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Diffusion models have demonstrated impressive image generation capabilities. Personalized approaches, such as textual inversion and Dreambooth, enhance model individualization using specific images. These methods enable generating images of specific objects based on diverse textual contexts. Our proposed approach aims to retain the model's original knowledge during new information integration, resulting in superior outcomes while necessitating less training time compared to Dreambooth and textual inversion.

Using SU(3) lattice QCD, we study the effective potential of the Polyakov loop $\langle P \rangle$ at finite temperature, i.e., the thermodynamic potential, in the field-theoretical manner for the first time. In the framework of the reweighting method in lattice QCD, we express the effective potential $V_{\rm eff}(\langle P \rangle)$ using the expectation value with no source term. In particular, we deal with the most difficult and interesting case of vacuum coexistence at the critical temperature $T_c$. We adopt SU(3) quenched lattice QCD on $48^3 \times 6$ at $\beta$= 5.89379, just corresponding to the critical temperature $T_c$ of the deconfinement phase transition, and use 200,000 Monte Carlo configurations. After categorizing the gauge configurations into each of $Z_3$-symmetric and three $Z_3$-broken vacua, we perform a vacuum-associated reweighting method where gauge configurations around each vacuum are separately used. We eventually obtain the Polyakov-loop effective potential, which is well depicted around the $Z_3$-symmetric and $Z_3$-broken vacua., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

Motivated by one-dimensional color-electric flux-tube formation in four-dimensional (4D) QCD, we investigate a possibility of effective dimensional reduction in the 4D Yang-Mills (YM) theory. We propose a new gauge fixing of "dimensional reduction (DR) gauge" defined so as to minimize $R_{\mathrm{DR}}~\equiv~\int d^{4}s ~ \mathrm{Tr} \left[ A_{x}^{2}(s) + A_{y}^{2}(s) \right]$, which has a residual gauge symmetry for the gauge function $\Omega (t,z)$ like 2D QCD on the $t$-$z$ plane. We investigate effective dimensional reduction in the DR gauge using SU(3) quenched lattice QCD at $\beta = 6.0$. The amplitude of $A_{x}(s)$ and $A_{y}(s)$ are found to be strongly suppressed in the DR gauge. We consider "$tz$-projection" of $A_{x,y}(s) \to 0$ for the gauge configuration generated in the DR gauge, in a similar sense to Abelian projection in the maximally Abelian gauge. By the $tz$-projection in the DR gauge, the interquark potential is not changed, and $A_{t}(s)$ and $A_{z}(s)$ play a dominant role in quark confinement. In the DR gauge, we calculate a spatial correlation $\langle \mathrm{Tr} A_{\perp}(s) A_{\perp}(s+ra_{\perp}) \rangle ~ (\perp = x,y)$ and estimate the spatial mass of $A_{\perp}(s) ~ (\perp = x,y)$ as $M \simeq 1.7 ~ \mathrm{GeV}$. It is conjectured that this large mass makes $A_{\perp}(s)$ inactive and realizes the dominance of $A_{t}(s)$ and $A_{z}(s)$ in infrared region in the DR gauge. We also calculate the spatial correlation of two temporal link-variables and find that the correlation decreases as $\exp (-mr)$ with $m \simeq 0.6 ~ \mathrm{GeV}$. Using a crude approximation, the 4D YM theory is reduced into an ensemble of 2D YM systems with the coupling of $g_{\rm 2D} = g m$., Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures

Neutrinos from very nearby supernovae, such as Betelgeuse, are expected to generate more than ten million events over 10\,s in Super-Kamokande (SK). At such large event rates, the buffers of the SK analog-to-digital conversion board (QBEE) will overflow, causing random loss of data that is critical for understanding the dynamics of the supernova explosion mechanism. In order to solve this problem, two new DAQ modules were developed to aid in the observation of very nearby supernovae. The first of these, the SN module, is designed to save only the number of hit PMTs during a supernova burst and the second, the Veto module, prescales the high rate neutrino events to prevent the QBEE from overflowing based on information from the SN module. In the event of a very nearby supernova, these modules allow SK to reconstruct the time evolution of the neutrino event rate from beginning to end using both QBEE and SN module data. This paper presents the development and testing of these modules together with an analysis of supernova-like data generated with a flashing laser diode. We demonstrate that the Veto module successfully prevents DAQ overflows for Betelgeuse-like supernovae as well as the long-term stability of the new modules. During normal running the Veto module is found to issue DAQ vetos a few times per month resulting in a total dead time less than 1\,ms, and does not influence ordinary operations. Additionally, using simulation data we find that supernovae closer than 800~pc will trigger Veto module resulting in a prescaling of the observed neutrino data., Comment: 28 pages, 18 figures. Submitted to PTEP

We present the results of the charge ratio ($R$) and polarization ($P^{\mu}_{0}$) measurements using the decay electron events collected from 2008 September to 2022 June by the Super-Kamiokande detector. Because of its underground location and long operation, we performed high precision measurements by accumulating cosmic-ray muons. We measured the muon charge ratio to be $R=1.32 \pm 0.02$ $(\mathrm{stat.}{+}\mathrm{syst.})$ at $E_{\mu}\cos \theta_{\mathrm{Zenith}}=0.7^{+0.3}_{-0.2}$ $\mathrm{TeV}$, where $E_{\mu}$ is the muon energy and $\theta_{\mathrm{Zenith}}$ is the zenith angle of incoming cosmic-ray muons. This result is consistent with the Honda flux model while this suggests a tension with the $\pi K$ model of $1.9\sigma$. We also measured the muon polarization at the production location to be $P^{\mu}_{0}=0.52 \pm 0.02$ $(\mathrm{stat.}{+}\mathrm{syst.})$ at the muon momentum of $0.9^{+0.6}_{-0.1}$ $\mathrm{TeV}/c$ at the surface of the mountain; this also suggests a tension with the Honda flux model of $1.5\sigma$. This is the most precise measurement ever to experimentally determine the cosmic-ray muon polarization near $1~\mathrm{TeV}/c$. These measurement results are useful to improve the atmospheric neutrino simulations., Comment: 29 pages, 45 figures

An analysis of solar neutrino data from the fourth phase of Super-Kamiokande~(SK-IV) from October 2008 to May 2018 is performed and the results are presented. The observation time of the data set of SK-IV corresponds to $2970$~days and the total live time for all four phases is $5805$~days. For more precise solar neutrino measurements, several improvements are applied in this analysis: lowering the data acquisition threshold in May 2015, further reduction of the spallation background using neutron clustering events, precise energy reconstruction considering the time variation of the PMT gain. The observed number of solar neutrino events in $3.49$--$19.49$ MeV electron kinetic energy region during SK-IV is $65,443^{+390}_{-388}\,(\mathrm{stat.})\pm 925\,(\mathrm{syst.})$ events. Corresponding $\mathrm{^{8}B}$ solar neutrino flux is $(2.314 \pm 0.014\, \rm{(stat.)} \pm 0.040 \, \rm{(syst.)}) \times 10^{6}~\mathrm{cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}}$, assuming a pure electron-neutrino flavor component without neutrino oscillations. The flux combined with all SK phases up to SK-IV is $(2.336 \pm 0.011\, \rm{(stat.)} \pm 0.043 \, \rm{(syst.)}) \times 10^{6}~\mathrm{cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}}$. Based on the neutrino oscillation analysis from all solar experiments, including the SK $5805$~days data set, the best-fit neutrino oscillation parameters are $\rm{sin^{2} \theta_{12,\,solar}} = 0.306 \pm 0.013 $ and $\Delta m^{2}_{21,\,\mathrm{solar}} = (6.10^{+ 0.95}_{-0.81}) \times 10^{-5}~\rm{eV}^{2}$, with a deviation of about 1.5$\sigma$ from the $\Delta m^{2}_{21}$ parameter obtained by KamLAND. The best-fit neutrino oscillation parameters obtained from all solar experiments and KamLAND are $\sin^{2} \theta_{12,\,\mathrm{global}} = 0.307 \pm 0.012 $ and $\Delta m^{2}_{21,\,\mathrm{global}} = (7.50^{+ 0.19}_{-0.18}) \times 10^{-5}~\rm{eV}^{2}$., Comment: 47 pages, 61 figures

The deconfinement transition in non-Abelian gauge theory is understood as spontaneous breaking of $\mathbb{Z}_N$ symmetry at high temperatures. Accordingly, quark-gluon plasma generally includes some partial cells called center domains, each with a homogeneous Polyakov-loop expectation value. In this work, constructing an effective action describing the deconfinement vacuum of Yang-Mills theory with $N$ colors, we discuss the properties of center domains. First, we evaluate the spatial correlation of local Polyakov-loop fluctuation and demonstrate that some fluctuation becomes a Nambu-Goldstone-like mode in the large-$N$ limit. We also discuss surface tension between two $\mathbb{Z}_N$ center domains. Second, we estimate the global vacuum-to-vacuum transition in a single center domain. We find that some threshold volume exists, where a domain larger than this volume is stable, and vice versa. Identifying the threshold as the lower bound of a stable center domain volume, we quantitatively argue the typical volume scale of center domains., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures; Proceedings of the 40th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2023)

Computer vision has become increasingly prevalent in solving real-world problems across diverse domains, including smart agriculture, fishery, and livestock management. These applications may not require processing many image frames per second, leading practitioners to use single board computers (SBCs). Although many lightweight networks have been developed for mobile/edge devices, they primarily target smartphones with more powerful processors and not SBCs with the low-end CPUs. This paper introduces a CNN-ViT hybrid network called SBCFormer, which achieves high accuracy and fast computation on such low-end CPUs. The hardware constraints of these CPUs make the Transformer's attention mechanism preferable to convolution. However, using attention on low-end CPUs presents a challenge: high-resolution internal feature maps demand excessive computational resources, but reducing their resolution results in the loss of local image details. SBCFormer introduces an architectural design to address this issue. As a result, SBCFormer achieves the highest trade-off between accuracy and speed on a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B with an ARM-Cortex A72 CPU. For the first time, it achieves an ImageNet-1K top-1 accuracy of around 80% at a speed of 1.0 frame/sec on the SBC. Code is available at https://github.com/xyongLu/SBCFormer., Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures, WACV2024

This paper addresses the problem of predicting hazards that drivers may encounter while driving a car. We formulate it as a task of anticipating impending accidents using a single input image captured by car dashcams. Unlike existing approaches to driving hazard prediction that rely on computational simulations or anomaly detection from videos, this study focuses on high-level inference from static images. The problem needs predicting and reasoning about future events based on uncertain observations, which falls under visual abductive reasoning. To enable research in this understudied area, a new dataset named the DHPR (Driving Hazard Prediction and Reasoning) dataset is created. The dataset consists of 15K dashcam images of street scenes, and each image is associated with a tuple containing car speed, a hypothesized hazard description, and visual entities present in the scene. These are annotated by human annotators, who identify risky scenes and provide descriptions of potential accidents that could occur a few seconds later. We present several baseline methods and evaluate their performance on our dataset, identifying remaining issues and discussing future directions. This study contributes to the field by introducing a novel problem formulation and dataset, enabling researchers to explore the potential of multi-modal AI for driving hazard prediction., Comment: Main Paper: 11 pages, Supplementary Materials: 25 pages

We investigate a baryon and its dilatation modes in holographic QCD based on the Sakai-Sugimoto model, which is expressed as a 1+4 dimensional U($N_f$) gauge theory in the flavor space. For spatially rotational symmetric systems, we apply a generalized version of the Witten Ansatz, and reduce 1+4 dimensional holographic QCD into a 1+2 dimensional Abelian Higgs theory in a curved space. In the reduced theory, the holographic baryon is described as a two-dimensional topological object of an Abrikosov vortex. We numerically calculate the baryon solution of holographic QCD using a fine and large lattice with spacing of 0.04 fm and size of 10 fm. Using the relation between the baryon size and the zero-point location of the Higgs field in the description with the Witten Ansatz, we investigate a various-size baryon through this vortex description. As time-dependent size-oscillation modes (dilatation modes) of a baryon, we numerically obtain the lowest excitation energy of 577 MeV and deduce the dilatational excitation of a nucleon to be the Roper resonance N$^*$(1440)., Comment: 22 pages, 14 figures

Recent studies on visual anomaly detection (AD) of industrial objects/textures have achieved quite good performance. They consider an unsupervised setting, specifically the one-class setting, in which we assume the availability of a set of normal (\textit{i.e.}, anomaly-free) images for training. In this paper, we consider a more challenging scenario of unsupervised AD, in which we detect anomalies in a given set of images that might contain both normal and anomalous samples. The setting does not assume the availability of known normal data and thus is completely free from human annotation, which differs from the standard AD considered in recent studies. For clarity, we call the setting blind anomaly detection (BAD). We show that BAD can be converted into a local outlier detection problem and propose a novel method named PatchCluster that can accurately detect image- and pixel-level anomalies. Experimental results show that PatchCluster shows a promising performance without the knowledge of normal data, even comparable to the SOTA methods applied in the one-class setting needing it.

Previous works on unsupervised industrial anomaly detection mainly focus on local structural anomalies such as cracks and color contamination. While achieving significantly high detection performance on this kind of anomaly, they are faced with logical anomalies that violate the long-range dependencies such as a normal object placed in the wrong position. In this paper, based on previous knowledge distillation works, we propose to use two students (local and global) to better mimic the teacher's behavior. The local student, which is used in previous studies mainly focuses on structural anomaly detection while the global student pays attention to logical anomalies. To further encourage the global student's learning to capture long-range dependencies, we design the global context condensing block (GCCB) and propose a contextual affinity loss for the student training and anomaly scoring. Experimental results show the proposed method doesn't need cumbersome training techniques and achieves a new state-of-the-art performance on the MVTec LOCO AD dataset.

Smartphones equipped with a multi-camera system comprising multiple cameras with different field-of-view (FoVs) are becoming more prevalent. These camera configurations are compatible with reference-based SR and video SR, which can be executed simultaneously while recording video on the device. Thus, combining these two SR methods can improve image quality. Recently, Lee et al. have presented such a method, RefVSR. In this paper, we consider how to optimally utilize the observations obtained, including input low-resolution (LR) video and reference (Ref) video. RefVSR extends conventional video SR quite simply, aggregating the LR and Ref inputs over time in a single bidirectional stream. However, considering the content difference between LR and Ref images due to their FoVs, we can derive the maximum information from the two image sequences by aggregating them independently in the temporal direction. Then, we propose an improved method, RefVSR++, which can aggregate two features in parallel in the temporal direction, one for aggregating the fused LR and Ref inputs and the other for Ref inputs over time. Furthermore, we equip RefVSR++ with enhanced mechanisms to align image features over time, which is the key to the success of video SR. We experimentally show that RefVSR++ outperforms RefVSR by over 1dB in PSNR, achieving the new state-of-the-art.

Despite the recent advancement in the study of removing motion blur in an image, it is still hard to deal with strong blurs. While there are limits in removing blurs from a single image, it has more potential to use multiple images, e.g., using an additional image as a reference to deblur a blurry image. A typical setting is deburring an image using a nearby sharp image(s) in a video sequence, as in the studies of video deblurring. This paper proposes a better method to use the information present in a reference image. The method does not need a strong assumption on the reference image. We can utilize an alternative shot of the identical scene, just like in video deblurring, or we can even employ a distinct image from another scene. Our method first matches local patches of the target and reference images and then fuses their features to estimate a sharp image. We employ a patch-based feature matching strategy to solve the difficult problem of matching the blurry image with the sharp reference. Our method can be integrated into pre-existing networks designed for single image deblurring. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

We report the first search result for the flux of astrophysical electron antineutrinos for energies O(10) MeV in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector. In June 2020, gadolinium was introduced to the ultra-pure water of the SK detector in order to detect neutrons more efficiently. In this new experimental phase, SK-Gd, we can search for electron antineutrinos via inverse beta decay with efficient background rejection and higher signal efficiency thanks to the high efficiency of the neutron tagging technique. In this paper, we report the result for the initial stage of SK-Gd with a $22.5\times552$ $\rm kton\cdot day$ exposure at 0.01% Gd mass concentration. No significant excess over the expected background in the observed events is found for the neutrino energies below 31.3 MeV. Thus, the flux upper limits are placed at the 90% confidence level. The limits and sensitivities are already comparable with the previous SK result with pure-water ($22.5 \times 2970 \rm kton\cdot day$) owing to the enhanced neutron tagging.

Using the Polyakov-loop effective action, we investigate the structure of spontaneously broken $\mathbb{Z}_N$ symmetry in the deconfinement vacuum in the SU($N$) Yang-Mills theory with finite $N$. First, we examine the Polyakov-loop fluctuation around a $\mathbb{Z}_N$-broken vacuum and calculate the spatial correlation of its phase variable. We show that the phase variable of the Polyakov loop becomes a Nambu-Goldstone mode in the large-$N$ limit. Second, we estimate the global vacuum-to-vacuum transition rate in a finite-volume domain of the quark-gluon plasma. Based on our estimation, we state that some threshold volume exists, a domain larger than which is stable, and vice versa. Identifying the threshold as the lower bound of a stable center domain volume, we find the typical volume scale of center domains., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures

Using SU(3) lattice QCD, we investigate role of spatial gluons for hadron masses in the Coulomb gauge, considering the relation between QCD and the quark model. From the Coulomb-gauge configurations at the quenched level on a $16^3 \times 32$ lattice at $\beta$ = 6.0, we consider the $\vec{A} = 0$ projection, where all the spatial gluon fields are set to zero. In this projection, the inter-quark potential is unchanged. We investigate light hadron masses and find that nucleon and delta baryon masses are almost degenerate. This result suggests that the N-$\Delta$ mass difference arises from the color-magnetic interactions, which is consistent with the quark model picture. Next, as a generalization of this projection, we expand spatial gluon fields in terms of Faddeev-Popov eigenmodes and leave only some partial components. We find that the ${\rm N}-\Delta$ and $0^{++}-2^{++}$ glueball mass splittings are almost reproduced only with 1 \% low-lying components. This suggests that low-lying color-magnetic interaction leads to the hadron mass splitting., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, contribution to the proceedings of the 15th Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum conference (ConfXV), 1st-6th August 2022, Stavanger, Norway

Cosmic-ray muons that enter the Super-Kamiokande detector cause hadronic showers due to spallation in water, producing neutrons and radioactive isotopes. Those are a major background source for studies of MeV-scale neutrinos and searches for rare events. Since 2020, gadolinium was introduced in the ultra-pure water in the Super-Kamiokande detector to improve the detection efficiency of neutrons. In this study, the cosmogenic neutron yield was measured using data acquired during the period after the gadolinium loading. The yield was found to be $(2.76 \pm 0.02\,\mathrm{(stat.) \pm 0.19\,\mathrm{(syst.)}}) \times 10^{-4}\,\mu^{-1} \mathrm{g^{-1} cm^{2}}$ at 259 GeV of average muon energy at the Super-Kamiokande detector., Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables

Neutrinos associated with solar flares (solar-flare neutrinos) provide information on particle acceleration mechanisms during the impulsive phase of solar flares. We searched using the Super-Kamiokande detector for neutrinos from solar flares that occurred during solar cycles $23$ and $24$, including the largest solar flare (X28.0) on November 4th, 2003. In order to minimize the background rate we searched for neutrino interactions within narrow time windows coincident with $\gamma$-rays and soft X-rays recorded by satellites. In addition, we performed the first attempt to search for solar-flare neutrinos from solar flares on the invisible side of the Sun by using the emission time of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). By selecting twenty powerful solar flares above X5.0 on the visible side and eight CMEs whose emission speed exceeds $2000$ $\mathrm{km \, s^{-1}}$ on the invisible side from 1996 to 2018, we found two (six) neutrino events coincident with solar flares occurring on the visible (invisible) side of the Sun, with a typical background rate of $0.10$ ($0.62$) events per flare in the MeV-GeV energy range. No significant solar-flare neutrino signal above the estimated background rate was observed. As a result we set the following upper limit on neutrino fluence at the Earth $\mathit{\Phi}<1.1\times10^{6}$ $\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$ at the $90\%$ confidence level for the largest solar flare. The resulting fluence limits allow us to constrain some of the theoretical models for solar-flare neutrino emission., Comment: 36 pages, 18 figures, 9 tables (Figure 12 was replaced because it was incorrect in version 1.)