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Sub Himalayan Terai region of India falls under heavy rainfall zone and significant amount of rainfall occurs during Kharif season. Whereas in rabi season farmers struggle to cultivated crops due to shortage of water following minimum to no rainfall. To overcome the difficulty, Krishi Vigyan Kendra of this region had taken a initiative in the year 2011 to conserve rain water by renovating ponds so as to harvest and recycle the rain water under the project ‘National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture’ (NICRA). Information on different aspect of livelihood status of farmers was collected from Khagribari village, Cooch Behar, West Bengal before and after renovating of the pond. Information collected before initiation and after implementation of the NICRA programme was statistically analyzed separately for pond owners and adjacent farmers to find out whether pond renovation programme has any significant effect in changing the livelihood status of pond owner and adjacent farmers. It is found from the study that renovation of pond had significantly impact on increasing potato, wheat and fish production and farmers net income generation.

The appearance and rapid spread of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (FAW) represents a serious threat to maize cultivation in India and elsewhere in South Asia. Chemical control illustrates one of the major means of reducing the infestation of FAW in maize-growing zones. However, existing information regarding the field-efficacy and non-target toxicity of different insecticides against this pest is not adequate and is also unable to capture the momentum change in the scenario of residual toxicity and insecticide resistance for redacting sustainable management. The present study was framed to establish the most suitable insecticidal schedule against FAW for maize producers. In the period from winter 2019–2020 to spring–summer 2020, seven treatment schedules against FAW were evaluated, and the efficacy was calculated according to the per cent maize plant damage (PD) by larvae, while safety was enumerated based on larval parasitization by Campoletis chlorideae and the abundance of coccinellid predators. In both seasons, the highest cumulative efficacy (9.88 and 10.19% PD) was confirmed for T3 (constituted with Barazide®, Delegate®, and Ampligo®) with a significantly higher yield (52.39 and 52.66 q ha−1), whereas T7 (Proclaim Fit®, Ampligo®, and Delegate®) and T6 (Fimecta®, Ampligo®, and Spintor®) exhibited a high cumulative efficacy (11.06 to 12.23% PD). T3 was found to be safe to coccinellid predators and the per cent larval parasitism by C. chlorideae was significantly higher in this module (2.57 and 2.75%) compared to T4 and T5 (1.00 to 1.67%). The residues of Barazide®, Delegate®, and Ampligo® were below detectable levels in maize plant, grain and soil samples. Therefore, the module could be recommended against FAW in the near future.

Terai region of West Bengal fall under high rainfall region but 90% rainfall occurs in kharif season and drought observed during rabi season. NICRA project started in the Cooch Behar District during 2011. The project area and plan of work were selected on the basis of participatory rural appraisal method. The experimental trial was conducted from 2011 to 2019. The objective of the experiment was to development of sustainable irrigation system through renovation of pond and its impact on crop production. It was found from the study that pond renovation has potential impact on increasing crop yield, cropping intensity, copping system and area of irrigation.

Though cucumber is mainly grown during pre-kharifand kharif season, but farmers of Teesta flood plains of Terai region prefer to grow this very crop during rabi season because of its high market demand and price during this period of year. This region experiences extreme cold during January and February, when maximum and minimum temperature falls below 22°C and 8°C respectively, average being around 13°C. As a result fruit setting and development is badly affected in cucumber. In order to cope with this problem of low temperature following study was conducted at Khagribari village (Latitude - 26.3504°N, Longitude - 89.4435°E) of Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, India during 2015-16 and 2016-17 under a National Network Project entitled ‘National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)’ to assess effect of black polythene mulch on winter cucumber and on resource conservation with active participation of fourteen innovative and receptive farmers each having plot size of 0.13 ha. Performance of black polythene mulch was studied against conventional practice of growing winter cucumber without any mulch. Observations were taken on yield and yield attributing parameters of winter cucumber- like days taken to flower, flower drop percentage, fruiting period; net profit, soil temperature, irrigation water requirement etc. Two independent sample t- test were performed to compare two treatments for all parameters. Resulted showed that significantly higher yield (29.1 t/ha) and net return (Rs. 108100/ha) was obtained under black polythene mulch over conventional practice (26.2 t/ha and Rs. 80700/ha) as fruiting advanced by 5 days, fruiting period expanded by 20 days and fruit drop reduced to the extent of 10% due to higher night soil temperature and lesser fluctuation between day and night soil temperature under poly-mulching as against that of plots without mulch. The treatment also marked significant effect in conserving ground water and fuel by cutting down irrigation water requirement and diesel consumption in the tune of 5.38 ha-cm and 18.70 L/ha, respectively. Lower air pollution was also recorded due to 48.62 kg lower emission of CO2 from irrigation pump during irrigation of 1 hectare area.

A new osmium(II) carbonyl complex, [Os(H)(CO)(PPh3)2(L)] (1) with thioether containg NNS donor ligand (where L = 2-(ethylthio)-N-((pyridine-2-yl)methylene))benzenamine) is synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The distorted octahedral environment around osmium in the complex is confirmed by single crystal X-ray structure. Cyclic voltammogram in acetonitrile exhibits Os(II)/Os(III) oxidation and ligand based reduction. The complex effectively catalyzed the transfer hydrogenation reaction of ketones in high yields in i-PrOH. The electronic structure and redox properties are interpreted by DFT studies.

Reaction of ligand, L-Ch2Ph with Na2PdCl4 in acetonitrile yielded palladium(II) complex, [Pd(L)Cl] via C S bond cleavage. It is characterized by several spectroscopic techniques and the structure is confirmed by single crystal X-ray study. The complex exhibits quasi-reversible oxidation couple at 0.86 V corresponds to ligand based thiophenolato to thiyl radical oxidation. Electronic structure, solution spectrum and redox properties are interpreted by DFT and TDDFT calculations.

The synthesis and characterization of a mixed ligand Ru(II) complex, [Ru(dppp)(L)Cl] (1) (where, dppp = bis(diphenylphosphino) propane) is reported. The distorted octahedral geometry of the complex is confirmed by X-ray diffraction method. Cyclic voltammogram in CH3CN exhibits Ru(II)/Ru(III) quasireversible oxidation couple along with reversible azo-bond reductions peaks with reference to Ag/AgCl electrode. The efficiency of the complex towards the transfer hydrogenation of ketones in i-PrOH is examined and an excellent catalytic conversion (90–98%) is observed. The electronic structure and redox properties are well corroborated with the DFT calculations.

A hexadentate dibasic thioether N2O2S2 donor ligand (H 2 L) and its octahedral nickel(II) complex, [Ni(L)] have been synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The structures of both H 2 L and its nickel complex were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The cyclic voltammogram of the complex shows a quasi-reversible Ni(II)/Ni(III) oxidation couple (E 1/2 = 0.88 V) along with a ligand-based reduction (E 1/2 = −0.83 V). The electronic structures and electrochemical properties have been interpreted with the help of DFT calculations. The electronic transitions as calculated by TDDFT/CPCM method are used to assign the UV–Vis absorption bands.

Inorganic fertilizer contain essential element of plant nutrients. Inorganic fertilizeris environmentally not sustainable and price of this fertilizer continuously increasing. Among the different fertilizer some of the fertilizer may be highly applied in crops field by the farmers. Farmers mainly place their demand to the fertilizer dealer. Fertilizer dealer may sale the fertilizer on their own perspective. So application of the inorganic fertilizer in an area can be analysed if we analysis the socio-economic condition of fertilizer dealer on that particular area. On the basis of above viewpoint Cooch Behar Krishi Vigyan Kendra organized one day awareness programme of fertilizer dealer of Cooch Beahr district in eastern zone of India to balance use of inorganic fertilizer and a study was conducted on balance use of inorganic fertilizer with respect some socio-economic variable of fertilizer dealer. The study was conducted during February, 2016.The research design was followed in the study was survey research method. The respondents for this study included from the Cooch Behar district. The entire trainees available at the time of awareness programme were considered as respondents. Semi-structure interview schedule were used for collection of data. The sample size for the study was 50. The dependent variable of this study was balance use of inorganic fertilizer and independent variables were age, occupation, education, land holding, religion, family member and number of year associated with their occupation. The descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage and other statistical tools were used for the investigation.

A highly sensitive and selective pyridyl based colorimetric chemosensor (H2L) for the efficient detection of Ni(2+) has been reported. The synthesized chemosensor H2L is highly efficient in detecting Ni(2+) even in the presence of other metal ions that commonly co-exist with Ni(2+). H2L also shows distinct color change from green to deep red visible under naked eye due to specific binding with Ni(2+). This color change is due to formation of a new band at 510 nm upon gradual addition of Ni(2+). The association constant has been found to be 1.27×10(5) M(-1) with limit of detection (LOD) of 8.3×10(-7) M. Electronic structure of the H2L-Ni(2+) complex and sensing mechanism have been interpreted theoretically by DFT and TDDFT calculations.

A new rhodium(III)-triphenylphosphine mixed ligand complex, [Rh(PPh3)(L)Cl2] (1) is synthesized by benzylic C S bond cleavage of L-CH2Ph ligand (where, L-CH2Ph = 2-(benzylthio)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)aniline). The complex is thoroughly characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. Geometry of the complex is confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Electronic structure, redox properties, absorption and emission properties of the complex were studied. DFT and TDDFT calculations were carried out to interpret the electronic structure and absorption properties of the complex respectively. The synthesized Rh(III) complex was tested as catalyst towards transfer hydrogenation reaction of ketones in iPrOH and an excellent catalytic conversion was observed under mild conditions.

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a challenging chapter in today’s networking era. It is a network design approach that engages the framework to be controlled or 'altered' adroitly and halfway using programming applications. SDN is a serious advancement that assures to provide a better strategy than displaying the Quality of Service (QoS) approach in the present correspondence frameworks. SDN etymologically changes the lead and convenience of system instruments using the single high state program. It separates the system control and sending functions, empowering the network control to end up specifically. It provides more functionality and more flexibility than the traditional networks. A network administrator can easily shape the traffic without touching any individual switches and services which are needed in a network. The main technology for implementing SDN is a separation of data plane and control plane, network virtualization through programmability. The total amount of time in which user can respond is called response time. Throughput is known as how fast a network can send data. In this paper, we have design a network through which we have measured the Response Time and Throughput comparing with the Real-time Online Interactive Applications (ROIA), Multiple Packet Scheduler, and NOX.

A 12-week laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to determine the effect of chemical composition of residues of nine plant species on their cumulative net nitrogen (N) mineralization in soil under submergence (SUB) and field capacity (FC) water conditions. The influence of residues and of water regimes on residue-N released over time was significant. Net mineralization was higher in FC than SUB especially in later periods, although differences either among soil water levels or among species were not significant in all the periods sampled. Net N release had significant correlations with initial N and ratios of carbon, lignin or polyphenol or the (lignin + polyphenol) to N concentration of residues under two water conditions. (Lignin + polyphenol):N ratio in SUB and carbon/nitrogen (C:N) ratio in FC showed highest correlations with N mineralization in all periods and explained 64.1% variation in N mineralization from residues under SUB and 64.5% under FC after 2 and 8 weeks, respectively.

Two novel complexes [Mn 2 (phmp) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 ( 1 ) and [Ni 2 (phmp)(μ-H 2 O)(H 2 O) 4 ](NO 3 ) 3 ( 2 ) were synthesized using an “end-off” compartmental ligand [H-phmp = 4-Methyl-2,6-bis-(pyridin-2-yl-hydrazonomethyl)-phenol] with Mn(II)-perchlorate and Ni(II)-nitrate salts as metal precursors. Both these complexes were characterized by spectroscopic (IR, UV–Vis) and X-ray crystal structure analysis. The ligand, H-phmp acts as a pentadentate NNONN donor for both the metal complexes and the geometry of the complexes 1 and 2 is distorted octahedral. The DFT optimized bond distances and angles are well correlate to the X-ray structure bond parameters. For complex 1 the transitions at 435 nm and 428 nm have mixed MLCT ( dπ (Mn) → π * (L)) and ILCT ( π (L) → π * (L)) character whereas other transitions correspond to intra-ligand charge transfer transitions (ILCT). For complex 2 , weak transitions at 464 and 405 nm correspond to ligand to metal charge transfer transitions (LMCT) ( π (L) → dπ (Ni)) and most of the other transitions have ILCT character. As anticipated, various weak forces, i.e. anion–π/π–anion/anion–π/π–NH interactions as well as C–H/π interaction, play a key role in stabilizing the self-assembly process observed for both compounds.

The square planar nickel(II) complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate and the in situ condensed thiophene appended Schiff base ligands of thiophene-2-ethylamine with 3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde or 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde for [Ni(L1)2] (1) and [Ni(L2)2] (2) respectively. The complexes have been characterized by several spectroscopic techniques, viz. FT-IR, 1H NMR, absorption and emission spectroscopy. The complexes crystallize in monoclinic crystal system with C2/c space group for 1 and triclinic crystal system with P−1 space group for 2. In complex 1 the nickel sits on an inversion centre with symmetry –x, 2–y, –z. Cyclic voltammgrams of the complexes show quasi-reversible NiII/NiIII oxidation couple along with irreversible NiII/NiI reduction. Electronic structure and spectral properties are well interpreted by DFT and TDDFT calculations.

New rhodium(III)-triphenylphosphine complex, [Rh(PPh3)(L)Cl2](PF6) (1) with thioether containing NNS donor ligand (L) (L = 2-(methylthio)-N-((pyridine-2-yl)methylene)benzenamine) has been synthesized and characterized. The pseudo octahedral geometry of the complex has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. The electronic structure, redox properties, absorption and emission properties of the complexes have been interpreted by DFT and TDDFT calculations. The complex effectively catalyzed the transfer hydrogenation reaction of ketones in 2-propanol and oxidation of alcohols in presence of NMO.

New palladium(II) complex with 2-(2-thiazolyl)-4-methylphenol (TAC) having general formula [Pd(TAC)Cl) (1) has been synthesized and characterized. The complex has been characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Single crystal X-ray structure shows distorted square planar geometry around palladium(II). Cyclic voltammetric studies shows ligand based irreversible oxidation and reduction peaks. The electronic structure, redox properties and electronic excitations in the complex are interpreted by DFT and TDDFT calculations.

Two pyridoxal containing Schiff bases obtained by condensation of pyridoxal hydrochloride with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (HL1) and N,N-diethylethylenediamine (HL2) are used for the syntheses of three new copper (II) complexes [Cu(HL1)(H2O)Cl]Cl (1), [Cu(L1)Cl] (2) and [Cu(L2)Cl] (3). The single crystal X-ray structures of all the three copper(II) complexes are determined. Redox potentials for the mononuclear complexes are measured by cyclic voltammetry experiments. The DFT and TDDFT results have been used to interpret the experimental properties. � 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Three new isostructural pillared binuclear dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes [(MoO2L1)2(4,4′-azpy)] (1), [(MoO2L2)2(4,4′-azpy)] (2) and [(MoO2L3)2(4,4′-azpy)] (3) [where, 4,4′-azpy = 4,4′-azobis-(pyridine)] containing tridentate binegative Schiff base ligands (H2L1, H2L2 and H2L3) obtained by the condensation of salicylaldehyde and substituted salicylaldehyde with S-benzyl dithiocarbazate have been reported for the first time. These complexes have been characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. In all the complexes (1–3), 4,4′-azpy behaves as an auxiliary spacer and bridges the Mo(VI) centers giving rise to neutral 3D supramolecular frameworks. The cavities formed by hydrogen bonding interactions are capable of hosting guest molecules. The crystal structures reveal that each molybdenum site in the binuclear complexes adopts a distorted octahedral geometry. The morphology and structures of the complexes are further examined by SEM. Thermal behavior has been investigated to study the framework stabilities of these structures. Supportive DFT calculations on the complexes have been carried out. These ligands and complexes 1–3 have significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Synthesis and characterization of five new mononuclear dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes involving the Schiff base ligand (H2L) derived from 2-hydroxyacetophenone and S-benzyldithiocarbazate are reported. The ligand reacted with MoO2(acac)2 and a monodentate Lewis base forming cis-dioxo Mo(VI) complexes of the type [MoO2LB] (where B = THF, 1-methylimidazole, 1-allylimidazole, γ-picoline and pyridine). In all the complexes the ligand is coordinated to molybdenum via tridentate ONS donors phenolic oxygen, imine nitrogen and thioenolate sulfur. The crystal structures of the ligand and the five complexes have been determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. These complexes are neutral with the metal having distorted octahedral geometry. All the complexes give rise to fascinating supramolecular architectures via hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions. DFT calculations on the ligand and complexes are also carried out. The Schiff base ligand and its dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes were tested against five human pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a fungi Candida albicans to assess their efficiency as antimicrobial agents. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for antimicrobial activity ranges from 1.0–10.0 μg per disc. They were also found to be effective antioxidants of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical.

The source of agriculture information is a crucial point for farmers. They are getting agriculture information from variety of sources. Among these sources fertilizer and pesticide dealers play an important role in dissemination of information about agriculture practices to the farmers. They are in close contact with farmers. Dealers also diagnose the plants, pests and diseases and suggest some pesticide. But the questions arise as from which sources they gather these informations and disseminate it to the farmers. On the basis of above statement Coochbehar Krishi Vigyan Kendra organized an awareness programme of fertilizer and pesticide dealers of Coochbehar district in eastern zone of India to know the uses of information about agricultural practices with respect to their socio-economic variables. The study was conducted during February, 2016. Survey method was used to get responses of participants. Trainees available at the time of awareness programme were considered as respondents. Semi-structure interview schedule was used for collection of data. The sample size for the study was 50. The dependent variable of this study was source of information and independent variables were age, occupation, education, land holding, religion, family members and number of years associated with their occupation. The descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage and other statistical tools were used for the analysis of data.

Octahedral Mn(II) complex with NNO donor Schiff base ligand (HL) containing 8-aminoquinoline moiety with general formula, [Mn(L)2] (1) has been synthesized and characterized. The structural, electronic and photoluminescent properties have been studied. The X-ray structure of complex (1) shows distorted octahedral geometry around manganese(II). Cyclic voltammetry study of the complex shows quasi-reversible Mn(II)/Mn(III) oxidation and ligand reduction. The π(L) → π∗(L) (ILCT) based emission properties of the ligand HL and Mn(II) complex, 1 have been studied. The electronic structure and spectral properties are interpreted by DFT and TDDFT computations.

The ruthenium carbonyl complexes 1 and 2 with redox noninnocent NNS donor ligand, 1-methyl-2-{(o-thiomethyl)phenylazo}imidazole (L) have been synthesized and characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic (IR, UV–Vis and 1H NMR) techniques. The complexes exhibit a quasi-reversible one electron Ru(II)/Ru(III) oxidation couple at 1.11 V for 1 and 0.76 V for 2 along with two successive one electron ligand reductions. Catalytic activity of the compounds has been investigated to the oxidation of PhCH2OH to PhCHO, 2-butanol (C4H9OH) to 2-butanone, 1-phenylethanol (PhC2H4OH) to acetophenone, cyclopentanol (C5H9OH) to cyclopentanone, cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone, cycloheptanol to cycloheptanone and cycloctanol to cycloctanone using N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO) as oxidant. The catalytic efficiency of 2 is greater than complex 1 and well correlate with the metal oxidation potential. DFT, NBO and TDDFT calculations in DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d)/lanL2TZ(f) method are employed to interpret the structural and electronic features of the complexes.

An efficient coumarin based fluorescent ‘turn-on’ receptor (H2L) for the detection of Al3+ has been synthesized following simple Schiff base condensation of 4-hydroxy-3-acetylcoumarin with 2-amino-4-methylphenol. The receptor H2L shows about 21 fold increase in fluorescence intensity upon addition of Al3+ than in the case of other metals. The limit of detection is 0.39 μM. H2L is efficient in detecting Al3+ in the intracellular region of human cervical cancer cells and also exhibits an INHIBIT logic gate with Al3+ and EDTA as chemical inputs by monitoring both the absorption as well as emission mode. Theoretical calculations (DFT and TDDFT) are applied to interpret the sensing mechanism of the synthesized receptor.

New rhenium(I) dicarbonyl complexes containing cis-{Re(CO)2}+ fragment with redox non-innocent NNS donor ligands L1/L2 (L1, 1-methyl-2-{(o-thiomethyl)phenylazo}imidazole and L2, 1-ethyl-2-{(o-thioethyl)phenylazo}imidazole) having general formula cis-[ReX(CO)3(L1/L2)] (1/2) (X = Cl (1) and Br (2)) have been synthesized and characterized by both experimental and theoretical studies. The structural confirmation has been carried out for 1b. The complexes show quasireversible ReI/ReII oxidation and ligand based reduction in the cyclic voltammetric studies. The electronic structure and the nature of Re CO bonding has been explained by means of DFT and NBO calculations. The spin allowed singlet–singlet electronic transitions of 1b and 2b have been calculated with TDDFT method, and the experimental spectra of the complexes have been discussed on this basis.

Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India E-mail : tkmondal@chemistry.jdvu.ac.in The cis-(Cl)-[Ru(PMAQ)(PPh3 )Cl2 ] (1) (where, PMAQ = 8-{(2´-pyridylmethylene)amino}quinoline) complex has been synthesized and characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. The absorption and emission properties of the complex have been studied. Upon excitation in ILCT band at 331 nm, the complex exhibits emission at 475 nm. The emission decay profile has bi-exponential in nature with life time of 3.98 ns. The complex exhibits a quasi-reversible one electron RuII/RuIII oxidation couple along with a ligand based reduction in cyclic voltammetric study. The redox properties are well supported by DFT data. The electronic structure of the complex has been interpreted by DFT method. The spin allowed electronic transitions computed by TDDFT method have a good agreement with the experimental spectrum of the complex. The complex efficiently catalyzes the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to the respective aldehydes and ketones with moderate to high conversions in presence of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO) as co-oxidant.

A laboratory experiment was conducted over 12 weeks to study the nitrogen (N) mineralization pattern and kinetics from nine locally available green manure (GM) at submergence and field capacity (FC), when incorporated into typical rice growing teesta alluvial soils of the district Coochbehar located at Terai Agro-climatic region of West Bengal. Rapid mineralization was evidenced by the fact that out of total N mineralized at the end of incubation, 20.43–100.59% and 27.60–76.17% released during 1st week at submergence and FC, respectively. After 12 weeks highest N was mineralized from C. sophera (162.57 mg kg−1 soil) and G. sepium (195.72 mg kg−1 soil) amended soil at submerge and FC moisture condition, respectively. At submergence, soils amended with I. cornea and V. ungiculata and at FC, G. sepium and E. indica amended soil exhibited most consistent trend of successive increase till the end with a few exception; whereas mean (of moisture regime) cumulative mineralization showed most consistency in case of V. ungiculata and C. sophera. Mean (of GM) cumulative mineralization was better at submergence over FC moisture regime during early period; whereas reverse was the trend during later period of incubation. Similar was the trend for individual GMs except C. sophera, G. sepium and I. cornea recording higher value at FC almost all throughout the incubation period. FC moisture regime recorded higher mineralization potential (N0) and lower rate constant (k) for all GMs; except N0 value for P. pinnata. Considering all these above C. sophera and V. ungiculata were identified as best GM species across moisture regime as well as at submergence; whereas at FC moisture regime G. sepium and E. indica were best performing GM species.