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Ludwig Bethcke (1829-1911) war ein bedeutender hallischer Stadtverordneter, Bankier und Vorsitzender der Industrie- und Handelskammer Halle (Saale) und damit wichtiger Akteur in der Spätphase der Industrialisierung. Er engagierte sich intensiv für eine möglichst freizügige Wirtschafts- und Industriepolitik mit wenigen Handelsschranken und Grenzen und setzte sich intensiv für Projekte der Elektrifizierung und besseren Mobilität (Eisenbahn) ein. Als Bankier bestimmte er in vielen Aufsichtsräten oder als Vorstandsmitglied wirtschaftsnaher Vereine die Strategien dieser Zeit mit. Sein politisches Engagement floss besonders in seinen Beiträgen zum Einkommenssteuergesetz 1891 ein. Nach seinem Tod stiftete er einen großen Teil seines Vermögens für soziale Projekte, Einrichtungen und Berufsbildungsanstalten. Ludwig Bethcke (1829-1911) was an important Halle city councillor, banker and chairman of the Halle (Saale) Chamber of Industry and Commerce and thus an important player in the late phase of industrialisation. He was intensely committed to an economic and industrial policy that was as permissive as possible, with few trade barriers and borders, and was a strong advocate of electrification projects and better mobility (railways). As a banker, he helped determine the strategies of the time on many supervisory boards or as a board member of business-related associations. His political commitment was particularly evident in his contributions to the Income Tax Act of 1891. After his death, he donated a large part of his fortune to social projects, institutions and vocational training institutes.

Amylase is an industrially important enzyme and applied in many industrial processes such as scarification of starchy materials, food, pharmaceutical, detergent, and textile industries. This research work deals with the optimization Increase enzyme efficiency of dissolution unit from Etihad Food Industries Company (Sugar plant). Effects of operating parameters such as amylase concentration (0-50 ppm), time (0-15 min) and temperature (25-85 C◦) on the removal efficiency of starch were investigated. The results revealed that temperature has the main effect on the amylase efficiency. Under optimized operating conditions of initial temperature =85 C, amylase concentration =25 ppm, and time for reaction=15 min the removal efficiency of starch was found to be 60% which is relatively higher than the previous works.

Resumen El presente texto analiza los tres conjuntos habitacionales construidos por la Compañía Refinería de Azúcar de Viña del Mar (CRAV) en la ciudad de Penco, Región del Bío-Bío, considerados hoy patrimonio urbano, arquitectónico e histórico de dicha localidad: el Recinto CRAV, la Población Desiderio Guzmán y Villa Los Radales. Se describen los principios urbano-arquitectónicos presentes en estos conjuntos, así como sus programas, tipologías de vivienda, superficie y materialidad. Además, se describen los dispositivos de control social desplegados con el fin de disciplinar a los trabajadores en sus espacios de habitar. Estos tres conjuntos formaron parte de una zona industrial mayor que definió el carácter fabril del Concepción Metropolitano, constituyendo una zona habitacional adyacente a las instalaciones productivas de la CRAV-Penco. Además, proporcionaron a los trabajadores estándares de vida asociados a la modernidad, a través del acceso a viviendas de calidad y múltiples equipamientos urbanos que fomentaron la creación de la llamada familia refinera. Como elementos diferenciadores, se plantea que el Recinto CRAV funcionó como un recinto cerrado sujeto a un mayor control empresarial que los otros dos conjuntos analizados. En la actualidad, los tres espacios conforman un barrio industrial reconocible en la localidad y son parte de su patrimonio material e inmaterial.

Citation suggérée : Anses. (2020). Études des alternatives potentielles au formaldéhyde en alimentation humaine dans le secteur sucrier. (saisine 2014-SA-0236). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 264 p.; Le formaldéhyde a été classé en 2004 par le Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (CIRC) dans le groupe 1 des cancérogènes avérés pour l’espèce humaine et cette classification a été confirmée en octobre 2009 sur la base de l’induction de tumeurs du nasopharynx et de leucémies. Au niveau européen, une évolution du classement de cancérogène de catégorie 2 à cancérogène de catégorie 1B a été adoptée par le règlement (UE) n° 605/2014 de la Commission du 5 juin 2014 modifiant aux fins de son adaptation au progrès technique le Règlement CLP.En France, l’arrêté du 13 juillet 2006 a ajouté « les travaux exposant au formaldéhyde » à la liste des substances, mélanges et procédés cancérogènes au sens de l’article R. 4412-60 du code du travail. La recherche de substitution des agents cancérogènes, mutagènes ou toxiques pour la reproduction (CMR) de catégorie 1A ou 1B est une obligation qui s’impose à l’employeur. Elle est énoncée dans les principes généraux de prévention à l’article L. 4121-2 du code du travail et est renforcée à l'article R. 4412-66. Ainsi, l’employeur doit pouvoir justifier des démarches fructueuses ou infructueuses qu’il a entreprises en vue de la substitution de tous les agents ou procédés CMR de catégories 1A et 1B inventoriés sur le lieu de travail. Le résultat de ces investigations doit, notamment, figurer dans le document unique d’évaluation des risques. Seul un argumentaire technique fondé est recevable pour justifier de la nonsubstitution d’un agent ou procédé CMR de catégorie 1A ou 1B par un agent ou un procédé non ou moins dangereux.Lorsque la substitution s’avère impossible, l’employeur doit mettre en œuvre tous les moyens permettant de réduire l’exposition en utilisant des mesures de prévention et de protection adaptées (système clos, autres moyens de protection collective, puis moyens de protection individuelle mais également formation et information du personnel, surveillance médicale).Compte-tenu de ces nouvelles informations sur les propriétés de danger du formaldéhyde et la priorité à la substitution en matière de gestion des risques professionnels, l’Anses a été saisie, en date du 09 octobre 2014, de manière conjointe par la direction générale du travail (DGT), la direction générale de la santé (DGS), la direction générale de la consommation, de la concurrence et de la répression des fraudes (DGCCRF) et la direction générale de la prévention des risques (DGPR), pour une « Demande d’avis relatif à l’utilisation de substituts au formaldéhyde dans différents secteurs d’activité ».Il est demandé à l’Anses d’éclairer les pouvoirs publics : - sur l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts pour le diagnostic en matière d’anatomie et cytologie pathologiques dans les situations de routine et dans des situations particulières pour lesquelles le formaldéhyde reste indispensable et qu’il conviendra de préciser ; - sur l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts pour les actes de thanatopraxie, avec un état des lieux sur les travaux en cours au niveau européen dans le cadre du Règlement biocide en matière d’évaluation de la substance active formaldéhyde (TP 2, 3, 20 et 22). Par ailleurs, les directions souhaiteraient disposer, dans le cadre des travaux menés sur les substituts au formaldéhyde en anatomie et en cytologie pathologique, d’une analyse sur les possibilités d’utilisation de ces substituts dans certains types de produits biocides, et notamment en TP 22, et sur lesconséquences éventuelles en termes de toxicité et d’écotoxicité ; - sur l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts pour l’utilisation en alimentation animale en tant qu’auxiliaire technologique pour la protection contre la dégradation ruminale, en tant qu’additif conservateur, en tant qu’additif d’ensilage et en tant qu’additif visant à limiter ou à réduire la charge microbienne des organismes pathogènes présents dans les aliments des animaux ; - sur l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts pour l’utilisation en alimentation humaine en tant qu’auxiliaire technologique pour d’une part la fabrication de certains alginates et d’autre part l’utilisation comme bactériostatique dans la filière du secteur du sucre. Les utilisations du formaldéhyde dans les 4 secteurs d’activité précédemment décrits s’inscrivent dans un contexte où il existe, d’une part un référentiel international ou une autorisation de mise sur le marché qui a été délivrée par les autorités européennes ou françaises légitimant ces usages du formaldéhyde et d’autre part, des obligations du code du travail qui, suite à la classification du formaldéhyde, indiquent que la première des actions à mener est la substitution.Les ministères de tutelles demandent à l’Anses de justifier l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts dans ces secteurs d’activités. Les experts de l’Anses estiment que laquestion posée revient à justifier l’utilisation d’un cancérogène de catégorie 1B par rapport à des substituts potentiellement moins dangereux. Les experts préfèrent se poser la question dans le sens inverse en identifiant des substituts moins dangereux capables de substituer le formaldéhyde dans les 4 secteurs d’activités.Les experts de l’Anses ont développé une méthode de travail afin de pouvoir comparer et évaluer des substituts à une substance chimique dangereuse en s’appuyant sur une revue de la littérature. La description de cette méthode fait l’objet d’un rapport de l’Anses intitulé « Document méthodologique de comparaison des alternatives à une substance chimique » (Anses 2017).La méthode a été appliquée aux substituts identifiés dans les secteurs d’activité ciblés dans la saisine.Le présent avis détaille la partie de la saisine 2014-SA-0236 relative à l’application de la méthode aux alternatives potentielles au formaldéhyde en alimentation humaine dans le secteur sucrier.

Le formaldéhyde a été classé en 2004 par le Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (CIRC) dans le groupe 1 des cancérogènes avérés pour l’espèce humaine et cette classification a été confirmée en octobre 2009 sur la base de l’induction de tumeurs du nasopharynx et de leucémies. Au niveau européen, une évolution du classement de cancérogène de catégorie 2 à cancérogène de catégorie 1B a été adoptée par le règlement (UE) n° 605/2014 de la Commission du 5 juin 2014 modifiant aux fins de son adaptation au progrès technique le Règlement CLP.En France, l’arrêté du 13 juillet 2006 a ajouté « les travaux exposant au formaldéhyde » à la liste des substances, mélanges et procédés cancérogènes au sens de l’article R. 4412-60 du code du travail. La recherche de substitution des agents cancérogènes, mutagènes ou toxiques pour la reproduction (CMR) de catégorie 1A ou 1B est une obligation qui s’impose à l’employeur. Elle est énoncée dans les principes généraux de prévention à l’article L. 4121-2 du code du travail et est renforcée à l'article R. 4412-66. Ainsi, l’employeur doit pouvoir justifier des démarches fructueuses ou infructueuses qu’il a entreprises en vue de la substitution de tous les agents ou procédés CMR de catégories 1A et 1B inventoriés sur le lieu de travail. Le résultat de ces investigations doit, notamment, figurer dans le document unique d’évaluation des risques. Seul un argumentaire technique fondé est recevable pour justifier de la nonsubstitution d’un agent ou procédé CMR de catégorie 1A ou 1B par un agent ou un procédé non ou moins dangereux.Lorsque la substitution s’avère impossible, l’employeur doit mettre en œuvre tous les moyens permettant de réduire l’exposition en utilisant des mesures de prévention et de protection adaptées (système clos, autres moyens de protection collective, puis moyens de protection individuelle mais également formation et information du personnel, surveillance médicale).Compte-tenu de ces nouvelles informations sur les propriétés de danger du formaldéhyde et la priorité à la substitution en matière de gestion des risques professionnels, l’Anses a été saisie, en date du 09 octobre 2014, de manière conjointe par la direction générale du travail (DGT), la direction générale de la santé (DGS), la direction générale de la consommation, de la concurrence et de la répression des fraudes (DGCCRF) et la direction générale de la prévention des risques (DGPR), pour une « Demande d’avis relatif à l’utilisation de substituts au formaldéhyde dans différents secteurs d’activité ».Il est demandé à l’Anses d’éclairer les pouvoirs publics : - sur l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts pour le diagnostic en matière d’anatomie et cytologie pathologiques dans les situations de routine et dans des situations particulières pour lesquelles le formaldéhyde reste indispensable et qu’il conviendra de préciser ; - sur l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts pour les actes de thanatopraxie, avec un état des lieux sur les travaux en cours au niveau européen dans le cadre du Règlement biocide en matière d’évaluation de la substance active formaldéhyde (TP 2, 3, 20 et 22). Par ailleurs, les directions souhaiteraient disposer, dans le cadre des travaux menés sur les substituts au formaldéhyde en anatomie et en cytologie pathologique, d’une analyse sur les possibilités d’utilisation de ces substituts dans certains types de produits biocides, et notamment en TP 22, et sur lesconséquences éventuelles en termes de toxicité et d’écotoxicité ; - sur l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts pour l’utilisation en alimentation animale en tant qu’auxiliaire technologique pour la protection contre la dégradation ruminale, en tant qu’additif conservateur, en tant qu’additif d’ensilage et en tant qu’additif visant à limiter ou à réduire la charge microbienne des organismes pathogènes présents dans les aliments des animaux ; - sur l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts pour l’utilisation en alimentation humaine en tant qu’auxiliaire technologique pour d’une part la fabrication de certains alginates et d’autre part l’utilisation comme bactériostatique dans la filière du secteur du sucre. Les utilisations du formaldéhyde dans les 4 secteurs d’activité précédemment décrits s’inscrivent dans un contexte où il existe, d’une part un référentiel international ou une autorisation de mise sur le marché qui a été délivrée par les autorités européennes ou françaises légitimant ces usages du formaldéhyde et d’autre part, des obligations du code du travail qui, suite à la classification du formaldéhyde, indiquent que la première des actions à mener est la substitution.Les ministères de tutelles demandent à l’Anses de justifier l’intérêt du formaldéhyde par rapport aux autres substituts dans ces secteurs d’activités. Les experts de l’Anses estiment que laquestion posée revient à justifier l’utilisation d’un cancérogène de catégorie 1B par rapport à des substituts potentiellement moins dangereux. Les experts préfèrent se poser la question dans le sens inverse en identifiant des substituts moins dangereux capables de substituer le formaldéhyde dans les 4 secteurs d’activités.Les experts de l’Anses ont développé une méthode de travail afin de pouvoir comparer et évaluer des substituts à une substance chimique dangereuse en s’appuyant sur une revue de la littérature. La description de cette méthode fait l’objet d’un rapport de l’Anses intitulé « Document méthodologique de comparaison des alternatives à une substance chimique » (Anses 2017).La méthode a été appliquée aux substituts identifiés dans les secteurs d’activité ciblés dans la saisine.Le présent avis détaille la partie de la saisine 2014-SA-0236 relative à l’application de la méthode aux alternatives potentielles au formaldéhyde en alimentation humaine dans le secteur sucrier.

The subject of the research within the scope of this paper is integrated wired and wireless communication technologies in the process industry, with the aim of keeping up with the world trends in this field, and refers to the following activities. First, a brief overview of the historical development will be provided and the technical characteristics of the industrial protocols that have the greatest application in industrial communication networks will be described. Then, necessary steps to integrate wireless technology within an existing facility with wired devices already installed will be presented. At the end of this paper, the integration of wireless technologies in implementing industrial communication networks will be proposed, which will be verified by analysing the results obtained in a feasibility study for introducing an integrated network model in a real facility in a sugar refinery in Brcko. Keywords: process industry, automated industrial systems, fieldbus protocols, WirelessHART protocol

Protozoans are valuable indicators of the wastewater biological treatment process and are used in a variety of water resource recovery facilities (WRRF). The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the Sludge Biotic Index (SBI) as an indicator of activated sludge purification efficiency during different influent loadings: municipal wastewater (M) and municipal wastewater combined with industrial wastewater from a sugar refinery (M + S). Despite the higher organic load during the M + S period, purification efficiency was higher for BOD5 , compared with the M period. SBI values were high during both periods, indicating stable sludge, excellent biological activity, and good to very good performance. According to the share of indicator taxa, better conditions of activated sludge were found during the M + S period. Protozoan abundance differed between the two study periods, as well as purification efficiency for some parameters. Certain taxa showed a significant correlation with purification efficiency for specific parameters. Although SBI is a useful tool for estimating activated sludge health, it should be used in combination with additional indicator metrics and/or a species-specific approach. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Activated sludge can have high purification efficiency during the co-treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. The Sludge Biotic Index is applicable as an indicator of activated sludge condition during the treatment of municipal and sugar refinery wastewaters. A combination of indicators and a species-specific approach can give better estimation of the health of activated sludge.

This study analyzes the effect of free cash flow on the growth of non- financial quoted firms in Nigeria. Specifically, the impact of free cash flow on the percentage change in a total asset of selected quoted firms (Dangote Flour Mills, Honeywell Nig. Plc, Dangote Sugar Refinery, Flour Mills of Nig. Plc, and PZ CussonsPlc) over a period of five years (2012 - 2016) was analysed . Data used in the study were sourced from the annual reports of the selected quoted firms. Correlation analysis, restricted F - test, Hausmantest, and some panel estimation methods (pooled OLS estimation, fixed effect estimation, and random effect estimation) were employed to analyse the data. Results revealed that free cash flow exerts a negative impact on firms ' growth rate, to the tune of - 0.000391(p=0.179 > 0.05). The study, therefore, established that rising free cash flow has the capacity to erode the growth prospect of firms quoted on the Nigeria stock exchange. Based on this result, the study recommends that quoted firms in the country decrease their free cash flow, leverage increased turnover, explore viable/positive net present value projects, and reduce operational costs so as to be positioned for better growth in terms of percentage change in total asset.

Poland, and its sugar market, represents very specific phenomenon among countries producing primarily sugar from sugar beet. Polish sugar production is relatively high in comparison to other European countries and have not negligible export potential. Main aim of presented contribution is to identify main trends and important specifics connected to sugar industry development between years 2000 and 2017. From the analyses of Polish sugar industry and sugar market following findings could be concluded. Production of sugar beet is constantly developing toward more intensive production; mainly yield, sugar content and average cultivated area per one grower increased significantly, but still Polish producers belongs among the smallest in the whole EU. Production is also subsidised by coupled national payment of 380 EUR/ha. Polish market underwent significant restructuring that on one side resulted in significant reduction of amount of sugar refineries and sugar beet producers. On the other hand, it resulted in considerable concentration of production capacities among subjects that successfully passed the transformation phase. Despite reduction of sugar refineries from original 76 to 18, sugar beet production remained almost unchanged at the level of 12 million tonnes. Also raw sugar production remained almost unchanged and during the period oscillated around the level of 2 million tonnes. On contrary production of white sugar increased significantly from 1.54 million tonnes in 2001 to 2.1 million tonnes in 2016. Reduction of sugar refineries was in this perspective compensated by the modernisation of production facilities and increase of their processing capacities. Between 2001 and 2016 length of sugar campaign increased from average 51 days to about 112 days. The average processing capacity of one sugar refinery grew by tens of percent. At present all production capacities are controlled by only four actors (Krajowa Spolka Cukrowa S.A., Nordzucker Polska S.A., PfeiferL Sudzucker Polska S.A and Pfeifer&Langen, both owned by German capital. Polish sugar export was not harmed significantly during transformation period. Recently it oscillates around 0.5 million tonnes annually. Increasing unit price per kilogram of exported sugar is considered as positive and important factor that pushed total value of exports to approximately 240 million EUR. Extreme territorial concentration is seen as a weak point of Polish sugar foreign trade. Top 10 countries participate on Polish exports and imports with sugar approximately by 72.56% and 92.94% respectively (2016).

It has been documented that some dusts generated while processing agricultural products, such as grain and sugar, can constitute combustible dust hazards. After a catastrophic dust explosion in a sugar refinery in 2008, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) initiated action to develop a mandatory standard to comprehensively address the fire and explosion hazards of combustible dusts. Cotton fiber and related materials from cotton ginning, in loose form, can support smoldering combustion if ignited by an outside source. However, dust fires and other more hazardous events, such as dust explosions, are unknown in the cotton ginning industry. Dust material that accumulates inside cotton gins and almond huller plants during normal processing was collected for testing to determine combustibility. Cotton gin dust is composed of greater than 50% inert inorganic mineral dust (ash content), while almond huller dust is composed of at least 7% inert inorganic material. Inorganic mineral dust is not a combustible dust. The collected samples of cotton gin dust and almond huller dust were sieved to a known particle size range for testing to determine combustibility potential. Combustibility testing was conducted on the cotton gin dust and almond huller dust samples using the UN test for combustibility suggested in NFPA 652.. This testing indicated that neither the cotton gin dust nor the almond huller dust should be considered combustible dusts (i.e., not a Division 4.1 flammable hazard per 49 CFR 173.124).

The issues of the relevance of conduction of research in the areas of analysis and synthesis of evaporator plant operating systems were disclosed; the need of taking into account the peculiarity and interconnection of mass and energy flows of the entire sugar refinery was put forward. This explains the need for new methods of integrating the operating system so that, on the one hand, the evaporator plant operating system is an integral part of the whole system of the sugar refinery management. But at the same time, it shall be flexible and shall not require significant changes in the correction of processes or updating of automation equipment. The article presents a method for using the mathematical apparatus of tensor analysis for determining the nature of the change of the signal of the discrepancy and the formation of the control signal.

The performance of a ceramic microfiltration membrane with 0.5 μm pore size in clarifying carbonated remelt syrup that was filtered by plate-and-frame filter press was investigated under different operating conditions. In total reflux experiments, using 0.5 μm ceramic membranes for treating carbonated, filtered remelt syrup at 80 °C produced steady-state fluxes of 328.4 and 293.1 L/(m2 h) at a cross-flow velocity of 5 m/s, and transmembrane pressures (TMPs) of 3.0 and 2.5 bar, respectively. Decreasing the temperature to 75 °C yielded a corresponding flux of 271.8 L/(m2 h) at a TMP of 3.0 bar. In concentration experiments, when treating 750 L of syrup, 96.7, 76.9 and 72.0 L/(m2 h) of average fluxes were obtained under three operating conditions mentioned above. All conditions produced high-quality filtered syrup. Research on membrane resistances indicated that TMP significantly affected irreversible cake resistance. The increase in cross-flow velocity decreased cake resistance but insignificantly affected pore blocking resistance. All component resistances were decreased with increasing temperature. Membrane fouling dynamics could be represented through a pseudo-first-order rate equation. Fluxes of fouled membranes were recovered by successive cleaning with de-ionized water, a 1% NaOH + 0.5% NaOCl mixed solution, and a 0.5% HNO3 solution.

From City-like Settlement to Industrial City: A Case of Urban Transformation in Huwei Township. Chih-Hung Chen¹, Chih-Yu Chen¹ ¹ Department of Urban Planning, National Cheng Kung University No.1, University Rd., East Dist., Tainan City 70101, Taiwan ROC E-mail: chihhungchen@mail.ncku.edu.tw Keywords (3-5): Industrial City, City-like Settlement, Morphological Process, Town-Plan Analysis, Sugar Refinery Conference topics and scale: City transformations City-like Settlement (German: Teilweise Stadtähnliche Siedlungen) (Schwarz, 1989; Sorre, 1952) plays an important role in the course of civilization, especially the development of industrial cities. Accordingly, this study utilizes Town-Plan Analysis (Conzen, 1960) to deconstruct the relationships between industrialization and settlement formation in order to illustrate the common origin of cities in Taiwan as a result of the emerging economy at the turn of the 20th century. The industrial city of Huwei, known as the “sugar city” with largest yields of cane sugar in Taiwan, had the largest-scale sugar refinery in pre-war East Asia (Williams, 1980). The city has grown and transformed with the factory during the four phases of morphological periods, which began at the establishment of the sugar refinery and worker housing in the middle of the fertile flooding plain in western Taiwan. The spatial arrangement was directed to operational and management efficiency, characterized by the simple grids and hierarchy of layout along the riverside. As the industry enlarged, the new urban core was planned to support the original settlement with shophouses accumulated in the small grids. Followed by postwar modernism (Schinz, 1989), the urban planning again extended the city boundary with larger and polygonal blocks. In the fourth phase, however, the sugar refinery downsized, leading to the conversion of the worker housing and the merging of the factory and the city that slowly brought to its present shape. The morphological process results in the concentric structure from the sugar refinery, providing valuable references for the preservation of the sugar industry townscape, and unveils the influence of industrialization as well as the special urban development pattern in Taiwan. References (100 words) Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town-Plan Analysis, 2nd edition (1969), (Institute of British Geographers, London). Schinz, A. (1989) Cities in China (Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin and Stuugart). Schwarz, G. (1959) Allgemeine Siedlungsgeographie (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin). Sorre, M. (1952) Les Fondements de la géographie humaine (Reliure inconnue, Paris). Williams, J. F. (1980) Sugar: the sweetener in Taiwan’s development. In Ronald, G. K. (ed.), China’s island frontier. Studies in the historical geography of Taiwan, pp. 219-251. (University of Hawaii Press and the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu)

The nineteenth century, characterized by its industrial revolution, has brought many changes to people's lives. Nymburk as one of the centers of the middle Polabí, is a example when industry has changed the everyday life of the city's inhabitants. The task of the thesis is to describe the key sectors and, consequently, related events that have had an impact on the lives of the local population, and at the same time they have been a change for many centuries, rather, a rural town in an industrial city. The work starts from the earliest beginnings of the city to better illustrate the boom times and the fall of the city. Emphasis is placed above all on what took place in Nymburk itself, although it was very often the historical milestones for the whole country. The work will be based primarily on regional historical literature.

Depuis des décennies, les filières agroalimentaires génèrent des coproduits de première ou de deuxième transformation qui représentent en France un gisement important (12 millions de tonnes de matière sèche), dont plus de la moitié est issue des filières de la trituration (29 %), de la sucrerie (14 %) et de l'amidonnerie-féculerie (13 %). Les trois-quarts de ces ressources sont valorisés en alimentation animale, pour 80 % environ via les aliments composés et 20 % directement en élevage. De ce fait, les coproduits, que les réglementations européenne et française distinguent clairement de la catégorie « déchets », sont des matières premières de l'alimentation animale à part entière et doivent en respecter la réglementation. La disponibilité de ces coproduits peut fortement varier dans le temps avec une saisonnalité marquée pour certaines filières, ou dans l'espace selon la répartition des usines agroalimentaires sur le territoire et la superposition avec les zones d'élevage. Les procédés technologiques générateurs de ces coproduits peuvent différer d'une filière à l'autre. La nature et la composition chimique des coproduits dépendent du procédé mis œuvre qui peut évoluer dans le temps, mais également d'une usine à l'autre au sein d'une même agro-industrie. Leur bonne valorisation en alimentation animale est largement conditionnée par une connaissance précise de la qualité des différentes fractions organiques (parois végétales et protéines, notamment) ou minérales accumulées dans les coproduits, et de l'efficacité de leur utilisation qui peut varier fortement selon l'espèce animale destinataire (ruminants ou monogastriques) et selon les types de process appliqués. Un certain nombre de recommandations alimentaires et sanitaires doivent être appliquées pour garantir une utilisation optimale des coproduits par les animaux sans pénaliser leurs performances zootechniques. Ces coproduits présentent de ce fait une réelle valeur économique qu'il est possible de déterminer, même pour les ruminants, au moyen des outils de formulation à moindre coût par programmation linéaire couramment utilisés chez les monogastriques., For decades, agro-food chains have been producing either first or second transformation byproducts, which represent in France a significant amount of resources (12 million tons of dry matter, Réséda 2007). These byproducts come mainly from the crushing sector (29 %), sugar refinery (14 %) and starch industry (13 %). Most of these resources (75 %) are used in animal feeding, including about 80 % via the compound feed industry and 20 % directly on the farms. Hence, agro-industrial by-products, which are clearly defined as non-waste products by French and European regulations, have become raw materials used in animal feed and must therefore comply with the regulations applicable to such products. The availability of these byproducts can vary considerably over time with a marked seasonality for certain sectors, as well as spatially according to the distribution of agro-food factories on the territory and the overlap with the animal production areas. The technological processes generating these byproducts can differ from one sector to another. Botanical and chemical composition of byproducts depend on the process implemented, which can evolve over time but also from one factory to another within the same agro-industry sector. Making the most of these byproducts in animal feeding is largely conditioned by the precise knowledge of the quality of the various organic (essentially cell walls and proteins) or mineral fractions accumulated in the byproducts, and of their utilization efficiency which can change strongly according to the animal species (ruminants vs monogastrics) and according to the types of processes applied. Some feeding recommendations and sanitary rules must be enforced to ensure an optimal utilization of byproducts by the animals without decreasing their performances. Therefore, these byproducts have a real economic value that can be determined, even for ruminants, using the low-cost linear programming formulation tools commonly used for monogastrics.

The sugar industry cultural heritage in Taiwan has witnessed the change of time. From the history perspective, sugar industry has always been an important part in Taiwan after many generations. However, many sugar factories are either being transformed or re-utilized to extend their life into future generations. However, the technological advancements, cultural and socio-economic and other factors have resulted in structural changes for the sugar industry. The reutilization of the cultural heritage of many industries simply is not connecting to the local people or appealing to their emotions. Besides, the issue of cultural heritage preservation is at a disadvantage when it comes to encouraging involvement from the general public, especially since it cannot appeal to the self-interests of the locals. Therefore, this study explores the core value of the cultural heritage at the Xihu sugar refinery and introduces emotional experience, environmental education and other human activities/elements to revitalize a cultural heritage venue via emotional economy.

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Display Omitted The Thermanerovibrio acidaminovorans DSM 6589 (tai) is a unique bacterium isolated from anaerobic sludge bed reactor from sugar refinery in Netherland. The comparative genomic studies for understanding the hypothetical proteins in T. acidaminovorans DSM 6589 (tai) were carried out using different bioinformatic tools and web servers. In all 320 hypothetical proteins were screened from the total available genome. The Insilico function prediction for 320 hypothetical proteins was achieved by using different online servers like CDD-Blast, Interproscan and pfam whereas, the structure prediction for 202 hypothetical proteins were deciphered by using protein structure prediction server (PS2 server). The sub-cellular localization for the identified proteins was predicted by the use of cello v2.5 for 320. The study carried out has helped us to understand the structures and functions of unknown proteins available in T. acidaminovorans DSM 6589 (tai) through comparative genomic approach.

John Frederic Daniell was so outstanding that he was elected a member of the Royal Society at only 24 years of age.1 He was born in 1790 and well educated by private tutors, and showed a distinct interest in science at an early age.2 Before he was out of his teens he had worked in a sugar refinery belonging to a relative of his mother’s improving its processes. In the next few years he became particularly interested in geology, assembling a fine collection of rocks. Through Professor Brande he became involved with the Royal Institution.

This article discussed the basic theory and routes for preparing soda-lime-silicate glass by filter mud in beet sugar refinery. The proportion of raw materials and processing conditions were optimized.The research shows that amber glass and green-white glass prepared can meet national standards and the technology was reliable, easy, high benefit both on economical and social effects and without secondary waste .

U prvom djelu završnog rada opisana je povijest „SLADORANA D.O.O.“ Županja. Zatim je postupno obrađen proces proizvodnje šećera kroz šest faza. Detaljnom analizom obrađeni su elektromotori difuzera, od samih tehničkih podataka , njihove općenitosti, pokretanja, zaustavljanja pa do grešaka koje će se pojaviti na ekranu. Tada su spomenuti i neki od proizvoda šećerane i njihova namjena. Sadržaj je potkrijepljen slikama, fotografijama i dijagramima radi lakšeg shvaćanja i usvajanja svega navedenoga u radu. The first part of the bachelor thesis will present the history of the company „SLADORANA D.O.O.“ Županja. Afterwards, there will be a description of the 6 phases in the production process of sugar used in the company. A detailed analysis will show the „electromotor difusers“, from the tehnical data to their general functions, such as turning on and off, as well as the errors showing on the screens. There will be also a core products explanation, where images, photos and diagrams will be used as a support

This batch study focuses on suitability of laterite soil-pressmud as daily soil cover of landfill. The laterite soil samples were mixed with waste from sugar refinery process, namely pressmud at different percentages of weight ratio (10, 30 and 50%). The batch equilibrium tests were carried out and glaringly showed that the laterite soil-pressmud mixtures have the capability to remove more than 62% of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentration in leachate. Meanwhile, the removal efficiency of heavy metals from leachate in the laterite soil alone was lower than 50%. Pressmud alone however showed more than 53% removal. The laterite soil-pressmud mixtures, particularly at 30 and 50 percent of pressmud signify great potential as daily soil cover in reduction of heavy metals migration in landfill leachate.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and attenuated total reflection (ATR) technology were successfully applied for the rapid no-reagent determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sugar refinery wastewater. An appropriate waveband with stability was selected by the moving window partial least-squares (MWPLS) regression through a rigorous modeling process. The selected waveband was 3198 cm-1 to 2376 cm-1, the corresponding PLS factor was 5. The modeling effect M-SEPAve, M-RP,Ave, M-SEPStd, and M-RP,Std were 31.5 mg/L, 0.962, 3.9 mg/L, and 0.012, respectively. The validation effect V-SEP and V-RP were 31.9 mg/L and 0.965, respectively. It indicated that the method has good prediction effect and stability, and provided valuable references for designing specialized spectroscopic instruments.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression and Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing was successfully applied for the rapid no-reagent determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sugar refinery wastewater. Among 141 samples, 60 were randomly selected as the validation set. The remaining 81 samples were divided into the calibration set (50 samples) and the prediction set (31 samples) for a total of 20 times with certain similarities. The results showed that the short-wave NIR region (780 nm to 1100 nm) can be used as information waveband of COD in sugar refinery wastewater. The optimal SG smoothing parameters and PLS factors OD, DP, NSP, and F were 5, 5, 7, and 6, respectively. The modeling effects M-SEPAve, M-RP,Ave, M-SEPStd, and M-RP,Stdwere 24.3 mg/L, 0.971, 2.7 mg/L, and 0.007, respectively. The validation effects V-SEP and V-RP were 25.9 mg/L and 0.963, respectively. The results indicated that the method has good prediction effect and stability, and provided a reliable analysis model and valuable references for designing specialized instruments.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and attenuated total reflection (ATR) technology combined with the partial least squares (PLS) regression were successfully applied for the rapid no-reagent determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) for sugar refinery wastewater. Among 105 samples, 45 samples were randomly selected as the validation set. The remaining 60 samples were divided into the calibration set (40 samples) and the prediction set (20 samples) for a total of 30 times with certain similarities. The appropriate model with stability was established on the waveband of 4500 cm-1to 600 cm-1. The optimal PLS factor was 4, the modeling effect M-SEPAve, M-RP,Ave, M-SEPStd, and M-RP,Stdwere 38.1 mg/L, 0.944, 3.2 mg/L, and 0.013, respectively, the validation effect V-SEP and V-RPwere 38.2 mg/L and 0.949, respectively, which has good prediction effect and stability. The results provide a reliable analytical model for the monitoring of COD in sugar refinery wastewater.

Several process steps are required to decolourize sugar liquor in a raw sugar refinery. One typical treatment step employs ion exchange columns (IEX) to reduce the colour in the sugar liquor. An alternative process step is using granular activated carbon (GAC) in pulsed bed adsorption columns to decolourize the sugar liquor. This paper compares the installation of a GAC against an IEX plant concerning space demand, investment costs, operating costs, performance and environmental aspects in a VHP raw sugar refinery.

In the present study, depending upon the availability and cheaper cost, different carbon source were tested for the production of PHAs (Polyhydroxyalkonoates) by soil bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and it was found that sugar refinery waste (cane molasses) produced the maximum PHA (biodegradable polymer) which is precursor for bio-plastic development. Urea served as potent nitrogen source over other inorganic nitrogen sources in bio-plastic synthesis. Effect of different physical parameters viz; pH, temperature and agitation speed were also studied on PHA production. Batch cultivation kinetics under optimized cultural and physical condition showed maximum cell mass and PHA concentration of 7.32 ± 0.2 and 5.60 ± 0.3 g/L, respectively after 54.0 h of cultivation. Sugar refinery waste (Total sugar 4%) and urea (0.8%) improved the economics of the process which exhibited a yield (YP/X) of 0.70 with productivity of 0.11 g/L/h. PHA was further characterized as PHB by using Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR).