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This paper examines how teams manage temporal ambivalence, or the simultaneous and conflicting perceptions of time as a resource, including how much time has passed and whether there is enough of it left. Team members’ time perceptions influence how a team manages time; thus, effective time management requires some collective resolution of temporal ambivalence. To study the effects of temporal ambivalence on time management processes and performance in teams, we conducted a laboratory study in which we manipulated perceptions of time by engineering a wall clock to run at different speeds (normal, fast, or slow) to instantiate different types of temporal ambivalence. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we found that managing temporal ambivalence effectively is essential for teams to appropriately allocate time to different phases of work. Specifically, teams often misallocated their time by either transitioning too late or too early between phases of work, both of which were associated with worse team performance than transitioning closer to the temporal midpoint. Teams with heightened temporal ambivalence were more likely to manage time poorly following one or more of three dysfunctional patterns: bypassing comments, glossing over contradictions, and following passively. By contrast, teams that managed temporal ambivalence effectively did so through time management huddles, in which team members briefly and collectively took time away from the main task to explicitly discuss how to allocate their time. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on team process, ambivalence, and time management in organizations. Funding: This work was supported by Harvard University, INSEAD, and the UCL School of Management.

Research on pouch-type or flexible batteries is currently being conducted with the increasing interest in flexible devices. However, lithium-ion batteries using liquid electrolytes, which are currently the most widely used, have limitations in terms of lithium reserves and the use of flammable organic electrolytes. To solve this problem, research is being actively conducted on Al-ion batteries (AIBs) that are highly safe and capable of fast charge/discharge. In this study, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) were developed by in-situ polymerization of ethyl acrylates in AlCl3/[EMIm]Cl ionic liquids. AIBs with GPEs as a solid-state electrolyte medium can solve the crucial problems in current liquid AIB systems, including electrolyte leakage, anode corrosion, and moisture sensitivity. AIBs with GPEs exhibit a reasonable energy storage capacity of 90 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 200 mA g−1 with a high coulombic efficiency of 95%. Additionally, they exhibit a high long-term stability over 500 cycles without capacity reduction. Furthermore, AIBs demonstrate exceptional operational stability and safety under harsh operating conditions, such as folding, bending, and cutting. These results suggest that new solid-state AIBs based on GPEs provide a promising strategy for the development of high-performance solid-state flexible rechargeable battery systems.

In this study, aluminum-graphene supercapacitors (denoted as aluminum-ion supercapacitors; ASCs), consisting of a battery-type aluminum anode, a capacitor-type graphene cathode, and ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl) and aluminum chloride (AlCl

Members of global teams are often dispersed across time zones. This paper introduces the construct of temporal brokerage, which we define as being in a position within a team’s temporal structure that bridges subgroups that have little or no temporal overlap with each other. Although temporal brokerage is not a formal role, we argue that occupying such a position makes an individual more likely to take on more coordination work than other members on the team. We suggest that, while engaging in such coordination work has advantages in the form of enhanced integrative complexity, it also comes with costs in the form of a greater workload relative to other members. We further argue that the increased integrative complexity and workload that result from occupying a position of temporal brokerage have implications that go beyond the boundaries of the focal team, spilling over into other projects the individual is engaged in. Specifically, we predict that being in positions of temporal brokerage on global teams decreases the quantity but increases the quality of an individual’s total productive output. We find support for these predictions across two studies comprising 4,553 individuals participating in global student project teams and 123,586 individuals participating in global academic research teams, respectively. The framework and findings presented in this paper contribute to theories of global teamwork, pivotal roles and leadership emergence in global teams, and social network theory.

This study examines if quantitative spatial analysis techniques are methodologically suitable in terms of linking spatial characteristics with income-producing efficiency. Two methodologies, Space ...

The study aimed to understand the delirium experience of intensive care unit (ICU) patients.We performed a qualitative study using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Eleven patients, who experienced delirium according to the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU, participated after transferring to general wards from the ICU. Individual in-depth semi-structured interviews ranging from 30 minutes to 2 hours in length were conducted between November 2018 and August 2019.Nine themes and four theme clusters emerged. The four theme clusters were: 1) "Overwhelmed by fear," which describes the experience of a patient close to death and the feeling of difficulty in understanding disorganized thinking; 2) "Anxious about not understanding the situation," which means that patients' sense of time and space were disordered in the ICU; 3) "Being deserted," which indicates the feeling of being separated from others and yourself; and 4) "Resistance to protect my dignity," which indicates that the dignity and autonomy of an individual in the patient's position at the ICU, are ignored.Nursing interventions are needed that would enable patients to maintain orientation and self-esteem in the ICU. In addition, healthcare providers need to provide information about the unfamiliar environment in the ICU in advance.

Identifying individuals at risk of developing dementia may be aided by early detection of functional impairments. The aims of the present study were to examine differences in informant-reported and performance-based measures of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and to assess whether a performance-based IADL measure contributes additional unique variance over informant reports in predicting incident dementia over 4 years.Prospective cohort study (Sydney Memory and Ageing Study).Eastern Suburbs, Sydney, Australia.307 community-dwelling individuals (60.6% female) aged between 76 and 96 years with normal cognition (NC; n = 190) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 117).IADL ability was assessed with the performance-based Sydney Test of Activities of Daily Living in Memory Disorders (STAM) and the Bayer-Activities of Daily Living (B-ADL) informant report, at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Covariates included age, sex, education, Mini-Mental State Examination and Geriatric Depression Scale scores, arthritis, vision impairment, cardiovascular risk, and number of medications. Logistic regressions were conducted to examine the longitudinal association between the 2 types of IADL measures and incident dementia.Logistic regressions showed that performance-based IADL impairment at baseline [odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77, 0.90; P.001] and decline in performance-based IADL function (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.73, 0.91; P.001) were associated with incident dementia over 4 years, with the association provided by the STAM being statistically significant over and above the B-ADL.Performance-based measures of IADL can predict progression to dementia over 4 years beyond that provided by an informant report of IADL. Performance-based IADL measures are promising tools for clinical practice to identify individuals at greater risk of developing dementia.

This paper derives the gravity equation with intermediate goods trade. We extend a standard monopolistic competition model to incorporate intermediate goods trade, and show that the gravity equation with intermediates trade is identical to the one without it except in that gross output should be used as the output measure instead of value added. We also show that the output elasticity of trade is significantly underestimated when value added is used as the output measure. This implies that with the conventional gravity equation, the contribution of output growth can be substantially underestimated and the role of trade costs reduction can be exaggerated in explaining trade expansion, as we demonstrate for the case of Korea's trade growth between 1995 and 2007.

Automatic wood species identification systems have enabled fast and accurate identification of wood species outside of specialized laboratories with well-trained experts on wood species identification. Conventional automatic wood species identification systems consist of two major parts: a feature e...

Objective Many studies have described constructing a prediction model for bacteremia in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but these studies were not validated in external heterogeneous groups. The objective of this study was to test the generalizability of a previous bacteremia prediction model for CAP by external validation. Methods This multicenter retrospective cohort analysis was performed in eight tertiary urban hospital emergency departments (ED). We reviewed adult patients who were hospitalized after presentation to the ED with CAP. We categorized the enrolled patients into three groups according to the bacteremia prediction model score and calculated the number of patients with or without a blood culture-positive result. We performed a multivariable analysis to identify significant predictors for bacteremia. Results Among the enrolled 2,001 patients, 1,592 (79.6%), 371 (18.5%), and 38 (1.9%) were stratified to a low, moderate, and high-risk group, respectively, and this proportion was similar with previous study. Each group had a bacteremia-positive rate as follows: 1.2% for the low-risk group, 7.2% for the moderate-risk group, and 31.5% for the high-risk group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the bacteremia model in the external validation cohort was 0.81, and there was no significant difference with that of the previous internal validation cohort (p = 0.246). Assuming that blood cultures were not performed in the low-risk patients, the sensitivity and specificity of this model were 0.68 and 0.81, respectively. Additionally, the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 9.54% and 98.87%, respectively. A platelet count less than 130,000 cell/μL, albumin less than 3.3 mg/dL, and C-reactive protein (CRP) greater than 17 mg/dL were identified as significant predictors with a sensitivity and specificity of, 0.70 and 0.83, respectively. Conclusion The bacteremia prediction model was well validated in the general population and could help physicians make the decision to reduce the number of blood cultures in patients with CAP. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide current evidence regarding the effectiveness of telemonitoring for preventing COPD exacerbations, focusing on severe exacerbations requiring hospitalisation or emergency room (ER) visits. We systematically searched for randomised controlled trials using nine databases from August to September 2020 following the Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines. Of 2159 records identified, 22 studies involving 2906 participants met the inclusion criteria. The participants in 55% and 59% of studies had severe airflow limitations and severe exacerbation histories in the preceding year, respectively. The most commonly telemonitored data were oxygen saturation (91%) and symptoms (73%). A meta-analysis showed that telemonitoring did not reduce the number of admissions (12 studies) but decreased the number of ER visits due to severe exacerbations [7 studies combined, standardised mean difference (SMD) = −0.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.28, −0.01]. Most studies reported no benefit in mortality, quality of life, or cost-effectiveness. All eight studies that surveyed participant satisfaction reported high satisfaction levels. Our review suggested that adding telemonitoring to usual care reduced unnecessary ER visits but was unlikely to prevent hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations and that telemonitoring was well-accepted by patients with COPD and could be easily integrated into their existing care.

The purpose of this symposium is to promote research that represents the new frontiers of teamwork. Specifically, we bring together research that examines “invisible” structural elements in teams, ...

Temporal dispersion is an important characteristic of global teams, as members of such teams are often distributed across multiple time zones. This paper introduces the construct of temporal broker...

>> Organic wastes such as food waste (FW), livestock wastewater (LW), and sewage sludge (SWS) can produce hydrogen (H2) by anaerobic acid fermentation. Expecially, FW which has high carbohydrate content produces H2 and short chain fatty acids by indigenous H2 producing microorganisms without adding inoculum, however H2 production rate (HPR) and yield have to be improved to use a commercially available technology. In this study, LW was mixed to FW in different ratios (on chemical oxygen demand (COD) basis) as an auxiliary substrate. The mixture of FW and LW was pretreated at pH 2 using 6 N HCl for 12 h and then fermented at 37°C for 28 h. HPR of FW, 254 mL H2/L/h, was increased with the addition of LW, however, mixing ratio of LW to FW was reversely related to HPR, exhibiting HPR of 737, 733, 599, and 389 mL H2/L/h at the ratio of FW:LW=10:1, 10:2, 10:3, and 10:4 on COD basis, respectively. Maximum HPR and H2 production yield of 737 H2/L/h and 1.74 mol H2/mol hexoseadded were obtained respectively at the ratio of FW:LW=10:1. Butyrate was the main organic acid produced and propionate was not detected throughout the experiment.

In the study, at first, batch tests were performed to investigate the effect of alkali-shock on H2 production from food waste (FW). After alkali-pretreatment of FW at pH 9.0-13.0, the FW was cultivated under mesophilic condition at pH 6.0 for 30 h without external inoculum addition. The amount of H2 production from FW pretreated at pH 11.0 and 12.0 was higher than that achieved in other pretreatment pH. The main metabolite was butyrate, and Clostridium were dominant at pH 11.0 and 12.0. Meanwhile, lactate was the main metabolite with Enterococcus and Streptococcus being the dominant genus at other pretreatment pH. When the batch process was switched to a continuous mode, H2 production was significantly dropped due to the increased activity of H2-consumers. The reliability of alkali-pretreatment at pH 11.0 was proven by repeating the scale-up batch process, recording 1.57±0.11 mol H2/mol hexose(added) (17±2LH2/kg FW) and 4.39±0.32LH2/L/d.

This work presents the effect of acid-pretreatment on H2 fermentation of food waste with detailed microbial information by next generation sequencing. The pretreated food waste at pH 1.0–4.0 was cultivated under mesophilic conditions without external inoculum addition. From the food waste acid-pretreated at pH 1–3, H2 yields in the range of 1.37–1.74 mol H2/mol hexoseadded were achieved, attaining the highest value at pH 2. Clostridium sp. such as Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and Clostridium perfringens occupied more than 70% of total number of sequences at pH 1–3. On the other hand, in the control (no pretreatment) and at pH 4, lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus were found to be the dominant genus (>90% of total number of sequences), resulting in a low H2 yield. In addition, the effect of substrate concentration on H2 fermentation was investigated, and the maximum H2 productivity was estimated to be 27.2 L H2/L/d by Andrew's model.

Employees increasingly serve on more than one team simultaneously, an arrangement referred to as multiple team membership (MTM). Despite the increasing popularity of MTM arrangements, the predomina...

충남대학교 지질환경과학과(Department of Geology and Earth Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea)요약:지난 10여 년간 미항공우주국 주도로 진행된 화성탐사 연구는 화성 암권의 주요 자성광물임을 적철석으로 판명하였다. 금번 연구에서는 적철석의 열잔류자화와 저온 실온포화잔류자를 이용하여 화성 암권에 존재하는 적철석의 자화안정도 검증을 시도하였다. 적철석의 실온포화잔류자화는 모린변환온도인 260 K를 기점으로 급격히 감소한다. 10 K까지 냉각시킨 적철석 시료를 가열하면 260∼265 K에서 자화회복이 발생하며, 잔류자화기억도는 37%이다. 실제 화성지표의 일교차는 모린변환온도를 포함하므로, 화성 지표에서 적철석을 함유하는 암체의 자화는 모린변환에 의한 자화안정도가 고려되어야 한다. 지표용암의 고결과 동시에 생성되는 열잔류자화의 강도는 50 µm 이하 크기에서 적철석 입자반경에 비례하며 증가한다. 화성의 온도구배가 관측된 적은 없지만, 지구의 온도구배를 기준으로 유추하면 대략 1.5 km 이하의 화성 암권은 모린변환온도와 무관하게 적철석의 자화보유가 상시 가능하다. 따라서 행성의 진화가 멈춰진 대략 40억 년 이전에 존재하던 내부기원의 화성자기장 기록이 화성의 암권에 현재까지 보전되어 화성 암권의 자기이상을 유지해온 것으로 해석된다.주요어:적철석, 화성, 포화잔류자화, 자화기억도, 모린변환ABSTRACT : Recent progress in Martian exploration identified hematite as the major candidate for the strong magnetic anomalies observed in Martian lithosphere. In the present study, grain-size dependence of thermoremanent magnetization and low-temperature stability of room-temperature saturation isother-mal remanent magnetization (RTSIRM) were monitored using synthetic hematites. For hematite, the antiferromagnetic spin configuration is re-arranged from being perpendicular to the c-axis to be parallel to the c-axis below the Morin transition (=T

Although recent research has consistently demonstrated the benefits of multicultural experience for individual-level creativity, its potential advantages for collective creativity in culturally diverse teams have yet to be explored. We predicted that multicultural experience among members of a collective would enhance joint creativity in a superadditive fashion. Using a two-step methodology that included both individual and dyadic brainstorming sessions, we found that even after controlling for individual creativity, multicultural experience had a superadditive effect on dyadic creativity. Specifically, dyads performed best on a creative task in terms of fluency, flexibility, and novelty—three classic dimensions of creativity—when both dyad partners had high levels of multicultural experience. These results show that when it comes to multicultural experience, the creative whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Implications for diversity research are discussed.

pH, known as the most important parameter in H2 fermentation, cannot be precisely controlled in a scaled-up fermenter as in a lab fermenter. In the preset work, to assess the effect of pH control accuracy on H2 fermentation, the pH was controlled at 6.0 ± 0.1, 6.0 ± 0.3, 6.0 ± 0.5, 6.0 ± 0.7, and 6.0 ± 0.9 during batch fermentation of food waste. Up to deviation of ±0.3, a high H2 yield of 1.67–1.73 mol H2/mol hexoseadded was attained with producing butyrate as a major metabolite (>70% of total organic acids produced). A huge drop of H2 production, however, was observed at deviation >±0.5 with lowered substrate utilization and increased production of lactate. Next generation sequencing results showed that Clostridium was found to be the dominant genus (76.4% of total number of sequences) at deviation of ±0.1, whereas the dominant genus was changed to lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus with increase of deviation value.

An application and experimental verification of the online structure from motion (SFM) method is presented to estimate the position of a moving object using a moving camera. An unknown input observer is implemented for the position estimation of a moving object attached to a two-link robot observed by a moving camera attached to a PUMA robot. The velocity of the object is considered as an unknown input to the perspective dynamical system. Series of experiments are performed with different camera and object motions. The method is used to estimate the position of the static object as well as the moving object. The position estimates are compared with ground-truth data computed using forward kinematics of the PUMA and the two-link robot. The observer gain design problem is formulated as a convex optimization problem to obtain an optimal observer gain.

In 1988 Komatsu, Japan's leading construction-equipment manufacturer, and Dresser, a giant in the American energy industry, combined their resources in a joint venture. The partnership was seen as a match made in heaven; the companies expected it to create what they called “a mountain of resources” for both sides. But as talks progressed, it became increasingly difficult for Dresser and Komatsu to stay on the same page, let alone to trust each other. As conflict escalated and trust faltered, the joint venture's market share plummeted and 2,000 employees were fired. Ultimately, in 1994, the partnership was dissolved. The experience of Komatsu and Dresser is not rare. The business world bristles with stories of intercultural negotiations gone wrong…