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In the present era, a number of researchers are using either industrial or agricultural priceless products as a basic source of raw materials for the construction industry. These waste products are economical and helpful in producing a sustainable environment and reducing environmental pollution, which is called handling waste products. However, this research work was conducted on concrete containing 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% of jute fiber as reinforcement material and 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of wheat straw ash (WSA) as replacement for fine aggregates. Moreover, the separate and combined effect of jute fiber and WSA as a replacement for sand ingredient in concrete is to determine the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. In this research, a number of concrete samples were prepared with 1 : 1.5 : 3 mix proportion at 0.54 water-cement ratio and cured at 28 days. The experimental outcomes displayed that the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths improved by 32.88 MPa, 3.80 MPa, and 5.30 MPa at 0.50% of jute fiber along with 30% of WSA at 28 days consistently. Similarly, the modulus of elasticity was developed while the dosages of jute fiber and WSA increased together in concrete. Moreover, the permeability and workability of concrete were reduced while utilized jute fiber and WSA increased together in concrete.

Carbon dioxide emissions from cement production have a significant impact on the environment. The huge energy consumption in the cement production process is also a problem. Pakistan is responding to a severe energy crisis. The price of cement is growing day by day. In addition, the use of waste for the disposal and recovery of natural concrete components can cause environmental degradation. Using waste not only reduces cement production, thereby lowering energy consumption, but also helps to protect the atmosphere. The aim of this research is to study the properties of concrete using silica fume as a partial replacement of cement and glass waste instead of fine aggregate. This research includes the study of workability, water absorption, compressive strength and split tensile strength. In this experimental study, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of cement were replaced with silica fume, and fine aggregates were replaced with 10%, 20%, 30 and 40% by waste glass powder. A total of 20 mixtures in which one control mix, three mixes with addition of silica fume, four mixes with incorporating of glass powder and twelve mixtures with combined use glass powder and silica fume were prepared with 1:2:4 mix ratio at 0.5 water-binder ratios. According to the study parameters, replacing 10% cement with SF and 30% fine aggregate with glass powder is the best choice for optimum strength. Moreover, the utilization of glass powder and silica fume together significantly reduces the workability and water absorption of the composite concrete mixture.

Sir,A 46 year aged female presented with history of wasp sting on the scalp ten days back when she visited a forest area along with a group of women for collecting firewood. Her companions witnesse...

Over the last decade, there has been a surge in research into possible cement substitute materials in concrete that are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and socially beneficial. The alternatives include industrial and agricultural wastes, and their potential advantages can be achieved through recycling, repurposing, and renewing processes. With the use of these wastes as additional and replacement materials, significant energy savings and a reduction in cement use can be achieved, which helps to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the environment. Therefore, the use of rice husk ash (RHA) and wheat straw ash (WSA) as ternary cementitious material (TCM) in concrete can help reduce the impact on the environment and minimize the use of Portland cement (PC) in the concrete mixture. This research work is performed on the concrete blended with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of RHA and WSA as TCM in the mixture. However, the purpose of this experimental work is to investigate the influence of RHA and WSA as TCM on the fresh (slump), physical (water absorption and density), and hardened properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength) and drying shrinkage of concrete. In this regard, a total of 240 concrete samples (cylinders, cubes, and beams) were prepared with 1 : 2 : 4 mix proportions at 0.50 water-cement ratio and cured at 7 and 28 days, respectively. Moreover, the workability of green concrete is getting reduced as the quantity of TCM increases in the mixture. Besides, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength are enhanced by 12.65%, 9.40%, and 9.46% at 10% of TCM (5% RHA and 5% WSA) on 28 days consistently. Furthermore, the density and water absorption of concrete are reduced with the increase in the dosages of TCM on 28 days, respectively. In addition, the drying shrinkage is reduced with the increase in the quantity of TCM in concrete.

The growing demand for cement has created a significant impact on the environment. Cement production requires huge energy consumptions; however, Pakistan is currently facing a severe energy crisis. Researchers are therefore engaged with the introduction of agricultural/industrial waste materials with cementitious properties to reduce not only cement production but also energy consumption, as well as helping protect the environment. This research aims to investigate the influence of binary cementitious material (BCM) on fresh and hardened concrete mixes prepared with metakaolin (MK) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as a partial replacement of cement. The replacement proportions of BCM used were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement. A total of five mixes were prepared with 1 : 1.5 : 3 mix proportion at 0.54 water-cement ratios. A total of 255 concrete specimens were prepared to investigate the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of concrete after 7, 28, and 56 days, respectively. It was perceived that the workability of concrete mixes decreased with an increasing percentage of MK and GGBFS. Also, the density and permeability of concrete decreased with an increasing quantity of BCM after 28 days. Conversely, the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of concrete were enhanced by 12.28%, 9.33%, and 9.93%, respectively, at 10% of BCM after 28 days. The carbonation depth reduced with a rise in content of BCM (up to 10%) and then later improved after 28, 90, and 180 days. Moreover, the effect of chloride attack in concrete is reduced with the inclusion of BCM after 28 and 90 days. Similarly, the drying shrinkage of concrete decreased with an increase in the content of BCM after 40 days.

Geographical Information System (GIS) is an effective tool for watershed management as it is compatible to take multiple factors into its aggregation process and produce a solution which is very close to the optimal utilization of land and water resources. GIS has the capability of producing land use maps for better visualization of watershed problems which significantly improve our understanding of the watershed. This paper also presents a literature review on applications of Geographical Information System (GIS) for watershed management and also presents preliminary results of its application in the Skudai watershed where the whole watershed has been delineated to diagnose land use issues in the Skudai watershed. With the application of GIS to the Skudai watershed, it was easy for us to identify the sub-watersheds within the Skudai watershed. A total of 25 sub-watersheds were identified. Suggesting a remedial measure to a particular watershed problem became easier for smaller scale watershed rather than exploring the whole Skudai watershed. We have shown major land-use patterns of each of the sub-watershed. Compare to previous understanding of land and water resources in the Skudai watershed, the GIS results have improved our understanding of the watershed issues in a better and transparent way.

This experimental work explored the synergic effect of millet husk ash (MHA) and wheat straw ash (WSA) on the fresh and hardened properties of metakaolin-based self-compacting geopolymer concrete. An equal amount of MHA and WSA contents at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% were utilized as a partial replacement of metakaolin in the mixes. The filling ability (slump flow, V-Funnel, and T50 flow) and passing ability (J-Ring and L -box) of fresh SCGC mixture were determined. The study further determined the density, compressive, split tensile and flexural strength and permeability of hardened SCGC mixes. The results showed that both MHA and WSA addition somewhat reduced in workability of fresh SCGC mixes. However, the hardened properties were significantly enhanced, a development that was more pronounced in the mix having 5% each of MHA and WSA with compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of 53.80 MPa, 4.82 MPa, and 5.15 MPa, respectively. The water penetration depth and density of SCGC mixes lessen as the MHA and WSA contents were increased beyond 10%. Overall, the study recommends a combined use of 5% each of MHA and WSA for metakaolin-based geopolymer SCC production to ensure optimal performance.

This study was undertaken to reduce the usage of cement in concrete where different proportions of tile powder as cement replacement were used. Since in the manufacture of cement an exuberant amount of carbon dioxide is disposed of in the environment, this research aims to curtail the dependence on cement and its production. The objective of this work is to investigate the properties of fresh mix concrete (workability) and hardened concrete (compressive and splitting tensile strength) in concrete with different proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of tile powder as a cement substitute. In this study, a total of 90 concrete samples were cast with mix proportions of 1:1.5:3, 0.5 water-cement ratio, cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. For determining the compressive strength, cubical samples, with dimensions of 100mm×100mm×100mm, were cast, while for the determination of the splitting tensile strength, cylindrical samples with dimensions of 200mm diameter and 100mm height, were tested after 7, 14, and 28 days. The highest compressive strength of concrete achieved for tile powder concrete was 7.50% at 10% replacement after 28days of curing. The splitting tensile strength got to 10.2% when concrete was replaced with 10% of tile powder and cured for 28 days. It was also shown that with increasing percentage of the tile powder content, the workability of the fresh concrete increases.

For sustainable development construction, recycle or reuse of waste materials is utilized. Many researchers conducted tried to create an innovative green concrete, utilizing waste materials. The aim of this research is to contribute and promote the use of plastic waste in concrete. The concrete’s flexural and workability were investigated by using different percentages of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1% of plastic fibers in concrete. In this study, M15 grade concrete beams were casted and cured for 7 and 28 days to analyze the flexural performance and workability. The outcomes demonstrated that the workability was slightly reduced by the utilizing plastic fibers where flexural strength improved by 16.5% at 0.6% addition of plastic fibers in concrete.

In present status quo, number of researcher are working on waste materials as potential supplement for any of the constituent of concrete to cope with sustainable development. As, the ingredients which constitute the body and give strength to concrete are natural available limited material and has to deplete one day. Thus, there is desperately need of alternate that may replace the limited natural resources. In this regard, this study focuses the rice husk ash (waste stuff) as partial replacement of cement and its possible impact on strength of concrete. In addition, this research work also this research work is conducted to investigate the effect of water-cement ratio on the strength of concrete at 10% partially replacement of Rice husk ash (RHA) by the weight of cement. RHA is a mineral admixture obtained by burning husk at certain temperature. Since as per pervious researches, the physical and chemical properties of RHA are very reactive Pozzolans and possess binding properties so can be used as cement supplement. Therefore, for laboratory experimental work, total 144 cubical and 72 cylindrical. In this research, number of concrete specimens were cast and tested at 1:2:4 mix ratio with various w/c ratios i.e. 0.45, 0.50 and 0.60. Further, at each specified water-cement ratio, two mechanical properties (compressive and splitting tensile strength) were determined in Universal Testing Machine (UTM). These physical properties of concrete were investigated at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days curing period. The experimental results show that the compressive strength gets increased up to 14.51% and tensile splitting test strength increased up to 10.71% at the w/c ratio of 0.45. The workability of plain fresh concrete at all w/c ratios is slightly greater than the workability of concrete blended with 10% RHA. Thus, RHA improves the properties of concrete when used in specific amount. As a result, it can reduce the overall cost of construction and it will reduce the adverse environmental effect.