/petroleum/n-hexane extracts of mahagonis's seed/bark or leaves have anti-diabetic activities comparable to the synthetic drug and observed no to relatively mild toxic effect. The hypoglycemic mechanism suggested via reducing blood glucose level, restoring liver and β-cells islet function (might) blocking epinephrine function, inhibiting of α-amylase and β-glucosidase, antioxidant and antihiperlipidemia. Phytochemical compounds of S. mahagoni consist of the phenolics (flavonoids (swietemacrophyllanin, catechins and epichatechins) and tannins), triterpenoids and tetranortriterpenoids (limonoids: mahonin, secomahoganin, swietmanins, swiemahogins, swietenine and swietenolide), saponins and alkaloids which are known as anti-diabetic bioactive principles. Conclusion: S. mahagoni was potentially used and developed as an antidiabetes source. To use it as an antidiabetic further, more extensive clinical trials and biomarkers of active compounds determination are needed.

Melia azedarach L. is used widely in traditional medicine for local or systemic ailments. Although studies exist on phytochemicals and potencies of Chinese and Indian cultivars of Melia, the present study investigated in vitro antioxidant properties of Melia wild type and its cytotoxicity against T47D cell. The ethanolic extract of the Melia leaves was fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, and the secondary metabolites were obtained. The antioxidant properties were determined with IC50 DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl) radical and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), while the cytotoxicity was determined with the MTT method. The total phenolic (TPC) and β-sitosterol (SC) contents were also measured. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had higher antioxidant and cytotoxic activities (IC50 211.89 ± 10.86 and 147.90 ± 8.49 μg/mL, respectively) than others. Significant (p

ABM (Agaricus blazei Murill) is a basidiomycetes fungus. ABM is used by people for the treatment of diabetes, antihypertention, anticholesterol, anticancer, and immunostimulant. ABM contains terpene, steroids, agaritine, vitamin C, vitamin E, and betaglucane. In this research, ABM extract was tested as an anti-breast cancer in vitro using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The extract was obtained from the multistage extraction process of several solvents in turn, the solvent used, among others, n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The results of the research were the obtained IC50 value from n-hexane extract 247,17 μg /ml; extract DCM 227μg/ml ; chloroform extract 215,64 μg /ml ; extract of ethyl acetate 234,9 μg/ml ; butanol extract 500,78 μg/ml; while the water extract was inactive. Based on these results can be considered for further research to fractionate in order to know which class compounds have the potency as anticancer within the extracts. Key words : Agaricus blazei, multistage extraction, MCF-7 cells.

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) is one of the wood mushroom types that can be consumed as a food as well as for a medicalpurpose. Lentinan, a polysaccharide contained in shiitake, is well known for its use on cancer medication. Mycelium of Shiitake mushroomcontains lentinan the same as other part of the mushroom like fruity body. Toxicity of the lentinan in mycelium compare to the fruitybody has been first conducted by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST). Using Potato Dextrose Broth media with the growth rate of3.88% did mycelium multiplications. Probit analysis showed that the toxicity of the mushroom’s cap, stem, and mycelium of Shiitakemushrooms is LC50 = 648.76507 mg/ml LC50 = 489.39444 mg/ml, and LC50 = 481.16941 mg/ml respectively.

Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, major ingredient of Kaempferia galanga rhizome, have been reported not only has analgesic – anti inflammatory activities like NSAIDs which inhibited cyclooxygenase, but also inhibit tumor cell proliferation in specimen of mouse epidermis. Therefore, it will be interesting to carry out synthetic studies on the derivates of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate and searching their citotoxic activity on WiDr cell. We wish to report of structure modification on carboxyl moiety of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate and evaluation on their citotoxic activity on WiDr cell. Isolation of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga rhizome was carried out by percolation with ethanol 96% as solvent. Hydrolysis of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate in basic condition was performed to obtain p-methoxycinnamic acid. Preparation of some thiourea derivates of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate was carried out by microwave irradiation. Citotoxicity assay was carried out by MTT method for 48 h. Modification of carboxyl group of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate to its thiourea form could be carried out by microwave irradiation gave; (E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(phenylcarba- mothioyl)acrylamide (50%); (E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenylcarbamothi- oyl)acrylamide (26%) and (E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(4-methylphenylcarbamothioyl) acrylamide (54%), yield calculated for 2 step from the acid chloride. All compounds showed no citotoxic effect on WiDr cell at 48 h incubation. Keywords : ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, microwave irradiation, Kaempferia galanga, citotoxicity, WiDr cell

ABSTRACT It has been well documented that chemical carcinogen, 7.12 dimethylbenz-(a)anthracene (DMBA), plays a role in the incidence and growth of mammary cancer. Present study was designed to investigate the influence of Andrographis paniculata extract on telomerase activities on DMBA induced breast cancer in the female rat Sprague Dawley strain. DMBA-induced mammary cancer is a useful model to investigate the changes of epithelial cells that occur during mammary cancer progression. Mammary cancer model was induced 10 times twice a week by oral DMBA 20 mg/kg body weight. Mammary cancer occurred in 75 % animals nine weeks after oral administration of DMBA, it was represented with nodule on the mammary gland and the increasing of mammary gland volume compare with normal control F(1.8) = 731.711; p < 0.001. This study was also designed to investigate the effect of Andrographis paniculata extract mammary carcinoma induced by DMBA. Administration of three different dose of Andrographis paniculata (100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) had statistically different with mammary gland volume of DMBA treated rat F (4.17) = 92.777; p

ABSTRACT It has been well documented that chemical carcinogen, 7.12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), plays a role in the incidence and growth of mammary cancer. Present study was designed to investigate the influence of Andrographis paniculata extract on telomerase activities on DMBA induced breast cancer in the female rat Sprague Dawley strain. DMBA-induced mammary cancer is a useful model to investigate the changes of epithelial cells that occur during mammary cancer progression. Mammary cancer model was induced 10 times twice a week by oral DMBA 20 mg/kg body weight. Mammary cancer occurred in 75 % animals nine weeks after oral administration of DMBA, it was represented with nodule on the mammary gland and the increasing of mammary gland volume compare with normal control F(1.8) = 731.711; p < 0.001. This study was also designed to investigate the effect of Andrographis paniculata extract mammary carcinoma induced by DMBA. Administration of three different dose of Andrographis paniculata (100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) had statistically different with mammary gland volume of DMBA treated rat F (4.17) = 92.777; p

The issue of Candida albicans resistance to antifungal agents in the management of candidiasis has emerged as a significant concern, necessitating the development of novel antifungal alternatives to ensure efficacy in the treatment of candidiasis. A notable manifestation of C. albicans pathogenicity is the development of biofilms, which are facilitated by the presence of certain genes known as agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) genes, specifically ALS1 and ALS3. The utilisation of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract as a potential alternative antifungal agent has promise in addressing fungal resistance, particularly in the context of C. albicans, for the treatment of candidiasis. Bioactive compounds such as cinnamonaldehyde, cyclopentane, eugenic acid, hexadecenoid acid and Pyrantel Hydrochloride are present in C. zeylanicum. This research investigates the mechanistic plausibility of the bioactive chemicals found in C. zeylanicum as agents for combating candidiasis. The study specifically examines the inhibitory effects of these compounds on the Agglutinin-like sequence-1 (ALS1) and ALS3 proteins. The study employs a combination of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the complex interactions between the bioactive constituents of C. zeylanicum and ALS1/ALS3 proteins. The ligand exhibited notable binding affinity towards the molecules Cinnamaldehyde, Pyrantel Hydrochloride and Hexadecenoic Acid derived from C. zeylanicum, as seen by their binding affinity values ranging from - 4.873 to -6.03 kcal/mol. This indicates their potential effectiveness in altering the activities of the target proteins. The investigation reveals distinct interaction patterns between each chemical and the proteases. Significantly, Pyrantel Hydrochloride establishes binding interactions with essential catalytic residues in both ALS1 and ALS3. The stability of the Pyrantel Hydrochloride-ALS1/ALS3 complexes is further supported by molecular dynamics simulations, which suggest that these complexes possess a strong inhibitory capacity. The preservation of protein structures appears to be minimally impacted, indicating a prolonged inhibitory effect. The effectiveness of Pyrantel Hydrochloride is emphasized by the numerous hydrogen bonds that are formed and confirmed using free-binding energy calculations. Collectively, the results highlight the plausibility of C. zeylanicum anti-candidiasis action, principally mediated through the inhibition of ALS1 and ALS3. This activity is predominantly facilitated by Pyrantel Hydrochloride. This comprehensive understanding provides a valuable foundation for the development of innovative antifungal strategies in the battle against C. albicans infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Herbal treatment has been proposed and researched as an alternative to cancer treatment. One of the reasons contains compounds that have cytotoxic effects. Mitragyna speciosa are known to contain alkaloids and have a cytotoxic effect. Objective: This review aimed to provide information about preclinical studies and investigates the cytotoxicity or anticancer activity of M. speciosa. Methods: Search articles through PubMed, Springer, and Science Direct databases focusing on preclinical trials according to PRISMA guidelines. A database search yielded a total of 206 identifiable studies. Then duplicate removal and feasibility screening were carried out, resulting in 11 studies that were eligible for final analysis. Results: The anticancer potentials reviewed in this study include Neuroblastoma, Leukemia, Colon Cancer, Breast Cancer, Kidney & Liver Cytotoxicity, Glutathione Transferases Metabolizing Enzymes, Alkaloid Combination of M. speciosa & Cisplatin, Alkaloid Combination of M. speciosa & Doxorubicin and Mutagenic-Antimutagenic Activity of M. speciosa. Extracts and dominant alkaloids of M. speciosa have the potential for anticancer neuroblastoma, leukemia, colon, lung and breast cancer. Based on the safety aspect of the mitragynine compound, there is no mutagenic effect on cells. Conclusion: M. speciosa contains the dominant active alkaloid compound, mitragynine. Extracts and alkaloids dominant in M. speciosa have the potential as an anticancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the second most biodiverse country in the world and is classified as a megadiverse country. Syzygium cumini is known to have various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal, and others. This study aims to explore the metabolite profile of 70% ethanolic extract from the leaves and bark of Syzygium cumini var. album and analyze the physicochemical properties of its identical compounds. Phytochemical screening was conducted using commonly used methods, and metabolite profiling was carried out using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS. Pharmacological bioactivity and physicochemical properties of the identified compounds were analyzed using web tools such as Way2Drug, SwissADME, and ProTox II. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Syzygium cumini var. album leaves contain 33 compounds, while the bark extract contains 26 compounds. Morin and alnusiin were identified in both samples. Based on PASS activity testing, morin exhibited Chlordecone reductase inhibitor activity and has potential for further development due to its favorable physicochemical properties and safety profile based on toxicity tests. This study demonstrates that the leaf and bark extracts of Syzygium cumini var. album contain morin and alnusiin, with morin showing potential as an effective and safe therapeutic agent as a Chlordecone reductase inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a significant clinical challenge due to its robust biofilm formation and resistance mechanisms. Chlorhexidine (CHX), an antiseptic agent, has shown potential in inhibiting biofilm formation, though its mechanism is not fully understood. To elucidate the mechanism of action and potential of chlorhexidine in mitigating biofilm formation, we conducted reverse docking analyses targeting key quorum-sensing proteins in P. aeruginosa. Protein structures of six quorum sensing and biofilm proteins were obtained from the Protein Data Bank. The structure of CHX was retrieved from PubChem and prepared for docking. Potential binding pockets in the protein structures were identified using Fpocket, and docking simulations were performed with SMINA. We generated 395 docking poses across all proteins. The highest binding affinity was observed at PslG. Additionally, CHX's high binding affinities with RhlR and LasR indicate its potential to interfere with quorum sensing pathways. CHX shows strong binding affinities to key quorum-sensing proteins, particularly PslG, RhlR, and LasR. This suggests CHX could disrupt biofilm formation and quorum sensing in P. aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of antibacterial resistance has become a global concern. The results of previous studies revealed many cases of antibacterial resistance of levofloxacin in H. pylori strains originating from Indonesia. Conventional attempts to obtain new antibacterial agents usually take a long time, other efforts are needed to speed up discovery. Databases that provide the structure of DNA gyrases cannot fully provide what is needed. This study aims to obtain the three-dimensional structure of DNA gyrase of the Indonesian H. pylori strain so that it can be used to simulate the interaction process of compounds that have the potential to be anti-H. pylori through in silico studies. This study used in silico methods to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology of potential compounds. The next process involves screening for drug similarity based on criteria set by Muegge, Egan, Veber, Lipinski, and Ghose. The three-dimensional structure of DNA gyrase is formed from several samples of amino acid sequences from the Indonesian gyrA and gyrB H. pylori strains. Eligible potential compounds were subjected to molecular docking studies on gyrA and gyrB to obtain the best score. The three-dimensional structure of the Indonesian gyrA and gyrB H. pylori strains has been obtained. Eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate were more easily absorbed compared to curcumin and levofloxacin as controls. Curcumin and hesperidin show poor absorption and longer distribution in the gastric mucosa, thus allowing long-term interaction with H. pylori. All compounds do not inhibit cytochrome P450, can be excreted by the body, and are non-toxic. The prediction of drug similarity passes only through curcumin and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate. The results of molecular docking concluded that curcumin and hesperidin had better scores than levofloxacin. Curcumin has the most potential as an anti-H. pylori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terap leaves (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) contain various chemical constituents, making it a herbal medicine prospective source, particularly as an antigout. This research aim to determinate characteristics of terap leaves and in vitro antigout activity of terap leaves ethanolic extract. The determination leaves characteristics included macroscopic and microscopic analysis, water and ethanol soluble extract content, and drying shrinkage. The extract antigout activity was determinated through inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme in vitro. Leaves characteristics analysis revealed that mature leaves are approximately 31.5 cm long and 18 cm wide. Terap leaves are single leaves, elliptical, blunt leaf tips, rounded bases, rough surfaces, undulating edges, pinnate veins, and yellow veins. Microscopic analysis reveals the presence of anomocytic-type stomata, trichomes, glandular hairs, resin ducts, and trachea. Terap leaves have a water-soluble extract content of 8.72%, ethanol-soluble extract content of 4.29%, and drying shrinkage of 11.38%. The antigout activity tests results indicates that ethanol extract inhibits xanthine oxidase enzyme with an IC50 of 89.63 µg/mL. Terap leaves have antigout properties, so they have the potential to be developed into a quality antigout herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae family), with the main content of myristicin, has been immensely used in herbal medicine. Standardization is essential to ensure the safety of natural extracts and the quality of herbal medicines using various chemical analysis techniques. Method validation is necessary to ascertain the reliability and reproducibility of the method. Myristicin is a member of the phenylpropene group, a natural organic compound found in small amounts in nutmeg fruit, which has pharmacological effects. Objective: This study aims to determine the myristicin content in nutmeg fruit using TLC-Densitometry. Methods: Determination of myristicin in nutmeg fruit extract was performed using TLC-Densitometry with silica GF254 as stationary phase, mobile phase n-hexane: ethyl acetate (8:2 v/v), and spot visualized at 285 nm. In this study, the content of myristicin in nutmeg fruit was determined using compendial methods (AOAC), thus requiring method verification with parameters including selectivity, linearity, precision, LOD, and LOQ. Results: The validation of this method showed good linearity and selectivity with y = 0.0001x + 0.0226 (r = 0.9996) and 1.53 (>1.5), respectively. The LOD and LOQ results were low with values of 0.11 µg/spot and 0.33 µg/spot, respectively. The percentage coefficient of variation for precision was below the requirement value of not more than 4%. The average myristicin content in nutmeg fruit extract was approximately 0.0017 ± 0.0003% (w/w). Conclusion: The developed method was valid and sensitive for the quantification of myristicin content in nutmeg fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Basic Health Research data in Indonesia in 2020 shows that the diarrhea morbidity rate in Indonesia is still high. In Indonesia, the unripe fruit of the Kayu banana (Musa paradisiaca L. var. Kayu) is a drug that is often used empirically by the people of Senduro village, Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia, to treat diarrhea. This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of unripe fruit peel, unripe fruit flesh and unripe fruit. A disc diffusion test was selected to assess the sensitivity of each sample to Escherichia coli. The disc dilution was used to determine the value of MIC and MBC in Escherichia coli. Total phenolic content to determine phenolic levels in samples that are suspected of providing antibacterial activity. Analysis of secondary metabolite profiles using the UPLC-Q-TOF/MS instrument. Unripe fruit peel extract shows more optimal antibacterial activity compared to other extracts. The diameter value of the inhibitory zone of the unripe fruit peel extract is 17 mm and the yield of a large ΔOD is -1.3620 at a concentration of 10 % w/v. Based on the calculation results from the regression equation, TPC fruit extract was obtained by 8.6 %, TPC flesh extracts by 6.1 % and TPC from bark extract by 10.8 %. Based on the data from the interpretation of compound content analysis using UPLC-QToFMS, it can be seen that there are 25 mayor compounds. These results suggest that the unripe fruit peel extract of banana Kayu has the potential to be antibacterial against Escherichia coli. The application of this research is as a reference for the development of antidiarrheal standardized herbal medicines and the implication of this research is to support the independence of national medicinal raw materials in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]