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'CP 11‐1640' (Reg. no. CV‐199, PI 695085) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) was developed through cooperative research conducted by the USDA–ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., and released by the Florida Sugarcane Variety Committee (FSVC) to growers for commercial cultivation on mineral (sand) soils in Florida in June 2019. It was selected from a polycross made at Canal Point on 2 Jan. 2009 with Canal Point sugarcane breeding line CP 01‐2390 (female parent). Its male parent was unknown and could be any one of the clones used in the polycross. CP 11‐1640 was released by FSVC because of its high cane and sucrose yields, acceptable commercial recoverable sucrose, and resistance to brown rust, orange rust, leaf scald, Sugarcane mosaic virus strain E (mosaic), and smut. Based on the results of 12 harvests with three crops (plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon) at four locations in final‐stage replicated yield trials on sand soils and compared with reference cultivars (CL 88‐4730, CP 96‐1252, CPCL 97‐2730), CP 11‐1640 had significantly higher cane yield (13.4–16.9%), sucrose yield (12.0–12.8%), and economic index (10.9–16.9%) than CL 88‐4730 and CPCL 97‐2730 and did not differ from CP 96‐1252 in any of these traits. Cane fiber content of CP 11‐1640 (138.9 kg Mg−1) was equivalent to that of CL 88‐4730 but slightly higher than that of CP 96‐1252 and CPCL 97‐2730. CP 11‐1640 was considered to be moderately tolerant to freezing among 18 genotypes tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Taiwan under Japanese rule (1894–1945), sugar manufacturing was considered an essential industry for two reasons: one was to prevent the outflow of Japanese yen caused by the purchase of imported sugar, and the other was to lay the foundation for the colony's self-sufficient economy. However, a lack of experience in designing and operating new-style sugar factories with cutting-edge technologies and machinery for refining sugarcane required the Governor-General of Taiwan and Japan-based sugar companies to seek help from another archipelago which had transformed into a great sugar-manufacturing enterprise in the Pacific, namely Hawai'i. The reasons why Hawai'i became a significant point of reference for the Taiwanese sugar industry were not only its advanced technology, but also its history of accepting large numbers of Japanese migrants who had worked in the sugar industry since 1885. By tracing the process of how the Hawai'i-Taiwan networks and connections were created through mobilities that involved sugar and Japanese migrants, this article delineates an early stage of the formation of the Japanese sugar empire in the Pacific at the turn of the twentieth century. In so doing, it highlights the significance of the Asia- Pacific region in the global history of sugar, and the power dynamics constructed within sugar-producing islands in the Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the sugar-producing regions in India, in Java and on Negros Island have exhibited a variety of commodity frontiers, they differ fundamentally from sugar frontiers in the Atlantic region. The latter were typically external plantation frontiers created through land grabbing and populated with imported slaves or indentured workers after the respective native populations had perished through diseases and violence. By contrast, sugar production in Asia was usually embedded into existing agricultural systems; here the frontiers were internal ones dominated by powerful landowners or creditors. Peasants were sometimes able to escape their thralldom and open their own external frontiers on uninhabited land. Over time, however, these enterprising peasants invariably came under the sway of more powerful agents as well. All across Asia, the major farmers and landlords who were allied with or frequently owned the sugar factories subjugated most of the local labour force to their economic interests. As a result, the difference between internal and external sugar frontiers in Asia became blurred over the course of the twentieth century. Yet these Asian frontiers still exhibit very different patterns of negotiation and contestation to this day, as will be shown in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Comparative performance of six mid late maturing sugarcane clones were tested along with two standards in Advanced Varietal Trial in three crop cycles viz., plant I, plant II and ratoon at Sugarcane Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Sirugamani. Cane yield, sugar yield and seven other attributing traits like number of millable canes, cane height, cane thickness, internode length, Brix %, Pol % and commercial cane sugar % (CCS %) were studied in every crop cycles. The data observed in all three crop cycles were analysed separately and finally the data were pooled to carry out a pooled analysis. Significant differences were noticed among the test clones and standards for cane yield, sugar yield and its contributing parameters in plant I, plant II, ratoon and pooled analysis. Among the six clones tested, two test clones viz., Si 2009-13 and Si 2009-33 recorded significantly higher cane yield in plant I, II, ratoon and pooled analysis. The clone Si 2009-13 recorded significantly higher sugar yield in plant II, ratoon and pooled analysis. Similarly, the test clone, Si 2009- 33 recorded significantly higher sugar yield in plant I, II, ratoon and pooled analysis. These two clones also recorded significant performance in most of the characters studied in all crop cycles and pooled analysis. Hence, these two clones viz., Si 2009-13 and Si 2009-33 were selected and promoted to multi-location trial in various sugarcane research stations to judge the cane yield and sugar yield in diversified environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Independence, the contribution of Swazi smallholder farmers to sugar production has grown greatly. This is in part due to a change in the political support that the farmers have received from the Swazi state. Initially viewed with suspicion and as a challenge to royal hegemony, smallholder sugar cane production is now seen as a crucial means of overcoming rural poverty in Swaziland’s poorest region, the semi-arid lowveld. Provision of irrigation water is vital for successful sugar cane production on the co-operatively managed farms that are necessary to achieve the economies of scale in irrigated sugar production. Threats to their profitability arising from increasingly volatile markets facing Swaziland’s sugar industry since changes to the EU Sugar Protocol in 2005 undermine their capacity for co-operative governance and challenge their long-term viability. EU support to facilitate adjustment to the new sugar market has led to increased sugar cane production by smallholders. The paper argues that the two big dam projects that are at the heart of the new irrigation regions are politically ‘too big to fail’, which has committed the Swazi state to the long-term support of smallholders to ensure repayment of loans to build the dams. At the same time, the success of commercial small-scale sugar cane production poses challenges to the Swazi model of customary land tenure. Although emblematic of autocratic royal power, it also – in the processes of land and water development for commercial smallholder sugar cane production – suggests limits to how that power may be deployed in the changing relationships between Swazi elites and their corporate partners and the diverse classes of rural stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sugar produced on large estates of the Zambezi River Valley was one of Mozambique’s major exports in the colonial period but production declined radically in the course of the post-independence war. Now, with the entry of multinational sugar conglomerates, cane is growing again, beginning somewhat improbably in the water-starved Incomati Valley. Using a case generally regarded as a success, the Tongaat Hulett mill–plantation complex at Xinavane, this paper focuses on the consequences of the organisation of plantation work on the health of workers, their families and surrounding communities. It shows that the profitability of investment in the technological modernisation of milling, drainage and irrigation remains dependent on enduring forms of labour recruitment, modes of payment and organisation of work that are debilitating for individual and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Over the last 20 years sugar production in southern Africa has been characterised by both the geographic dispersal and the heightened concentration of (formerly) South African sugar capital. This paper argues that key variations in the contours of corporate accumulation in the region can be explained through dynamics generated by two sets of interacting variables: (i) the changing productivity of sugar manufacturing and sugar cane cultivation, and the interaction between them, and (ii) shifting terms of pricing and exchange, as governed by mercantile politics. An arithmetic model for the analysis of data is applied in the case of Illovo Sugar. It shows that high profits in Malawi are due to both favourable mercantile and productivity features; that Mozambican profits come exclusively from mercantilism; that Tanzania, Swaziland and especially Zambia owe their relative profitability to particularly high levels of productivity, and that South Africa, Illovo’s country of origin, receives low profits in both mercantile and productivity terms. These differences are rooted in value relations, which are core to understanding accumulation in sugar. The paper argues that, although the logic of sugar is somewhat unique, the approach to the analysis of accumulation adopted here has wider application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The expansion of outgrower areas linked to large lowveld sugar estates has been an important component of Zimbabwe’s land reform since 2000. This has involved the transfer of nearly 16,000 ha to over 800 resettlement farmers on irrigated ‘A2’ plots of around 20 ha each. These farmers now produce around a quarter of the sugar output linked to the Triangle and Hippo Valley mills. Tongaat Hulett, a large South African conglomerate, is the dominant shareholder in Zimbabwe’s sugar industry, and its Zimbabwe operation represents a crucial part of the overall multi-million-dollar business. The new outgrowers are a mix of former civil servants, sugar industry professionals and business people, with some politicians and security service personnel also with land. Through a detailed analysis over 12 years of the changing fortunes of a group of new outgrowers linked to Hippo Valley estate, the paper explores the patterns of production, employment and wider livelihood contexts of outgrowers and their workers. In particular the paper examines the tensions and conflicts that have arisen, particularly between the new outgrowers and the estate. The paper in turn explores the implications for sugar politics in Zimbabwe’s Lowveld. The new outgrowers were drawn from a range of previous occupations and, compared to land reform beneficiaries in nearby dryland smallholder areas, were richer, better educated and more well-connected politically. The paper asks how this new group negotiated a relationship with a large-scale South African capitalist enterprise, and with what outcomes. More broadly, the paper examines how outgrowers, the state and capital brokered a politically and economically acceptable post-land reform deal, suiting all parties. Based on the longitudinal case study insights, the paper concludes with an assessment of whether Zimbabwe’s very particular sugar outgrower model of land reform will work, and if it does, for whom. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]