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[ABSTRACT]【Background】The association of liver dysfunction with morbid obesity has been speculated, which can be improved to some extent by metabolic surgery as represented by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). However, the postoperative liver damage due to surgical procedures can sometimes be serious. Therefore, understanding the risk of perioperative liver damage and the positive effects of LSG on liver function is necessary. 【Materials and methods】A total of 46 morbid obesity cases that underwent LSG at Chiba University Hospital between 2010 and 2021 were evaluated for patient background, surgical factors, liver function and liver damage course and analyzed for perioperative liver damage risk factors. 【Results】The liver to spleen ratio (LS ratio) in plain computed tomography (CT), an index that reflects liver fattening, significantly reduced 1 year after LSG compared to baseline values (P < 0.0001), but without improvement in Fib-4 index, an indicator of liver fibrosis (P = 0.28). Liver damage (≧ CTCAE grade2) was observed in 28.3% (13/46) of patients 3 days after surgery, with one patient requiring a platelet transfusion. The risk factors of perioperative liver damage include high Fib-4 index (P = 0.016), high visceral fat subcutaneous fat ratio (VS ratio)(P = 0.049), and long surgical duration (P = 0.023) using the multivariate logistic regression analysis.【Conclusions】Avoiding perioperative liver damage to perform appropriate preoperative evaluation, including blood and imaging tests, and aiming to shorten the surgical duration is important for patients with morbid obesity undergoing LSG. LSG for morbid obesity shows hepatic fattening improvement with weight loss, but the effect on liver fibrosis should be examined including a longer course.

競泳のキックスタートでは左右の脚を前後に開き，スタート姿勢を構える．本研究ではスタート姿勢を構える際，脚筋力が大きい脚を前後どちらに配置することが望ましいか，スタートパフォーマンスに及ぼす影響から検討することを目的とした．対象は，16名の男女大学競泳選手とし，左右脚の前後配置を交互に入れ替えさせ，合計4本のキックスタートを実施させた．脚筋力については，膝関節伸展方向への等尺性最大筋力を左右それぞれ計測し，脚筋力の大きい脚を判定した．測定項目は，跳び出し速度，跳び出し水平速度，跳び出し垂直速度および跳び出し角度を算出した．その結果，脚筋力が大きい脚を前方に配置したスタート姿勢において，跳び出し速度および跳び出し水平速度が有意に高い値を示していた．したがって，脚筋力が大きい脚を前方に配置することは，キックスタートパフォーマンスを向上させる可能性があることが示唆された., In the kick start, swimmers put one foot on the front edge of the starting block, and the other foot on the back plate. The present study compared effects of competitive swimmers’ foot position on their kick start performance, specifically on whether their stronger leg was placed in the front or the rear. College swimmers (12 male, 4 female) performed 4 kick starts, alternately using their preferred and non-preferred combination of front and rear foot positions. A Biodex System 3™ was used to measure the isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the extension of both of the swimmers’ knees, in order to determine which was the stronger leg. Other measures analyzed were start parameters, that is, the take-off horizontal and vertical svelocities and the take-off angle. The take-off velocity and the horizontal take-off velocities with the stronger leg on the front edge of the starting block were significantly higher than with the weaker leg in that position. These results suggest that positioning the stronger leg in front may improve kick-start performance.

本研究では競泳短距離種目における世代毎のスター トパフォーマンスの変化について明らかにすることを目的とした. 2018年に国内で開催された全国規模の水泳競技大会100m種目に出場した男女競泳選手を対象に,各種目および世代別に抽出した (G1:11-12歳,G2:13-15歳,G3:16-18歳,G4:19歳以上). ス ター トパフォーマンスとして, リアクションタイムと15m通過時間を用いて比較した. その結果, リアクションタイムでは男子バタフライのG1とG4間を除いた全ての種目の世代間において有意な差が認められなかった. 一 方, 15m通過時間について, 男子では全ての種目の世代間で年齢に伴い有意に短い時間を示し, 女子では背泳ぎを除いた全ての種目でG1, G2よりもG4の方が有意に短い時間を示していた. 以上のことから, リアクションタイムについては年齢に伴い変わらないものの, 15m通過時間は年齢に伴い短くなることが明らかとなった., The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of age on the start performance of male and female in competitive swimming. The subjects were top level Japanese competitive swimmers in 100m distance at 2018 Japanese Championships in swimming (50m pool). All swimmers were divided into 4 age groups (G1:11-12 ages group, G2:13-15 ages group, G3:16-18 ages group, and G4:over 19 age group). The start parameters (reaction time and 15m time) were analysed. In almost all of events (except for male butterfly event), there action time was not significantly different between groups. On the other hand, in all events of males, the 15m time was significantly different between groups. In all events except for backstroke of females, the 15 m time of the G4 was significantly shorter than the G1 and G2. From the results, it is suggested that the reaction time was not different with age, whereas the 15m time was shorter at both males and females with advancing age.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of age on the swimming velocity, stroke rate and stroke length of male and female competitive swimmers in the 50-m front crawl. The swimmers examined were top-level Japanese competitive swimmers in the 50-m freestyle event at national level swimming competitions held in Japan in 2018 (50-m pool). The swimmers were divided into 5 age groups (G-U10: under 10 age group, G11-12: 11-12 age group, G13-15: 13-15 age group, G16-18: 16-18 age group, G-O19: over 19 age group). The average velocity (SV), average stroke rate (SR) and average stroke length (SL) from 15 m to 45 m in the 50-mfreestyle event were analyzed and compared between the age groups by gender. SV significantly increased with age in both males and females. SR in males increased significantly with age, whereas that in females did not differ significantly between groups. SL in females increased significantly with age, whereas that in males did not increase significantly after G11-12. The increase of SV in females with age was due to the increase in SL after age 13. On the other hand, the increase of SV in males with age was due to the increase in SL until age 12 and in SR after age 13. These results suggest that increasing the SL with age may improve the SV in females, and that increasing the SL and SR with age may improve the SV in males.