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Rubber fruit shells-derived carbon (RC) modified with magnetite (MRC) and triethoxyphenylsilane (TEPS) (SRC) made from rubber fruit shells were used to adsorb crystal violet (CV) dye effectively. The RC was successfully modified by magnetite and TEPS, according to the characterization of the adsorbent utilizing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) showed that the RC was successfully modified by magnetite and TEPS. Several adsorption process parameters were investigated, and the ideal results were obtained with an adsorbent dose of 0.1 g, pH 10, contact time of 15 min, and initial concentration of CV 250 mg L−1. The MRC and SRC adsorption capacities are 71.43 and 69.93 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model with MRC and SRC rate constants of 3.40 and 0.83 g mg−1 min−1, respectively. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is suitable for CV dye adsorption using MRC and SRC with KF values are 1.36 and 1.76 mg g−1 L mg−1 which gives R2 0.943 and 0.932, respectively. These findings showed that the modified RC with magnetite and TEPS effectively removes the CV dye solution through the adsorption process.

Early blight disease initiated by the fungus Alternaria solani causes reduced tomato harvests of up to 86%. Identification of these diseases manually was prone to identification errors. Thus, it was required to involve deep learning to reduce oversight. This study aimed to determine the performance of the CNN pre-trained model, namely DenseNet based on transfer learning, for identifying early blight disease in tomatoes. The transfer learning technique was carried out by changing the last layer in the model used. The total image data of as many as 3,000 datasets consisting of early blight, healthy, and other disease types were divided into training, validation, and testing data. The data was trained to employ eight different modeling scenarios based on the percentage of data sharing and a combination of hyperparameter tuning. The evaluation results obtained the A4 model as the best model, which uses 2,400 training data, 300 validation data, and 300 testing data. Using a dense layer of 8 neurons, as well as the Adam optimizer with a learning rate of 0.00001. The model succeeded in obtaining validation accuracy values of 91.33%, testing accuracy of 90%, average precision of 90%, average recall of 90%, and testing time of 1.75 seconds. In addition, during the model testing process, it was found that the model was less optimal if it identified new data with conditions and background images that blended with the identified leaf objects.

This extensive literature review examines virtual reality (VR) and emotional responses, including theories, paradigms, and research gaps. Foundational to VR is its ability to evoke profound emotional involvement through heightened presence. The study synthesizes presence theory, appraisal theory, and transportation theory to explain how they affect virtual emotional experiences. It also examines affective computing and multisensory integration frameworks for emotional design for VR and their importance in creating emotionally engaging VR experiences. Furthermore, the study highlights key research gaps and issues in the field. These include individual variances in emotional responses, the undiscovered long-term effects of repeated VR exposure, and ethical issues surrounding emotion manipulation and user permission. To fill these gaps, computer science, psychology, and allied sciences should work together to comprehend the complex relationship between VR and human emotions. The ethical, theoretical, and practical aspects of VR’s emotional landscape are explored in this synthesis to guide future research.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PEER CONFORMITY WITH FURTHER STUDY DECISION MAKING OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL. This research was holded based on the phenomenon of Junior High School students who were less independent in further study decision making, so that they adapted based on peer conformity. The research aims to find out the relatonship between peer conformity with further study decision making in Junior High School students. This type of research is ex post facto quantitative with a correlational design. The samples of this research totaled 233 students from five schools with cluster sampling and proportional random sampling techniques. The instruments is used consisted of further study decision making scale, and peer conformity scale. Based on the result analysis, it showed that level further study decision making is high, level peer conformity is medium, and there is finded a negative and significant relationship between peer conformity and further study decision making (r=-0,364, p=0,000 < 0,05).

This research aims to evaluate the water quality status and pollution load-carrying capacity of the Way Umpu River based on land use. This was carried out using the survey method by directly measuring the river water debit, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) on-site, taking the water sample to analyze the parameters of water quality such as total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), water color, turbidity, salinity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), fecal coli, total coliform, and plankton in the lab, and monitoring the land use. The results showed that the use of land for illegal mining and the settlement of inhabitants in station-4 (ST-4) caused water pollution. Furthermore, based on Class III water use, the parameters in ST-4 exceeded the standards for TSS, color, and BOD, while other stations such as ST-1, ST-2, ST-3, ST-5, and ST-6 showed clean and good water quality statuses. It was also found that the pollution load-carrying capacity of the Way Umpu River has not yet been exceeded for Class III and the quality of the water may be improved when the river water debit increases. In addition, the plankton community structure on ST-1, ST-2, and ST-3 showed the number of species and individuals, and the diversity index was relatively high compared to ST-4, ST-5, and ST-6. It was concluded that the integrated evaluation was based on water quality status, plankton community structure, and pollution load analyses. The land use for illegal mining will decrease the water quality and the plankton community structure compared to other land uses.

The modification of the Tetraselmis sp. algae material (Tetra-Alg) with surfactant Cethyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) yielded adsorbent Tetra-Alg-CTAB as an adsorbent of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) solutions. The characterization of the adsorbent used an infrared (IR) spectrometer to identify functional groups and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX FEI Inspect-S50, Midland, ON, Canada) to determine the surface morphology and elemental composition. Methyl orange and methylene blue adsorption on the adsorbent Tetra-Alg, Tetraselmis sp. algae-modified Na+ ions (Tetra-Alg-Na), and Tetra-Alg-CTAB were studied, including variations in pH, contact time, concentration, and reuse of adsorbents. The adsorption of MO and MB by Tetra-Alg-CTAB at pH 10, during a contact time of 90 min, and at a concentration of 250 mg L−1 resulted in MO and MB being absorbed in the amounts of 128.369 and 51.013 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms of MO and MB and Tetra-Alg, Tetra-Alg-Na, and Tetra-Alg-CTAB tend to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics models and Freundlich adsorption isotherms with each correlation coefficient value (R2) approaching 1. Due to the modification with the cationic surfactant CTAB, anionic dyes can be strongly sorbed in alkaline pH due to strong electrostatic attraction, while MB is more likely to involve cation exchange and hydrogen bonding. The reuse of Tetra-Alg-CTAB was carried out four times with adsorption percent > 70%, and the adsorbent was very effective in the adsorption of anionic dyes such as MO.

Abstract Biomass of algae is a very potent adsorbent for absorbing aqueous waste containing heavy metals and organic dyes. This study purposes to confirm the ability of adsorbents from green algae Nannochloropsis sp. modified with silica (ASN) and followed by coating magnetite particles (ASN-MPs) to absorb simultaneously the mixture of Methylene Blue (ME) and Cu(II) cations in aqueous solution. Simultaneous sorption of ME and Cu(II) cations to ASN and ASN-MPs was carried out by the batch method with the interaction pH condition 7, contact time 90 min, and initial concentrations of ME and Cu(II) cations (0.1–1.0 mM). Based on adsorption data, Cu(II) cations have a greater adsorption rate and capacity (q m ) compared to ME at the same contact time and initial concentration. The adsorption capacity (q m ) values of the bi-component ME and Cu(II) cation mixture in ASN and ASN-MPs were 1.39 × 10− 1 and 5.32 × 10− 1 mmol g− 1, respectively, with the binary Langmuir adsorption isotherm constant for Cu(II) cations greater than ME. Modified adsorbent from algae Nannochloropsis sp. with silica matrix and magnetite particle coating is an adsorbent that has a high effectiveness in the collective sorption of ME and Cu(II) cations. Therefore, these adsorbents can be used for the adsorption of cation mixtures of heavy metals and organic dyes that are cationic in solution.

This study was inspired by Clifford Geertz's success in reviving discussions about the role and presence of middle class Muslim bourgeois traders in Java, especially in Kudus. The indigenous bourgeois had existed before Indonesian independence. This class was expected to be the core of the middle class to carry out social, economic, and cultural developments and reforms. Bourgeois representation indigenous traders in the western area, known as Kudus kulon. Its community was expected to be an agent of change and a source of entrepreneurship for the modern community. However, this prediction was not proven. Especially after Indonesia's independence, the role of the middle-class bourgeois of Javanese Muslim traders was getting declined. Therefore, this study conducted using a historical approach through archival studies and interviews to prove the truth of these predictions. Based on the results of field study, it is known that the Islamic student class living in Kudus kulon were considered as the most potential and had certain values to develop themselves into a strong and independent entrepreneurs class. However, the strength of the Muslim traders’ network diminished due to unfavorable economic conditions for the traditional business of santri (Islamic students) during the New Order.

This study aims to examine the correlation between emotional intelligence (EI) and learning achievement with social media usage on students. The kind of this research is correlation quantitative. Subjects were 4 of 10 schools with 226 students and using cluster random sampling and purposive sampling. The data were obtained by the questionnaire of social media usage, the scale of emotional intelligence (EI), and the ledger documentation. Validity rate on all of the instruments was high with the level of error 5%, as well as the reliability of the instruments which was also high. The descriptive analysis using the mean and standard deviation, while hypothesis testing using the product moment correlation and multiple. The research results prove negative and significant relationship between EI with social media usage (rxy = -0.251; p

As regional autonomy, a Regency has an obligation to organize government affairs. In addition, it also has the option of attribution authority in accordance with the constitution. The Regional Government organizes the field of government affairs that can foster healthy human resources. One of its authorities is the provision of sports facilities. This study aims to analyze the urgency of the Regulations on Organizing Sports. This research method is Legal Research through a qualitative approach by examining regulations/laws related to the authority of regional autonomy in organizing sports facilities. The results show that the formation of a Regional Regulation on the Implementation of Sports is prepared by taking into account the rules for the formation of legislation mandated by Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning Formation of Legislation. Thus the regulations decided can be implemented and in accordance with applicable legal provisions.

Abstract In this study, the adsorbent of Crystal Violet (CV) and Methylene Blue (MB) dyes was synthesized from the hybridization of Spirulina sp. algae biomass with silica as a matrix (ASS). Hybridization of Spirulina sp. algae biomass was carried out through a sol-gel process using tetraethyl orthosilicate precursors. The ASS adsorbent was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area method and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive-X ray. The CV and MB dyes adsorption onto ASS adsorbent was studied through adsorption experiments using the batch method. The optimum adsorption of CV and MB dyes is at pH of 8 and contact time of 60 min. The CV and MB dye kinetics on the ASS adsorbent tend to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetics model with rate constant (k 2) of 0.3 and 0.2 (g mg− 1 min− 1) respectively. The isotherm adsorption pattern of CV and MB dyes follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm with K F values of 1.07 and 1.05 (mg g− 1) (L mg− 1)1/n, respectively. In the simultaneous adsorption process, CV dyes were more adsorbed than MB in solution to the ASS adsorbent.

The practice of Corruption has been prevented and eradicated along with the development of the ideology of new liberalism (neoliberalism) which seems increasingly difficult to avoid and control. This study aims to analyze the evolution of eradicating Corruption and the development of unstoppable neoliberalism movement. This study uses normative methods (legal research) with short cases and conceptual approaches. The two issues above are a big problem in our country because no matter how strong the prevention and eradication efforts are carried out, it turns out case by case that proves the existence of acute "immunity" from these two diseases, so it needs an "effective" therapy to deal with it. Pancasila became one antidote to inhibit the breeding of two of the above diseases. Like cancer cells, the family is the primary key to the goal of preventing the spread of this disease. Therefore, efforts to isolate the family from the contamination of the two conditions above are an essential solution.

In this research, biomass modification of Nannochloropsis sp. with surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) through a cation exchange reaction to produce adsorbent Nannochloropsis sp.-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (AlgN-CTAB) has been carried out. Biomass modification of Nannochloropsis sp. by CTAB has been successfully carried out through confirmation from the analysis data produced by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). AlgN-CTAB adsorbent has been tested for its adsorption ability against anionic dye of methyl orange (MO) in solution by way of a sequence of experiments by the batch method. The optimum conditions for MO removal from the solution occurred at an adsorbent quantity of 0.1 g, pH of 5, and an interaction time of 60 min. MO adsorption kinetic data by AlgN and AlgN-CTAB tended to take the kinetic model of pseudo-second-order (PSO) with PSO rate constant (k2) values of 0.56 and 2.17 g mg-1 min-1, serially. The MO adsorption isotherm pattern by AlgN tends to take the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, whereas in AlgN-CTAB it follows the Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherms. The results of the adsorption-desorption of MO by AlgN-CTAB with 4 repetition cycles resulted in % removal of MO>80%. The AlgN-CTAB adsorbent can be used repeatedly and is very effective in absorbing MO in water.

Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah (pilkada) merupakan proses kedaulatan rakyat ditingkat lokal yang diatur berdasarkan Pasal 18 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (UUD NRI 1945) yang merupakan hak konstitusional seluruh warga negara Indonesia. Selama proses pilkada serentak tahun 2015 terdapat 3 daerah yang hanya memiliki satu pasangan calon yang terdaftar daerah tersebut adalah Kebupaten Blitar, Tasikmalaya, dan Timor Tengah Selatan yang harus ditunda pelaksanaannya dikarenakan kurangnya syarat minimum 2 pasangan calon. Penelitian hukum normatif adalah penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan-bahan pustaka atau bahan sekunder. Bahan skunder penelitian hukum normatif yaitu berupa penelitian kepustakaan yang mana digunakan untuk memperoleh bahan-bahan berupa dokumen hukum, baik berupa Peraturan Perundang-undangan, Peraturan Pemerintah, Keputusan/Peraturan Menteri, Yurisprudensi, Jurnal-Jurnal, Hasil Penelitian, Publikasi ilmiah, buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan pokok permasalahan yang diteliti. Mengingat pentingnya pelaksanaan pilkada sebagai bagian dari pemerintahan daerah maka pilkada mutlak harus tetap berlangsung meskipun hanya terdapat satu pasangan calon yang terdaftar tanpa kehilangan sifat demokratis. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 100/PUU-XIII/2015 tentang pengujian Undang-Undang No. 8 tahun 2015 terhadap UUD NRI 1945 memutuskan bahwa pilkada masih tetap bisa berlangsung tanpa kehilangan sifat demokratisnya meskipun hanya terdapatan satu pasangan calon. Pemilihan dilaksanakan dengan mekanisme plebisit atau lazim dikenal oleh masyarakat dengan nama referendum, yaitu dengan cara masyarakat diminta untuk memilih setuju atau tidak setuju dengan pasangan calon tunggal. Pemilihan Kepala Daerah dengan Satu Pasangan Calon merupakan solusi yang diberikan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 100/PUU-XIII/2015 untuk mengisi kekosongan hukum yang terjadi akibat dari terbentuknya Undang-Undang No. 8 tahun 2015. Pilkada dengan calon tunggal, secara konsep pilkada dengan calon tunggal tidak dapat dikatakan tidak demokratis. Essensi utama demokrasi adalah keterlibatan nyata masyarakat dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Dalam hal ini, rakyat adalah penentu kekuasaan dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang diberikan oleh wakil-wakilnya melalui proses pemilihan sebagai kontrak sosial. Disamping itu, terdapat aspek kearifan lokal yang tidak dapat ditinggalkan begitu saja, dalam arti bahwa kearifan lokal harus menjadi bahan pertimbangan dalam pelaksanaan demokrasi. Munculnya calon tunggal dalam pilkada adalah suatu pelajaran bahwa demokrasi yang berjalan dalam tataran praktek akan selalu berkembang secara dinamis, dan hukum harus mampu mengikuti perkembangan masyarakat tersebut.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kedudukan partai politik lokal Aceh dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia, secara objektif bagaimana peran partai politik local Aceh dalam mewujudkan demokrasi dan hambatan-hambatan yang timbul dan bagaimana penyelesaiannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode empiris yaitu mengumpulkan data primer. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan mewawancarai responden dan informan yang menjadi sampel pada penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan partai politik local Aceh di dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia tidak bertentangan dengan perundang-undangan. Hal tersebut diperkuat dengan pasal 18B UUD 1945 yang menjadi dasar pembentukan partai politik lokal di Aceh dan juga berlaku asas di dalam ilmu hukum yaitu Lex Specialis Derogate Lex General yang maksudnya hukum yang bersifat khusus dapat menyampingkan hukum yang bersifat umum, demikian di Aceh juga menerapkan UU yang bersifat khusus.

This study aims to examine a relationship between hope, religiosity, social support, resilience and subjective well being of 455 bidik misi students University Negeri Semarang.. The research method used was correlation with random sampling as sampling technique. The data was collected by 5 scale they are hope scales using the expectation scale for adult cognitive models from Snyder, social support scales using multidimensional scales of perceived social support, subjective scales using oxford happines inventory, resilience scales using resilience scales from Reivich and Sheite, whereas religiosity was measured using the scale of religiosity. To analyze the relationship, correlational product of moment parson is used. The results showed that the correlation between subjective well being and hope outcome was 0.155, the correlation between subjective wellbeing and religiosity was 0.148, correlation between subjective well being and social performance was 0.148, Correlation between subjective well being and resilience was 0.473, and there are simultaneous influence of hope, social support, religiosity and resilience, to subjective well-being. The conclusion of this study was hope, religiosity, social support, and resilience is a predictor of subjective well being.

Dalam praktik ketatanegaraan yang terjadi, fenomena yang berjalan selama empat dekade terakhir ini menunjukkan kecenderungan pengaturan sistem bernegara yang lebih berat ke lembaga eksekutif (executive heavy). Posisi presiden sebagai kepala negara sekaligus sebagai kepala pemerintahan yang tidak jelas batasan wewenangnya dapat berkembang ke arah yang negatif berupa penyalahgunaan wewenang. Kekuasaan pemerintahan yang ada pada presiden, atau biasa disebut dengan kekuasaan eksekutif, merupakan konsekuensi dianutnya sistem pemerintahan presidensil oleh UUD 1945. Studi ini ingin menjadi bagian dari wacana tentang kekuasaan pemerintahan oleh Presiden dan kekuasaannya sebagai Kepala Negara. Dalam studi ini dipaparkan dan dianalisis kekuasaan pemerintahan dan Presiden sebagai Kepala Negara, yang secara normatif didasarkan pada UUD1945 pasca amandemen Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam studi atau penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang menekankan pada penelitian pustaka. Penelitian pustaka berarti akan lebih banyak menelaah dan mengkaji bahan hukum yang diperoleh dari penelitian pustaka saja dan tidak diperlukan penyusunan atau perumusan hipotesis. Penelitian tersebut dapat dilakukan terutama terhadap hukum primer dan skunder sepanjang bahan-bahan tadi mengadung kaidah-kaidah hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setelah dilakukan perubahan pertama, kedua, ketiga, dan keempat Amandemen Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 selesai. Namun dengan telah diselesaikannya reformasi konstitusi, muncul gejala dominasi Legislatif setelah reformasi digulirkan sampai saat ini menunjukkan tanda-tanda kecenderungan penyimpangan kekuasaan oleh lembaga perwakilan dan bertendensi lemahnya lembaga eksekutif. Adapun solusi terhadap hambatan tersebut, sebagai langkah nyata di Indonesia dalam hal sistem pemerintahan sesudah perubahan UUD 1945 harus menerapkan sistem presidensil, bukan dimaksudkan sebagai suatu bentuk campuran. Lebih-lebih karena pada saat ini (setelah perubahan UUD 1945) dan kedepan. Presiden disatu pihak dipilih langsung, dan dipihak lain tidak lagi bertanggungjawab kepada MPR, maka sistem presidensil di Indonesia menjadi lebih murni.

In this study, cellulose and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were extracted and prepared from cassava peels (CPs). The method of the cellulose extraction was performed by alkali treatment followed by a bleaching process. The CNF were prepared by mechanical disruption procedure (homogenization and ultrasonication), and the results were compared with a common acid hydrolysis procedure. The resulting cellulose and CNF from both procedures were then analyzed using FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, and TGA. The results show that cellulose and CNF were successfully prepared from both procedures. The physical properties of the produced CNF were different; however, they hadsimilar chemical properties.

A series of dibutyl-, diphenyl- and triphenyltin(IV) benzoate derivatives has been prepared. The products were obtained by reacting the dibutyltin(IV) dichloride, diphenyltin(IV) dichloride and triphenyltin(IV) chloride respectively via the dibutyltin(IV) oxide, diphenyltin(IV) dihydroxide and triphenyltin(IV) hydroxide with benzoate acid and its derivative. The targeted compounds have been tested with anticancer activity against leukemia cancer cell, L-1210. The compounds synthesized were well characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies as well as based on the microanalytical data. The results showed that triphenyltin(IV) benzoate and its derivative prepared exhibit higher anticancer activity than those of dibutyltin(IV) and diphenyltin(IV) analogous.

Chemical stability, reusability, and adsorption selectivity of Cd2+ ionic imprinted Nannochloropsis sp with silica matrix (Cd(II)-IIP) from precursor tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) have been studied through adsorption experiment series with batch method. Nannochloropsis sp (Cd(II)-IIP) material was characterized with an infrared spectrophotometer (IR) to identify the functional groups in this material and identification of metal ion concentration was analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Chemical stability was determined in solution media of acid, neutral, and base. Adsorption selectivity was obtained with determination of selectivity coefficient (α) of Cd2+ ion toward its ionic pair such as Ag+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ ions. Nannochloropsis sp Cd(II)-IIP material is very stable in acid media and lack stable in base media as well as it can be reused for extraction 4 cycles with adsorption capacity value > 95% using eluent of 0.1 M Na2EDTA. Selectivity of Cd(II)-IIP material upon Cd2+ ion is higher than non imprinted polymer (NIP) and it increases with these orders; Cd2+/Ag+ < Cd2+/Zn2+ < Cd2+/Cu2+ < Cd2+/Ni2+ for each α at metal ionic ratio of 1:1; 0.887; 20.180; 28.053; 33.417, respectively.

Multiple metal ions adsorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II) and Fe(II) on humic acid with a batch method has been carried out at pH interaction of 3, 5, and 6. Concentration of metal ions in solution before and after interaction was analyzed with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Result showed that adsorption multiple metal ions of Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), and Fe(II) on humic acid is optimum at pH 5. Adsorption energies of the multiple metal ions Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), and Fe(II) on humic acid at pH 3, 5, and 6 are around 35.0 - 37.6 kJ/mole. In general, capacity of competition adsorption of the multiple metal ions has an order as follows; Cu(II) < Fe(II) < Zn(II) < Mn(II). Keywords: Humic acid, adsorption, multiple metal

An investigation of the effect of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (SDBS) on both growth rate and morphology of borax crystal has been carried out. This experiment was carried out at temperature of 25 °C and relative supersaturation of 0.21 and 0.74 under in situ cell optical microscopy method. The result shows that SDBS inhibits the growth rate and changes the morphology of borax crystal. Keywords: Borax; growth rate; crystallization, SDBS

The growth rates of borax crystals from aqueous solutions in the (010) direction at various flow rates were measured. The observed variations of the growth rate can be represented by a normal distribution. It was found that there is no correlation between growth rate distribution and solution flow under these experimental conditions. Keywords: Growth rate dispersion (GRD), borax, flow rate

The kinetics of crystal growth of borax has been studied by using conductivity method at temperature of 25 °C and at various relative supersaturations. It was found that the growth rate increases with increasing supersaturation. At low concentration, growth occurs via a spiral growth mechanism and at high concentration birth and spread is the principal mechanism operating. Keywords: borax; growth rate; crystallization; conductivity method

The role of C-methyl-4,10,16,22-tetrametoxy calix[4]arene as inhibitor of calcium carbonate scale formation has been investigated. The result shows that C-methyl-4,10,16,22-tetrametoxy calix[4]arene inhibits a formation of calcium carbobate crystals at a concentration of growth solution of 0.1 M. The ability of C-methyl-4,10,16,22-tetrametoxy calix[4]arene as inhibitor of the formation of calcium carbobate scale is 33-100% in inhibiting growth rate of CaCO3 scale formation. This ability depends on the concentration of C-methyl-4,10,16,22-tetrametoxy calix[4]arene added into growth solution. However, the addition of C-methyl-4,10,16,22-tetrametoxy calix[4]arene at a range of 10-100 ppm is a much enough in inhibiting the growth rate of CaCO3 crystals. Keywords: tetrametoxycalixarene, CaCO3, inhibitor

This paper describes a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the separation, identification and quantification of vanillin in ethanolic extracts of cured vanilla. The fresh green beans were cured by three methods: scalding in hot water, drying in the oven, and drying in the sun. Two treatments for the cured beans before extraction, there were cutting cured vanilla about 2.5 cm and not cutting. The extraction was with Soxhletation and percolation method in 99.9 % ethanol. The vanillin was separated on C18 column using a mobile phase gradient of methanol - acidified water (10-90), detection at 280 nm. The HPLC technique allows a more accurate means of determining the vanillin content of vanilla than the spectrophotometric method . Keywords: Vanilla planifolia Andrews, Vanillin, HPLC

The research on the adsorption process of metal ions of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) on Nannochloropsis sp biomass encapsulated by silica aquagel has successfully been done. The research was carried out in a series of experiments using batch method to obtain the capacity and adsorption energy values of the metal ions. The analysis of metal contents was done by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that the adsorption capacities of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions were 322.58; 0.033 and 0.0322 mmole/g adsorbent, respectively, at 27 °C and contact time of 30 min. The interaction between Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions and Nannochloropsis sp biomass encapsulated by silica aquagel is chemical interaction with the adsorption energy in the range of 20.55 - 22.70 kJ/mole. Keywords: adsorption, Nannochlorosis sp, encapsulated, silica aquagel

Sargassum duplicatum algae biomass is biological material which has a potency to be used as a biosorbent adsorb metal ions from industrial liquid waste, because it has effective functional group as a ligand. However, the ability of the algae biomass in adsorbing of heavy metal ions has some problem such as; tiny size, low density, and easy to be degradated by other microorganism. In addition, algae biomass can not be used directly in adsorption column for its application as the biosorbent. In order to improve physical and chemical prpperties of algae biomass, it needs to be immobilized on silica gel matrix. Series of experiment have been done, morphology analysis of adsorbent surface was performed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and adsorption process to examine the effectiveness of algae biomass immobilized in adsorbing Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) was performed using batch method at 27 °C. Concentration of metal was determined by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and identification of functional group was conducted using Spectrophotometer Infrared (IR). Data obtained showed that interacting among metal ions with algae biomass is optimum at a range of 60 minutes. Adsorption energies of metal ions resulted from the interaction of metal ions with the functional group of -C=O group from carboxyl and amide on algae biomass and -Si-OH group from silica were at a range of 21.09-25.05 kJ/mole. Keywords: biosorption, silica gel, Sargassum duplicatum, immobilization

The surface topology of borax crystals grown at a relative supersaturation of 0.21 has been investigated using ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the cleavage of borax crystals along the (010) face planes has features of the cleavage of layered compounds, exhibiting cleavage steps of low heights. The step heights of the cleavage of the (010) face of borax crystal are from one unit cell to three unit cells of this face. Keywords: AFM, cleavage, borax.

The growth rates of borax single crystals from aqueous solutions at various flow rates in the (001) direction were measured using in situ cell method. From the growth rate data obtained, the growth rate distribution of borax crystals was investigated using Minitab Software and SPSS Software at relative supersaturation of 0807 and temperature of 25 °C. The result shows that normal, gamma, and log-normal distribution give a reasonably good fit to GRD. However, there is no correlation between growth rate distribution and flow rate of solution. Keywords: growth rate dispersion (GRD), borax, flow rate

Seagrass beds are important for providing ecological functions and ecosystem services, including its role as habitat for marine animals. In spite of their significance, they remain in decline. The change of seagrass beds will affect the associated animals. Some animals that live on seagrass beds protected by IUCN Red Data List and CITES 1973. Yet the data have not been properly recorded. The aim of this study was to find out the existence of marine animals protected by the Red Data List and CITES 1973 IUCN, especially in seagrass ecosystems in Indonesia. The method used in this research is mix method with desk study approach and presentation of data analyzed through review. The results of the study show that changes in seagrass ecosystems will affect the presence of migratory marine animals and those who live and settle in this ecosystem. The provisions in the IUCN Red Data List and CITES 1973 supported by national legislation in Indonesia will have significant impact on the protection of marine animals in seagrass beds.

The development of paradigm prioritizes more on the economic development by maintaining social structure. The state takes an intervention role with several social programs to solve social issues. On the other hand, the charity tradition is one of the important aspects in life including the doctrine of every religion. The purpose of this research is to observe the Indonesian people who still own the charity tradition came from their religious tradition Islam teaches charity through zakat, infak, shadaqah and wakaf (ZISWAF) which has existed in the society as the symbol of the social piety. This research uses sociological approach and qualitative method while the method of collecting data uses observation, interview and study of documentation. As for the analysis, the analysis of descriptive qualitative uses the theory of Social Justice Philanthropy in charity tradition as the spontaneous action of human if they see another human is treated unfairly by state or more authorized person. The results of the research are: first, the philanthropy institution is oriented on destitute family which is unfinished handled by the state through PNPM program in charity social service because the target of the program is destitute group so it has not finished yet. Second, the philanthropy institution on its movement is built in the name of religious spirit capitalized into Social Justice Philanthropy. Third, the philanthropy institution in the empowerment of destitute society is followed by mastery which does not only focus on charity, capacity but also on authority by creating destitute family must be an entrepreneur.

Library is a place that provides information openly and freely for the community. With the principle of openness, libraries can be accessed by all levels of society. The purpose of this study is to provide an analysis of the active role of some communities in establishing private libraries to provide information services to coastal communities. This research is a qualitative research with case study approach in coastal area of Semarang. The results of the research there are several libraries that were established by individual communities. Libraries are established using several terms; as; community reading park, reading house, smart garden. The management of libraries from self-help communities ranging from librarians, collections, buildings and infrastructure facilities. Activities undertaken by librarians have provided creative services to contribute to the literacy capabilities and social capital of coastal communities through a diverse collection of books that support social strengthening and entrepreneurship training.

The granting of fishing licenses for large vessels is very detrimental to the existence of small fishermen. Small fishermen or so-called traditional fishermen are powerless to face the dominance of fishing pens and licenses by large boats. This study aims to determine the rare step in providing protection to traditional Indonesian fishermen on the granting of fishing licenses for large companies in Indonesia. This research is an empirical juridical research using statutory uproach approach, conceptual aproach, and comparative approach. Then analyzed using synthesis analysis. The results show that traditional fishermen tend not to have adequate legal protection in terms of fishing in Indonesian waters. Traditional fishermen tend to be allowed to compete with large vessels that have licenses to catch fish in the Indonesian territory. The granting of fishing licenses is not accompanied by certain obligations associated with traditional fishermen protection. If observed, the permit should have a fishing license charging certain liability obligations for the permit holder.

For rural communities, religion is understood as the core of the value system to control the actions of the community in order to remain sustainable in accordance with the values of the religious teachings. Religious behavior is a sacred symbol that is based on religious teachings. This study uses a sociology of religion approach that attempts to describe the empirical reality of religious communities related to doctrine, beliefs, social behavior and functional teachings that give birth to religious phenomena. Research methods by collecting data through observation, interviews, and smoothing documentation that is narrated in descriptive-qualitative form with descriptive-interpretive analysis. The results of the study of rural communities have a tendency to make new meanings in sustainable life towards a system of values and religious norms that are confident and internalized in a homogeneous community environment, and express values of appreciation in the form of efforts to maintain togetherness through functional religious messages. When the new meaning of individuals in society results in an interest conflict that is influenced by the individual's social status, then the power of transcendent values is needed. The discovery of this new transcendent meaning is then called the awareness of social collectivity in society.

This study aims to explain the accountability of PT. Gojek Indonesia through a partnership agreement with Driver Gojek Online, in order to fulfill transportation usage standards. The research method used in this study is legal research that uses an empirical approach, using quantitative data. The results show that PT. Gojek Indonesia can be held accountable and liable related to legal relations through a partnership agreement with online Gojek drivers. Accountability and accountability are based on the legal relationship between the two parties in order to share responsiveness if there is a risk of accidents or damage to the environment caused by online ojek activities. The share responsiveness has a positive impact on maintaining vehicle facilitation indirectly, through maintenance of motorized vehicles on a regular basis and through the replacement of vehicles when the vehicle has exceeded the age of 10 years borne by PT. Gojek Indonesia Driver.

The policy to realize the sustainable supply of fish (especially marine fish commodities), face the fundamental constraints of seasonal factors, remoteness and characteristic of damaged fish commodities. At the time or harvest season, the production of catch fish can be abundant, but in the famine season, there is the opposite condition. Meanwhile, on the consumer (community) and industry side, fish supply must be available all the time without getting to know the season in constant amount. The research aims to find out the prospect of implementation of national fish logistic system or Sistem Logistik Ikan Nasional (SLIN), especially in Indonesia. This research is an empirical juridical research using statutory uproach approach, conceptual aproach, and comparative approach. Then analyzed using synthesis analysis. The results showed that SLIN implemetasi provide great benefits for national fish production, also directly contribute to the increase of national economic development. SLIN Management can run optimally if there is a synergy between all entities involved in each activity from upstream (production side) to downstream (consumption side). In the framework of looking at best practices for upstream downstream supply chain management of fishery commodities as well as in accordance with the mandate of Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 05/Permen-KP/2014 on SLIN. Thus, the Directorate General of Processing and Marketing of Fishery Products sees the importance of better implementation of SLIN. In the Initial Stage by providing several supporting facilities and involving the main operators and supporting operators in the management of selected locations.

This study aims to analyze the role of companies through social responsibility programs in the field of education in improving community literacy. Companies get social benefits when making libraries as their program targets, because libraries are public spaces frequented by many people. The research method used is explorative qualitative research with a case study approach in various libraries in the Surakarta region. This research was designed in accordance with the paradigm of cultural studies on current issues in village level libraries with various problems. Data validity was tested by triangulation techniques involving key informants in the study area. The results of the study describe the function of the library as a learning center, library in supporting the community literacy movement, and CSR in the library. Cooperation between libraries and companies is mutually beneficial cooperation. For village libraries, they will get donations of funds and infrastructure to develop libraries. As for companies by contributing to village libraries, the company has fulfilled its legal obligations and the company’s products or services are better known by the community and builds a positive image of the company.

Coastal communities as open societies have historically known the tradition of literacy rather than inland communities. Openness has greatly influenced the teachings of Islam, which later developed into a Coastal Islam. Coastal Islam was born as a consequence of the birth of pesantren along the coast of Java. For pesantren, literacy culture is often interpreted as a routine activity of reading and writing that can not be separated from modern human lifestyle, especially in the world of education (school). In this millennial era, the culture of literacy is declining, along with the rapid use of social media as a new source of information. This study uses a cultural approach that attempts to describe the empirical realities of coastal communities, in the form of social movements, beliefs, social and cultural behaviors related to cultural literacy in pesantren of Demak district. To analyze the event by collecting data through observation, interview, and tracking documentation narrated in the form of qualitative-descriptive with descriptive-interpretative analysis. The results of research include; first Salafiyah-type pesantren view literacy culture is the same as reading al-Quran and tool books (Arabic) to understand the Qur'an and Sunnah. Both pesantrens of combination type, The culture of literacy understood the effort towards the culture of the Qur'an and Sunnah for the personal stabilization of the literate by equipping other readings for life skills. The three pesantren Ashriyah, literacy culture is understood as the refraction of reading and writing of the Qur'an and other literary readings, which are hierarchically started from the Kyai, Asatidz, senior to junior Santri, with collaborative, programmed, synergistic and continuous.

This study aims to discuss the policy of using renewable energy in the form of rare metal eart as an effort to build national energy security. The research method used a legal research looking from various perspectives in social science. Law is seen as a space for the process of scientific study in order to seek truth. The use of relevant legal research wants to understand the law more thoroughly. In performing implementation analysis, using the method of Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) with focus on energy regulation. The results of the study show that: First, the policy of the Indonesian republic government regarding the use of new energy and renewable energy aims to prepare the carrying capacity of national energy security. This policy has not fully gone well. The policy is not supported by consistency in issuing derivative policies. Second, the use of new energy and renewable energy, especially rare earth metals as part of efforts to encourage national energy security in Indonesia is still very far from expectations. The use of rare eart metal is only around 0.7% of the use of new energy. Efforts to explore and exploit rare earth metals have not been carried out in a timely manner. Whereas the potential of rare earth metals is a strategic community and has the potential to encourage national energy security in Indonesia. Indonesia is projected to produce rare earth metals reaching 20% of the world's supply.

The consideration of economic interests (economic approach) has led to various problems in building a licensing system. In addition to economic sentiment, there are also sectoral ego of technical institutions and inconsistencies of various mining laws and regulations in the context of environmental preservation. The research aims to find solutions for the development of integrated licensing in the field of mining in order to maintain the sustainable environment in Indonesia. This research method of writing is a legal research. The research used statutory approach approach, comparative approach. After that, the study was analyzed using cystensis analysis. The results of the research indicate that building an integrated mining licensing system in the framework of environmental maintenance can be done through the synchronization of legislation related to mining licensing. Singronization focuses on mining which has a direct relationship with sustainable environmental maintenance and an integrated licensing institutional model in the sustainable mining field.

he growth rates of borax crystals from aqueous solutions in the (001) direction at various relative supersaturations were measured using in situ cell optical microscopy method. The result shows that the growth mechanism of the (001) face of borax crystal at temperature of 20 °C is spiral growth mechanism. Keywords: Growth mechanism, borax.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui validitas tes cloze (CL) dan tes-C (C) sebagai alat ukur kemampuan membaca teks bahasa Inggris dengan tes Reading Comprehension (RC) dari TOEFL sebagai tolok ukur dan mengetahui validitas penilaian diri (PD) dengan mengacu pada ketiga tes tersebut. Populasi penelitian meliputi mahasiswa yang mengambil mata kuliah Reading I, III, dan V pada semester gasal tahun akademik 2006/2007 di Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Sampel penelitian terdiri atas 121 mahasiswa yang dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik sampel acak gugus. Data kemampuan membaca dikumpulkan dengan tes RC, CL dan C. Data PD dikumpulkan dengan tiga kuesioner PD yang menggunakan model Likert. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik korelasi Pearson product moment. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi yang positif antara skor tes RC dan skor tes CL, antara skor tes RC dan tes C, dan antara skor PD dan ketiga skor tes membaca tersebut. Kata kunci: tes reading comprehension, tes cloze, tes-c, penilaian diri, validitas

The objectives of this research are to analyze the implementation of social science education learning and the construction of students' knowledge after participating in social science education learning activities using cultural eco-literacy approach. This research is a qualitative approach using a case study design, that focuses on analyzing curriculum content, learning activity, methods, and learning outcomes. This research involves 40 students and 4 teachers in social science education learning. Data were analyzed using Critical Discourse Analysis and Cultural Content Analysis. The important findings found in this research are 1) social science education learning is able to accommodate the importance of historical heritage preservation, which was originally considered as the weakness in social science curriculum content. Curriculum content strengthened by cultural eco-literacy and carried out using Direct Instruction Model leads to the dialogic social science education learning in the formation of students' knowledge related to cultural environment preservation. The results of learning showed that cultural eco-literacy approach works successfully and is compatible with new curriculum content in social science education learning; and 2) social science education learning which places eco-literacy as education successfully shapes students' understanding concerning representation, relation, and identity of historical heritage preservation. Students are able to think analytically and see critically that cultural environment preservation is everyone's responsibility that can be conducted collectively. It indicates the advanced thoughts about the impact of eco-literacy activity. The conclusion of this research is that eco-literacy as curriculum content, educational rationale, and learning activity has successfully led to more progressive learning in achieving the purpose of the formation of cultural environment preservation thought.