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The 5G mobile communication system is attracting attention as one of the most suitable communication models for broadcasting and managing disaster situations, owing to its large capacity and low latency. High-quality videos taken by a drone, which is an embedded IoT device for shooting in a disaster environment, play an important role in managing the disaster. However, the 5G mmWave frequency band is susceptible to obstacles and has beam misalignment problems, severing the connection and greatly affecting the degradation of TCP performance. This problem becomes even more serious in high-mobility drones and disaster sites with many obstacles. To solve this problem, we propose a deep-learning-based TCP (DL-TCP) for a disaster 5G mmWave network. DL-TCP learns the node's mobility information and signal strength, and adjusts the TCP congestion window by predicting when the network is disconnected and reconnected. As a result of the experiment, DL-TCP provides better network stability and higher network throughput than the existing TCP NewReno, TCP Cubic, and TCP BBR.

The challenge in achieving precision medicine relies on how to advance and/or enhance new as well as old therapeutic strategies. Here, we highlight the significant role hydrophilicity of biotinylated fluorescent probe's plays on their cellular uptake behaviour.

5G core frequency band, mmWave, is about ten times wider than the existing commercial frequency band, enabling various services to be created. However, due to the characteristics of the mmWave frequency, it has various limitations. In the mobile environment, the misaligned beam problem, in which the SNR is degraded because the beam align between the sender and the receiver does not match, is one of the biggest problems to be solved. In this paper, we propose a adaptive beam management scheme based on deep-learning to solve misaligned beam problem. In the proposed scheme, 5G base-station (gNB) learns the mobility information, SNR, and current beam information of the associated user equipment (UE) by the deep-learning agent, and predicts whether the beam is aligned or not. From the prediction result, gNB and UE perform beam hands-off in advance before loss of connectivity.

The stringent requirements of wireless multimedia transmission lead to very high radio spectrum solicitation. Although the radio spectrum is considered as a scarce resource, the issue with spectrum availability is not scarcity, but the inefficient utilization. Unique characteristics of cognitive radio (CR) such as flexibility, adaptability, and interoperability, particularly have contributed to it being the optimum technological candidate to alleviate the issue of spectrum scarcity for multimedia communications. However, multimedia communications over CR networks (MCRNs) as a bandwidth-hungry, delay-sensitive, and loss-tolerant service, exposes several severe challenges specially to guarantee quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE). As a result, to date, different schemes based on source and channel coding, multicast, and distributed streaming, have been examined to improve the QoS/QoE in MCRNs. In this paper, we survey QoS/QoE provisioning schemes in MCRNs. We first discuss the basic concepts of multimedia communication, CRNs, QoS and QoE. Then, we present the advantages of utilizing CR for multimedia services and outline the stringent QoS and QoE requirements in MCRNs. Next, we classify the critical challenges for QoS/QoE provisioning in MCRNs including spectrum sensing, resource allocation management, network fluctuations management, latency management, and energy consumption management. Then, we survey the corresponding feasible solutions for each challenge highlighting performance issues, strengths, and weaknesses. Furthermore, we discuss several important open research problems and provide some avenues for future research.

This paper proposes the parallel implementation of a self-similarity based image SR (super-resolution) algorithm using OpenCL. The SR algorithm requires tremendous computations to search for a similar patch. This becomes a bottleneck for the real-time conversion from a FHD image to UHD. Therefore, it is imperative to accelerate the processing speed of SR algorithms. For parallelization, the SR process is divided into several kernels, and memory optimization is performed. In addition, two GPUs are used for further acceleration. The experimental results shows that a GPGPU implementation can speed up over 140 times compared to a single-core CPU. Furthermore, it was confirmed experimentally that utilizing two GPUs can speed up the execution time proportionally, up to 277 times.

This work proposes a low-noise four-stage pipeline ADC operating at 14 b 50 MS/s and 10 b 70 MS/s for high-end CIS applications. In the 10 b 70 MS/s mode, the last-stage MDAC and flash ADC are turned off rather than the first-stage MDAC and flash ADC for the same input-referred noise in both modes. The proposed ADC shares a single amplifier for the first- and second-stage MDACs to reduce power consumption and chip area. The amplifier thermal noise of the SHA and MDACs is minimized by adjusting the trans-conductance of input and current-source transistors while two separate reference voltage drivers for the MDACs and the flash ADCs reduce the switching noise. The prototype ADC in a 0.13 μm CMOS technology providing 0.35 μm thick-gate-oxide transistors shows the measured DNL and INL within 0.79 and 2.54 LSB in the 14 b mode, and 0.53 and 0.44 LSB in the 10 b mode, respectively. The ADC shows the maximum SNDR and SFDR of 68.5 and 86.7 dB in the 14 b 50 MS/s mode, and the SNDR and SFDR of 60.5 and 77.8 dB for the 10 b 70 MS/s mode, respectively. The ADC with the measured input-referred noise of 1.20 LSBrms/14 b consumes 192.9 mW at the 14 b 50 MS/s, and 184.9 mW in the 10 b 70 MS/s mode with 3.3/1.2 V dual supplies.

This work proposes a 12b 100 MS/s 0.11 m CMOS three-step hybrid pipeline ADC for high- speed communication and mobile display systems requiring high resolution, low power, and small size. The first stage based on time-interleaved dual- channel SAR ADCs properly handles the Nyquist-rate input without a dedicated SHA. An input sampling clock for each SAR ADC is synchronized to a reference clock to minimize a sampling-time mismatch between the channels. Only one residue amplifier is employed and shared in the proposed ADC for the first-stage SAR ADCs as well as the MDAC of back-end pipeline stages. The shared amplifier, in particular, reduces performance degradation caused by offset and gain mismatches between two channels of the SAR ADCs. Two separate reference voltages relieve a reference disturbance due to the different operating frequencies of the front-end SAR ADCs and the back-end pipeline stages. The prototype ADC in a 0.11 m CMOS shows the measured DNL and INL within 0.38 LSB and 1.21 LSB, respectively. The ADC occupies an active die area of 1.34 mm 2 and consumes 25.3 mW with a maximum SNDR and SFDR of 60.2 dB and 69.5 dB, respectively, at 1.1 V and 100 MS/s.

In this paper, performance based design of coupling beam using non-linear static analysis is proposed considering probability distribution of flexural and shear strength in order to develop flexural hinge. This method considers post-yielding behavior of coupling beam and stress redistribution of system. It can verify the reduced effective stiffness to meet the current design requirement based on linear analysis. It also evaluates the lateral displacement under service load (un-factored wind load) properly. In addition, it can optimize the coupled shear wall system by taking stress redistribution between members into account. For a simplified 30-story building, non-linear static (push-over) analysis was performed and the structural behavior was checked at performance point and several displacement steps. Furthermore, system behavior according to the amount of reinforcement and depth of coupling beam was explored and compared each other.

As the next-generation video coding standard, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) has adopted advanced coding tools despite the increase in computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a selective biprediction method to reduce the encoding complexity of HEVC. The proposed method evaluates the statistical property of the sum of absolute differences in the motion estimation process and determines whether bi-prediction is performed. A performance comparison of the complexity reduction is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to the HEVC test model version 4.0. On average, 50% of the bi-prediction time can be reduced by the proposed method, while maintaining a negligible bit increment and a minimal loss of image quality.

Vilsmeier–Haack reaction on 3-arylisoquinolones resulted in versatile 4-formylated 3-arylisoquinolones that were further derivatized into 12-oxobenzo[ c ]phenanthridinones, 4-alkoxymethyl-3-arylisoquinolones, 3-aryl-4-phenoxymethylisoquinolones, 4-aminomethyl-3-arylisquinolone, and 3-isoquinolinyl-2-phenyl-acrylonitrile by different synthetic strategies.

For synthesis of benzastatin E, F and G analogues, the indole-2-carbaldehydes with or without substituents at C-5 position were prepared as key intermediates. Several synthetic attempts to achieve benzastatin E-G analogues were suggested using the indole-2-carbaldehyde intermediates.

Benzo[3,4]azepino[1,2-b]isoquinolinones were designed and developed as constraint forms of 3-arylisquinolines with an aim to inhibit topoisomerase I (topo I). Ring closing metathesis (RCM) of 3-arylisoquinolines with suitable diene moiety provided seven membered azepine rings of benzoazepinoisoquinolinones. Spectral analyses of these heterocyclic compounds demonstrated that the methylene protons of the azepine rings are nonequivalent. The shielding environment experienced by these geminal hydrogens differs unusually by 2.21ppm. As expected, benzoazepinoisoquinolinones displayed potent cytotoxicity. However, cytotoxic effects of the compounds were not related to topo I inhibition which is explained by non-planar conformation of the rigid compounds incapable of intercalating between DNA base pairs. In contrast, flexible 3-arylisoquinoline 8d attains active conformation at drug target site to exhibit topo I inhibition identical to cytotoxic alkaloid, camptothecin (CPT).

Background and Objectives: We used virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) to evaluate the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and plaque components in 279 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Subjects and Methods: We divided patients into three groups according to their hs-CRP levels {lowest tertile

4-Amino-2-phenylquinazolines 7 were designed as bioisosteres of 3-arylisoquinolinamines 6 that were energy minimized to provide stable conformers. Interestingly, the 2-phenyl ring of 4-amino-2-phenylquinazolines was parallel to the quinazoline ring and improved their DNA intercalation ability in the DNA-topo I complex. Among the synthesized 4-amino group-substituted analogs, 4-cyclohexylamino-2-phenylquinazoline 7h exhibited potent topo I inhibitory activity and strong cytotoxicity. Interestingly, consistency was observed between the cytotoxicities and topo I activities in these quinazoline analogs, suggesting that the target of 4-amino-2-phenylquinazolines is limited to topo I. Molecular docking studies were performed with the Surflex-Dock program to afford the ideal interaction mode of the compound into the binding site of the DNA-topo I complex in order to clarify the topo I activity of 7h.

Various 5-amino group-substituted indeno[1,2- c ]isoquinolines 7a – f were synthesized based on the previous QSAR study as rigid structures of 3-arylisoquinolines. Amino group-substituted compounds, especially 5-piperazinyl indeno[1,2- c ]isoquinoline 7f , displayed potent topoisomerase I inhibitory activity as well as cytotoxicities against five different tumor cell lines. A Surflex-Dock docking model of 7f was also studied.

JAK2 is an important target in multiple processes associated with tumor growth. In this study, virtual screening was employed for hit compound identification with chemical libraries using SurflexDock. Subsequently, hit optimization for potent and selective candidate JAK2 inhibitors was performed through synthesis of diverse C-1 substituted quinazoline derivatives. A novel compound 5p , (6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)naphthalen-1-ylamine, was thus obtained. JAK2 inhibitory activity of 5p was 43% at 20 μM and this was comparable to AG490, a representative JAK2 inhibitor. Moreover, 5p showed a positive correlation between JAK2 inhibition and cytotoxicity; 5p treatment in HT-29 cells strongly inhibited JAK2 activation and subsequent STAT3 phosphorylation, reduced anti-apoptotic protein levels, and finally induced apoptosis. This suggests that compound 5p is a candidate inhibitor of JAK2 and its downstream STAT3 signaling pathway for antitumor therapy. In the docking model, the quinazoline template of 5k , the lead compound, occupied a hydrophobic region such as Leu856, Leu855, Ala880, Leu932 and Gly935, and the highly conserved hydrogen bond was created by 6-OMe of the ring template, which binds to the NH of Arg980. Moreover, hydrophobic interactions were identified between morpholine moiety and the hydrophobic region formed by Leu855, Ala880, Tyr931, Val911 and Met929. Also, compound 5k more strongly inhibited JAK2 phosphorylation in mouse embryonic stem cells than AG490. Our study shows the successful application of virtual screening for lead discovery and we propose that the novel compound 5p can be an effective JAK2 inhibitor candidate for further antitumor agent research.

In this paper, a method of MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS) multiplexing for Ultra HDTV (UHDTV) and its design and implementation as a SW tool is described. In practice, UHD video may be divided into several HD videos and each video is encoded in parallel. Therefore, it is necessary to synchronize and multiplex multiple bitstreams encoding each HD video for transmitting and storing UHD video. In this paper, it is assumed that 4 HD videos partitioning a UHD spatially are encoded as H.264/AVC and two 5.0 channel audios are encoded by AC-3. Therefore, 4 H.264/AVC elementary streams (ESs) and 2 AC-3 ESs is mainly considered in the TS multiplexing of UHD. For the carriage of H.264/AVC and AC-3 over MPEG-2 TS, PES packetization and TS multiplexing are designed and implemented based on the extended specification of the MPEG-2 Systems and ATSC (Digital audio compressed standard), respectively. The implemented UHD TS multiplexing tool emulates real time HW operation in the time unit corresponding to the duration of one TS packet transmission in a given TS rate. In particular, in order to satisfy the timing model, the buffers defined in the TS System Target Decoder (T-STD) are monitored and their statuses are considered in the scheduling of TS multiplexing. For UHD multiplexing, two kinds of multiplexing structures, which are UHD re-multiplexing and UHD program multiplexing, are implemented and their strength and weakness are investigated. The developed UHD TS multiplexing tool is tested and verified in terms of the syntax and semantics conformance and functionalities by using a commercial analyzer and real-time presentation tools.

Multi-view video coding (MVC) based on H.264/AVC encodes multiple views efficiently by using a prediction scheme that exploits inter-view correlation among multiple views. However, with the increase of the number of views and use of inter-view prediction among views, total encoding time will be increased in multiview video coding. In this paper, we propose a fast mode decision using both MB(Macroblock)-based region segmentation information corresponding to each view in multiple views and global disparity vector among views in order to reduce encoding time. The proposed method achieves on average 40% reduction of total encoding time with the objective video quality degradation of about 0.04 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) by using joint multi-view video model (JMVM) 4.0 that is the reference software of the multiview video coding standard.

In multiview video, illumination changes can occur due to imperfect camera calibration and variations of the camera position and direction. These characteristics can cause performance degradation in multiview video coding (MVC) that uses inter-view prediction by referring to the pictures obtained from the neighboring views. In order to overcome this problem, an adaptive local illumination change compensation method is proposed. In the proposed method, we compensate for the illumination changes in the macroblock (MB) unit between the current picture and the reference picture under the assumption that the DC component in the MB is influenced by the local illumination changes. By using the proposed method, the compression ratio in the multiview video coding was increased, and a 0.1~0.6 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) improvement was obtained compared with the case where the proposed method was not used.

An improved method of scene change detection (SCD) is required for content-based video analysis, indexing, searching and editing. Many researchers have suggested various SCD techniques in recent years. However, it is difficult to detect a scene change in the video context with a variety of camera movements and shot transitions. Moreover, data volume becomes an issue in the influx of ultra-high definition (UHD) video with the resolution of 4K (3820×2160) or larger formats. The traditional SCD approach takes too much time to run with UHD video. In this paper four different SCD methods are suggested for UHD video which is coded with advanced codec programs. Then, the analysis of traditional SCD methods is presented. And these experimental SCD techniques for UHD video bit streams are tested with the different structures of advanced video codecs. Finally, the experiments are conducted to evaluate the performances of the techniques.

Background The present study was designed to investigate the effect and relationship of endothelial function and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by green tea consumption in chronic smokers. The numbers of circulating EPCs have an inverse correlation with chronic smoking and endothelial dysfunction. Green tea catechin improved endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Method and Results In 20 young healthy smokers, endothelial functions, defined by flow-mediated endothelium dependent vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery via ultrasound as well as the number of EPCs isolated from peripheral blood, were determined at baseline and at 2 weeks after green tea consumption (8 g/day). Circulating EPCs were quantified by flow cytometry as CD45lowCD34 + KDR2+ cells and by acyl-low-density lipoprotein and fluorescein isotiocyanate-lectin double positive cells after culture for 7 days. Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were not significantly different between the baseline and at 2 weeks after green tea intake. EPC levels were inversely correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked. Circulating EPCs by flow cytometry (78.6 ±72.6 vs 156.1±135.8 /ml, p

The MPEG-4 multiple auxiliary component (MAC) is a good mechanism to achieve one-stream stereoscopic video coding. However, there is no syntax or semantics for the residual texture data of the disparity-compensated image in the current MAC. Therefore, we propose a novel disparity-compensated coding method using the MAC for stereoscopic video. We also define a novel MAC semantics in MPEG-4 so as to support the proposed coding algorithm. The major difference between the existing and proposed coding methods using the MAC is the addition of the residual texture coding.

A multiview sequence codec with view scalability was described in a previous paper. To enhance the performance of this codec, an efficient disparity vector coding method for multiview sequences is proposed herein. For higher coding efficiency, we encode the differential vectors acquired by subtracting the original vectors from the predicted ones. To enhance the performance of disparity vector coding, it is essential to predict the disparity vectors accurately. The prediction by this proposed method utilizes the correlation among the multiview images, while conventional methods exploit the correlation among the causal blocks. Experiments were performed for three different 5 view sequences. We were able to confirm that the proposed method predicts disparity vectors accurately by comparing the entropy and the mean absolute values for differential vectors with conventional methods. Its performance is superior to vector coding methods used in MPEG-4 which uses only a spatial correlation. The proposed method increases the coding efficiency by a factor of 30–45% while preserving image quality.

This work proposes a skinny-shape 10b 50MS/s 90nm CMOS four-step pipeline ADC for various CIS applications. The proposed ADC converts analog signals in variable signal-swing ranges of 1.12 to 1.60Vp-p into low voltage-based digital data. The proposed on-chip I/V reference circuits generate the required variable reference voltages with a fixed common-mode level using a single external control voltage. The prototype ADC implemented in a 90nm CMOS process shows a maximum SNDR and SFDR of 55.1dB and 65.6dB, respectively. The ADC with an active die area of 0.23mm 2 consumes 17.5mW at 50MS/s using dual supply voltages of 2.5V for analog and 1.2V for digital.

A 10b 150MS/s 0.4mm2 pipeline ADC is implemented in a 45nm CMOS process. The input SHA, employing four charge-redistributed capacitors, converts single-ended or differential input signals of 1.2Vpp to differential outputs of 0.8Vpp for a low supply voltage of 1.1V. The process-insensitive high-gain amplifiers in the SHA and MDACs are based on gain-boosting, pseudo-differential output pair, and continuous-time common-mode feedback circuits to overcome various performance limitations that are observed in deep nanometer CMOS technologies. The MDAC2 and MDAC3 share a single high-gain amplifier to reduce the input memory effect, chip area, and power dissipation. The measured DNL and INL are within 1.06 and 1.29LSB, respectively. At 150MS/s, the prototype ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 51.8dB and a maximum SFDR of 63.7dB with a 1.2Vpp sinusoidal input and consumes 47.3mW.

This work proposes a 10b 1MS/s-to-10MS/s 0.11um CMOS SAR ADC optimizing power consumption and chip area for analog TV (NTSC/PAL) applications. The proposed DAC employs a 2-step (6b-4b) split-capacitor array with the V CM -based switching method for high power efficiency and small chip area. Additionally, a range-scaling technique is employed for a rail-to-rail input signal swing. The comparator accuracy is improved by offset cancellation techniques in the first-stage pre-amp. The prototype ADC in a 0.11um CMOS technology demonstrates the measured DNL and INL within 1.07LSB and 1.66LSB, respectively. The ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 54.4dB and a maximum SFDR of 69.8dB at 10MS/s, respectively. The ADC with an active die area of 0.25mm2 consumes 2.3mW at a 1.2V and 10MS/s.

Hormonal therapies, mainly combinations of anti-androgens and androgen deprivation, have been the mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer because the androgen-androgen receptor (AR) system plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of prostate cancers. However, the emergence of androgen resistance, largely due to inefficient anti-hormone action, limits the therapeutic usefulness of these therapies. Here, we report that 6-(3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)nicotinamide (DIMN) acts as a novel anti-androgenic compound that may be effective in the treatment of both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancers. Through AR structure-based virtual screening using the FlexX docking model, fifty-four compounds were selected and further screened for AR antagonism via cell-based tests. One compound, DIMN, showed an antagonistic effect specific to AR with comparable potency to that of the classical AR antagonists, hydroxyflutamide and bicalutamide. Consistent with their anti-androgenic activity, DIMN inhibited the growth of androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, the compound also suppressed the growth of androgen-independent C4–2 and CWR22rv prostate cancer cells, which express a functional AR, but did not suppress the growth of the AR-negative prostate cancer cells PPC-1, DU145, and R3327-AT3.1. Taken together, the results suggest that the synthetic compound DIMN is a novel anti-androgen and strong candidate for useful therapeutic agent against early stage to advanced prostate cancer.

The synthesis of a large array of substituted isoquinolones using the Vilsmeier—Haack formylation as key reaction is reported.

In this paper, an efficient bi-prediction algorithm to reduce encoding time of HEVC is proposed. HEVC is the next generation video codec under standardization. The proposed bi-prediction method is a kind of bi-prediction skip algorithm. The proposed method can find the favorable condition of bi-prediction compare to forward (list0) and backward (list1) prediction. Therefore, the bi-prediction is conducted under the favorable condition.

In this paper, an efficient Coding Unit (CU) early termination algorithm to reduce encoding time of HEVC test model (HM) is proposed. HEVC is the next generation video codec under standardization. There are many sizes of CUs and most of time-consuming procedures are including in CU encoding. It causes high degree of computational complexity. To reduce this computational burden, early CU termination method is proposed based on average rate-distortion cost of previous skipped CUs. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified through comparative analysis of encoding time and BD-rate.

Various substituted 3-aryl-1-isoquinolinamines were designed and synthesized based on the previously constructed CoMFA model. Most of the synthesized compounds showed excellent potency in eight different human tumor cell lines as expected. In order to find the exact cytotoxic mechanism of these 3-aryl-1-isoquinolinamines, we analyzed the cell cycle dynamics by flow cytometry and found that 3-aryl-1-isoquinolinamine 6k-treated HeLa cells were arrested in G2/M phase, which is related to apoptosis.

In the search for potent water-soluble 3-arylisoquinolines, several 3-arylisoquinolinamines were designed and synthesized. Various substituted 3-arylisoquinolinamines exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against eight different human cancer cell lines. In particular, C-6 or C-7 dimethylamino-substituted 3-arylisoquinolinamines displayed stronger potency than the lead compound 7a. Interestingly, compounds 7b and 7c showed more effective activity against paclitaxel-resistant HCT-15 human colorectal cancer cell lines when compared to the original cytotoxic cancer drug, paclitaxel. We analyzed the cell cycle dynamics by flow cytometry and found that treatment of human HCT-15 cells with 3-arylisoquinolinamine 7b blocked or delayed the progression of cells from G0/G1 phase into S phase, and induced cell death. Treatment with compound 7b also significantly inhibited the growth of tumors and enhanced tumor regression in a paclitaxel-resistant HCT-15 xenograft model.

Mobile TV applications have gained a lot of interest in recent years. The ability to provide the user with a personal viewing experience as well as the flexibility to add new services have made this technology attractive for media companies and broadcasters around the world. In this chapter, we present a novel approach for mobile 3-D video and data services that extend the regular 2-D video service of the Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (T-DMB) system. We demonstrate the main concepts and features of our 3-D DMB approach and discuss our latest research on the efficient compression of stereoscopic 3-D imagery.

In this paper, we present an efficient approach for the compression of stereoscopic video sequences. By extending an H.264/AVC-based multi-view video coding (MVC) codec as described in a previous paper to mixed-resolution imagery, i.e., to stereoscopic videos where the right-eye view had been spatially down-sampled in order to reduce the total amount of data to be encoded, we are able to combine the benefits of both disparity-compensated prediction (DCP) and asymmetric coding. By doing so, we expect to achieve very high compression gains without reducing the overall visual quality of the resulting three-dimensional (3D) percept.

In this paper, we propose a new stereoscopic video coding method aiming at efficient stereoscopic video compression over terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB). The limited amount of bandwidth available to T-DMB network has a significant impact on the amount of information that it can transmit. In particular, to transmit stereoscopic video within the limited channel bandwidth of T-DMB, efficient compression of the visual information is required. One of the enabling technologies is stereoscopic coding which exploit spatial correlation between two views. In order to further improve coding efficiency of the stereoscopic video, a new compression algorithm downsampling residual data is proposed. Main idea of residual-downsampling algorithm is to reduce the resolution of residual data that consist of the differential values between original input image and predicted image and to code the downsampled residual data. Experimental results show the proposed method achieves efficient compression at lower bit rates than Simulcast.

An algorithm to construct the optimal prediction structure in multiview video coding (MVC) is proposed in this work. We employ the graph theory as a framework. By considering each frame as a vertex and the motion compensation or disparity compensation as an edge, we represent a prediction structure as a spanning tree. Then, we obtain the optimal structure by finding the minimum spanning tree using the Prim's algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides about 0.2-0.4 dB better PSNR performance than the conventional prediction structure, and about 1.5 dB better performance than the simulcast.

We propose a novel stereoscopic video coding method to compress stereoscopic video based on residual-downsampling for 3D video service over T-DMB (terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting). Main idea of residual-downsampling algorithm is to reduce the resolution of residual data that consist of the differential values between original input image and predicted image and to code the downsampled residual data. Experimental results show the proposed method outperforms both TS (temporal scalability) based coding and Simulcast.

In this paper, we introduce our experience on the development of a three-dimensional audio-visual (3D AV) service system based on the terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB) system. 3D AV service is now much more feasible than before with the fast advancement of hardware technologies, especially 3D flat panel display, processors and memory. 3D AV service over DMB system is very attractive due to the facts that (1) glassless 3D viewing with small display is relatively easy to implement and more suitable to the single user environment like DMB, (2) DMB is a new media and thus has more flexibility in adding new services on the existing ones, (3) 3D AV handling capability of 3D DMB terminal has lots of potential to generate new types of services if it is added with other components like built-in stereo camera. In order to provide successful 3D DMB services over existing DMB system, we need to solve several issues like (1) guaranteeing backward compatibility with the T-DMB system, (2) minimizing the overhead on the transmitted bit-rate and the required processing power of the terminal, (3) providing good 3D depth perception without a noticeable eye strain. We propose a very efficient and backward compatible system architecture for the 3D DMB, and show how we can get better depth perception with the limited bit budget of the DMB system

In this paper, we propose a new three-dimensional television broadcasting system (3DTV) that is fully compatible with the existing DTV system. Specifically, we propose the PMT structure for 3DTV service including a new descriptor. As a result of our subjective evaluation test, most of participants perceived the 3D depth of 3DTV as "good", and preferred a 3DTV to the conventional digital broadcasting service. Moreover, we confirmed the compatibility with the commercial DTV STB.

We propose 3DAV (3D audio-video) processors in both the transmitter and the receiver, which would allow for backward compatibility with a current T-DMB (terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting) system. Main idea is to process 3DAV data as two objects for the backward compatibility, even if there are four physical objects(audio, 3D additional audio, video, and 3D additional audio). This paper demonstrates how the experimental results for the proposed 3DAV processors ensure backward compatibility and have sufficient 3D video quality to serve 3DAV contents on the T-DMB with only 1.5 Mbps bandwidth.

A method of producing depth maps for depth-image-based rendering (DIBR) of stereoscopic views is proposed and tested. The method is based on depth-from-defocus techniques, utilizing two original images, one with the camera focused at a near point and the other with it focused at a far point in the captured scene to produce depth maps from blur at edge locations. It is assumed that the level of blur at an edge reflects the distance it is from the focused distance. For each image, estimates of the level of blur edges at local regions are obtained by determining the optimal scale for edge detection based on a luminance gradient. An Edge-Depth map is then obtained by evaluating differences in blur for corresponding regions in the two images. This is followed by an additional process in which regions in the Edge-Depth map that have no depth values are filled to produce a Filled-Depth map. A group of viewers assessed the depth quality of a representative set of stereoscopic images that were produced by DIBR using the two types of depth maps. It was found that the stereoscopic images generated with the Filled-Depth and the Edge-Depth maps produced depth quality ratings that were higher than those produced by their monoscopic, two-dimensional counterparts. Images rendered using the Filled-Depth maps, but not the Edge-Depth maps, produced ratings of depth quality that were equal to those produced with factual, full depth maps. A hypothesis as to how the proposed method might be improved is discussed.

The multi-view video is a collection of multiple videos, capturing the same scene at different viewpoints. If we acquire multi-view videos from multiple cameras, it is possible to generate scenes at arbitrary view positions. It means that users can change their viewpoints freely and can feel visible depth with view interaction. Therefore, the multi-view video can be used in a variety of applications including three-dimensional TV (3DTV), free viewpoint TV, and immersive broadcasting. However, since the data size of the multi-view video linearly increases as the number of cameras, it is necessary to develop an effective framework to represent, process, and display multi-view video data. In this paper, we propose inter-camera coding methods of multi-view video using layered depth image (LDI) representation. The proposed methods represents various information included in multi-view video hierarchically based on LDI. In addition, we reduce a large amount of multi-view video data to a manageable size by exploiting spatial redundancies among multiple videos and reconstruct the original multiple viewpoints successfully from the constructed LDI.

We propose a software-based minimum-time vergence control scheme (MTVCS) for a parallel-axis stereoscopic camera (PASC). First, a global horizontal disparity is estimated by using modified binocular energy models and transformed stereoscopic images via Radon Transform with a specified angle parameter. Second, with the estimated global disparity, the actual disparity command is derived through a nonlinear function such that the resulting horizontal disparity is equal to the command exactly with the control in a fastest time interval. Through experimental results, we will show that the proposed MTVCS achieves better tracking and regulating performances than those of the previous scheme.

We propose a novel disparity-compensated coding algorithm using MAC (multiple auxiliary component) of MPEG-4 for stereoscopic video. MAC was added to the MPEG-4 visual version 2 in order to describe the transparency of the video object. The major difference between the existing coding method and the proposed coding method is the addition of the residual texture coding. The proposed coding method assigns disparity map and residual texture to 3 components of MAC: one component for disparity map and the remaining 2 components for the luminance and chrominance data of the residual texture, respectively.