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7. Oceanic fronts and jets around Japan: a review

Author

Kida, Shinichiro, Mitsudera, Humio, Aoki, Shigeru, Guo, Xinyu, Ito, Shin-ichi, Kobashi, Fumiaki, Komori, Nobumasa, Kubokawa, Atsushi, Miyama, Toru, Morie, Ryosuke, Nakamura, Hisashi, Nakamura, Tomohiro, Nakano, Hideyuki, Nishigaki, Hajime, Nonaka, Masami, Sasaki, Hideharu, Sasaki, Yoshi N., Suga, Toshio, Sugimoto, Shusaku, Taguchi, Bunmei, Takaya, Koutarou, Tozuka, Tomoki, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Usui, Norihisa, Nakamura, Hisashi, editor, Isobe, Atsuhiko, editor, Minobe, Shoshiro, editor, Mitsudera, Humio, editor, Nonaka, Masami, editor, and Suga, Toshio, editor

Published
2016
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9. Characteristics of seasonal and interannual variability in the global ocean heat content based on Argo observational data

Author

Hosoda, Shigeki, Sato, Kanako, and Suga, Toshio

Abstract

The excess heat due to the global warming has already penetrated and stored to the mid- and deep ocean, based on a huge amount of recent Argo and other observational data (IPCC, 2021). An upward trend of ocean heat content (OHC) has also been shown from various data sets with error bars. However, the mechanisms of the warming slowdown called the hiatus period have not yet been fully understood, although oceanic influences are presumably considered to be a strong factor, based on studies using climate models and observational data. In order to elucidate the theme, capturing actual state of oceanic variability is crucial. In this study, we utilized Argo temperature data which has been accumulated for more than 20 years to make gridded data and attempted to statistically describe the characteristics of OHC variability during and after the hiatus period. The slowdown and subsequent increase in temperature rise noted in previous studies is also evident in the observed OHC variability, which is particularly similar in the tropics, North Pacific, and North Atlantic regions. In the Southern Hemisphere, on the other hand, the hiatus period seems to stop earlier, and warming begins.A similar trend is hardly seen at depths below 300 m. These characteristics indicate that the events occur mainly above the main thermocline and follows the temperature fluctuations more closely in the Northern Hemisphere. The detailed spatial distribution of OHC variability and seasonal variability will be presented in the session., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023

13. Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: where does the energy go?

Author

von Schuckmann, Karina, primary, Minière, Audrey, additional, Gues, Flora, additional, Cuesta-Valero, Francisco José, additional, Kirchengast, Gottfried, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Straneo, Fiammetta, additional, Ablain, Michaël, additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Barker, Paul M., additional, Beltrami, Hugo, additional, Blazquez, Alejandro, additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Church, John, additional, Desbruyeres, Damien, additional, Dolman, Han, additional, Domingues, Catia M., additional, García-García, Almudena, additional, Giglio, Donata, additional, Gilson, John E., additional, Gorfer, Maximilian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hakuba, Maria Z., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hosoda, Shigeki, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Killick, Rachel, additional, King, Brian, additional, Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas, additional, Korosov, Anton, additional, Krinner, Gerhard, additional, Kuusela, Mikael, additional, Landerer, Felix W., additional, Langer, Moritz, additional, Lavergne, Thomas, additional, Lawrence, Isobel, additional, Li, Yuehua, additional, Lyman, John, additional, Marti, Florence, additional, Marzeion, Ben, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, MacDougall, Andrew H., additional, McDougall, Trevor, additional, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, additional, Nitzbon, Jan, additional, Otosaka, Inès, additional, Peng, Jian, additional, Purkey, Sarah, additional, Roemmich, Dean, additional, Sato, Kanako, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Savita, Abhishek, additional, Schweiger, Axel, additional, Shepherd, Andrew, additional, Seneviratne, Sonia I., additional, Simons, Leon, additional, Slater, Donald A., additional, Slater, Thomas, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Suga, Toshio, additional, Szekely, Tanguy, additional, Thiery, Wim, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Vanderkelen, Inne, additional, Wjiffels, Susan E., additional, Wu, Tonghua, additional, and Zemp, Michael, additional

Published
2023
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14. Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go?

Author

Von Schuckmann, Karina, Minère, Audrey, Gues, Flora, Cuesta-valero, Francisco José, Kirchengast, Gottfried, Adusumilli, Susheel, Straneo, Fiammetta, Allan, Richard, Barker, Paul M., Beltrami, Hugo, Boyer, Tim, Cheng, Lijing, Church, John, Desbruyeres, Damien, Dolman, Han, Domingues, Catia M., García-garcía, Almudena, Giglio, Donata, Gilson, John E., Gorfer, Maximilian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hendricks, Stefan, Hosoda, Shigeki, Johnson, Gregory C., Killick, Rachel, King, Brian, Kolodziejczyk, Nikolas, Korosov, Anton, Krinner, Gerhard, Kuusela, Mikael, Langer, Moritz, Lavergne, Thomas, Lawrence, Isobel, Li, Yuehua, Lyman, John, Marzeion, Ben, Mayer, Michael, Macdougall, Andrew H., Mcdougall, Trevor, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, Nitzbon, Jan, Otosaka, Inès, Peng, Jian, Purkey, Sarah, Roemmich, Dean, Sato, Kanako, Sato, Katsunari, Savita, Abhishek, Schweiger, Axel, Shepherd, Andrew, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Simons, Leon, Slater, Donald A., Slater, Thomas, Smith, Noah, Steiner, Andrea, Suga, Toshio, Szekely, Tanguy, Thiery, Wim, Timmermans, Mary-louise, Vanderkelen, Inne, Wjiffels, Susan E., Wu, Tonghua, Zemp, Michael, Von Schuckmann, Karina, Minère, Audrey, Gues, Flora, Cuesta-valero, Francisco José, Kirchengast, Gottfried, Adusumilli, Susheel, Straneo, Fiammetta, Allan, Richard, Barker, Paul M., Beltrami, Hugo, Boyer, Tim, Cheng, Lijing, Church, John, Desbruyeres, Damien, Dolman, Han, Domingues, Catia M., García-garcía, Almudena, Giglio, Donata, Gilson, John E., Gorfer, Maximilian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hendricks, Stefan, Hosoda, Shigeki, Johnson, Gregory C., Killick, Rachel, King, Brian, Kolodziejczyk, Nikolas, Korosov, Anton, Krinner, Gerhard, Kuusela, Mikael, Langer, Moritz, Lavergne, Thomas, Lawrence, Isobel, Li, Yuehua, Lyman, John, Marzeion, Ben, Mayer, Michael, Macdougall, Andrew H., Mcdougall, Trevor, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, Nitzbon, Jan, Otosaka, Inès, Peng, Jian, Purkey, Sarah, Roemmich, Dean, Sato, Kanako, Sato, Katsunari, Savita, Abhishek, Schweiger, Axel, Shepherd, Andrew, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Simons, Leon, Slater, Donald A., Slater, Thomas, Smith, Noah, Steiner, Andrea, Suga, Toshio, Szekely, Tanguy, Thiery, Wim, Timmermans, Mary-louise, Vanderkelen, Inne, Wjiffels, Susan E., Wu, Tonghua, and Zemp, Michael

Abstract

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance and heat has accumulated continuously over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere and the atmosphere. According to the 6th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this planetary warming over multiple decades is human-driven and results in unprecedented and committed changes to the Earth system, with adverse impacts for ecosystems and human systems. The Earth heat inventory provides a measure of the Earth energy imbalance, and allows for quantifying how much heat has accumulated in the Earth system, and where the heat is stored. Here we show that 380 ± 62 ZJ of heat has accumulated in the Earth system from 1971 to 2020, at a rate of 0.48 ± 0.1 W m−2, with 89 ± 17 % of this heat stored in the ocean, 6 ± 0.1 % on land, 4 ± 1 % in the cryosphere and 1 ± 0.2 % in the atmosphere. Over the most recent decade (2006–2020), the Earth heat inventory shows increased warming at rate of 0.48 ± 0.3 W m−2/decade, and the Earth climate system is out of energy balance by 0.76 ± 0.2 Wm−2. The Earth heat inventory is the most fundamental global climate indicator that the scientific community and the public can use as the measure of how well the world is doing in the task of bringing anthropogenic climate change under control. We call for an implementation of the Earth heat inventory into the Paris agreement’s global stocktake based on best available science. The Earth heat inventory in this study, updated from von Schuckmann et al, 2020, is underpinned by worldwide multidisciplinary collaboration and demonstrates the critical importance of concerted international efforts for climate change monitoring and community-based recommendations as coordinated by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). We also call for urgently needed actions for enabling continuity, archiving, rescuing and calibrating efforts to assure improved and long-term monitoring capacity of the relevant GCOS Essential

Published
2023
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18. Spiciness anomalies in the upper North Pacific based on Argo observations

Author

Wang, Tong, Suga, Toshio, and Kouketsu, Shinya

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

The density-compensated salinity anomalies (spiciness anomalies) in the upper North Pacific were investigated using Argo float profiles during 2004–2018. The freshening of the subtropical thermocline was found within the Central Mode Water (CMW) and the North Pacific Intermediate Water (salinity minimum). Meanwhile, the increase of salinity was found in the lighter layer within the North Pacific Tropical Water (salinity maximum). The interannual and longer spiciness anomalies were interpreted with three-dimensional evolutions and were linked to the fate of three mode waters (i.e., Subtropical Mode Water (STMW), Eastern Subtropical Mode Water (ESTMW), and CMW) for the first time. In the STMW, the salinity was dominated by a quasi-decadal variability, which was consistent with the KE variability with a 1-year lag, and did not show rapid freshening. In the CMW, the salinity decreased with a quasi-decadal variability, which was weaker and out of the phase compared with the STMW. In the ESTMW, the salinity was dominated by year-to-year variability. The spiciness anomalies originated mainly in the outcrop region of the isopycnals, where they were accompanied by the formation and the subduction of the mode waters. They also propagated and decayed downstream the geostrophic currents. However, a few of the interannual anomalies found in the northern part of the CMW were almost dampened before their spread further south. In addition, some anomalies in the ESTMW appeared and intensified without a connection to the mixed layer. These anomalies occurred far from the outcrop line, suggesting these were caused likely by salt fingering associated with the modification of the mode waters. Furthermore, the propagation of the spiciness anomalies in the western to the central subtropics was significantly faster than the geostrophic current and inclined to the inner side of streamlines. These indicated the transport by eddies in addition to the mean geostrophic currents.

Published
2022

20. Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go?

Author

von Schuckmann, Karina, primary, Minère, Audrey, additional, Gues, Flora, additional, Cuesta-Valero, Francisco José, additional, Kirchengast, Gottfried, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Straneo, Fiammetta, additional, Allan, Richard, additional, Barker, Paul M., additional, Beltrami, Hugo, additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Church, John, additional, Desbruyeres, Damien, additional, Dolman, Han, additional, Domingues, Catia M., additional, García-García, Almudena, additional, Giglio, Donata, additional, Gilson, John E., additional, Gorfer, Maximilian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hosoda, Shigeki, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Killick, Rachel, additional, King, Brian, additional, Kolodziejczyk, Nikolas, additional, Korosov, Anton, additional, Krinner, Gerhard, additional, Kuusela, Mikael, additional, Langer, Moritz, additional, Lavergne, Thomas, additional, Lawrence, Isobel, additional, Li, Yuehua, additional, Lyman, John, additional, Marzeion, Ben, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, MacDougall, Andrew H., additional, McDougall, Trevor, additional, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, additional, Nitzbon, Jan, additional, Otosaka, Inès, additional, Peng, Jian, additional, Purkey, Sarah, additional, Roemmich, Dean, additional, Sato, Kanako, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Savita, Abhishek, additional, Schweiger, Axel, additional, Shepherd, Andrew, additional, Seneviratne, Sonia I., additional, Simons, Leon, additional, Slater, Donald A., additional, Slater, Thomas, additional, Smith, Noah, additional, Steiner, Andrea, additional, Suga, Toshio, additional, Szekely, Tanguy, additional, Thiery, Wim, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Vanderkelen, Inne, additional, Wjiffels, Susan E., additional, Wu, Tonghua, additional, and Zemp, Michael, additional

Published
2022
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22. OneArgo: a new paradigm for observing the global ocean

Author

Owens, W. Brechner, Zilberman, Nathalie, Johnson, Kenneth S., Claustre, Hervé, Scanderbeg, Megan, Wijffels, Susan E., Suga, Toshio, Owens, W. Brechner, Zilberman, Nathalie, Johnson, Kenneth S., Claustre, Hervé, Scanderbeg, Megan, Wijffels, Susan E., and Suga, Toshio

Abstract

© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Owens, W., Zilberman, N., Johnson, K., Claustre, H., Scanderbeg, M., Wijffels, S., & Suga, T. OneArgo: a new paradigm for observing the global ocean. Marine Technology Society Journal, 56(3), (2022): 84–90, https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.56.3.8., OneArgo is a major expansion of the Argo program, which has provided two decades of transformative physical data for the upper 2 km of the global ocean. The present Argo array will be expanded in three ways: (1) Global Core: the existing upper ocean measurements will be extended to high latitudes and marginal seas and with enhanced coverage in the tropics and western boundaries of the major ocean basins; (2) Deep: deep ocean measurements will be obtained for the 50% of the global oceans that are below 2,000-m depth; and (3) Biogeochemical: dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, chlorophyll, optical backscatter, and irradiance data will be collected to investigate biogeochemical variability of the upper ocean and the processes by which these cycles respond to a changing climate. The technology and infrastructure necessary for this expansion is now being developed through large-scale regional pilots to further refine the floats and sensors and to demonstrate the utility of these measurements. Further innovation is expected to improve the performance of the floats and sensors and to develop the analyses necessary to provide research-quality data. A fully global OneArgo should be operational within 5–10 years., In the United States, the National Science Foundation–funded Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Array (GO-BGC; https://go-bgc.org).

Published
2022

23. The technological, scientific, and sociological revolution of global subsurface ocean observing

Author

Roemmich, Dean, Talley, Lynne D., Zilberman, Nathalie, Osborne, Emily, Johnson, Kenneth S., Barbero, Leticia, Bittig, Henry C., Briggs, Nathan, Fassbender, Andrea J., Johnson, Gregory C., King, Brian A., McDonagh, Elaine L., Purkey, Sarah G., Riser, Stephen C., Suga, Toshio, Takeshita, Yuichiro, Thierry, Virginie, Wijffels, Susan E., Roemmich, Dean, Talley, Lynne D., Zilberman, Nathalie, Osborne, Emily, Johnson, Kenneth S., Barbero, Leticia, Bittig, Henry C., Briggs, Nathan, Fassbender, Andrea J., Johnson, Gregory C., King, Brian A., McDonagh, Elaine L., Purkey, Sarah G., Riser, Stephen C., Suga, Toshio, Takeshita, Yuichiro, Thierry, Virginie, and Wijffels, Susan E.

Abstract

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Roemmich, D., Talley, L., Zilberman, N., Osborne, E., Johnson, K., Barbero, L., Bittig, H., Briggs, N., Fassbender, A., Johnson, G., King, B., McDonagh, E., Purkey, S., Riser, S., Suga, T., Takeshita, Y., Thierry, V., & Wijffels, S. The technological, scientific, and sociological revolution of global subsurface ocean observing. Oceanography, 34(4), (2021): 2-8, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02., The complementary partnership of the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP; https://www.go-ship.org/) and the Argo Program (https://argo.ucsd.edu) has been instrumental in providing sustained subsurface observations of the global ocean for over two decades. Since the late twentieth century, new clues into the ocean’s role in Earth’s climate system have revealed a need for sustained global ocean observations (e.g., Gould et al., 2013; Schmitt, 2018) and stimulated revolutionary technology advances needed to address the societal mandate. Together, the international GO-SHIP and Argo Program responded to this need, providing insight into the mean state and variability of the physics, biology, and chemistry of the ocean that led to advancements in fundamental science and monitoring of the state of Earth's climate., The authors gratefully acknowledge support from their respective Argo and GO-SHIP national programs or national agencies, which have made these programs possible.

Published
2022

24. Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go?

Author

von Schuckmann, Karina, Minère, Audrey, Gues, Flora, Cuesta-Valero, Francisco José, Kirchengast, Gottfried, Adusumilli, Susheel, Straneo, Fiammetta, Allan, Richard, Barker, Paul M., Beltrami, Hugo, Boyer, Tim, Cheng, Lijing, Church, John, Desbruyeres, Damien, Dolman, Han, Domingues, Catia M., García-García, Almudena, Giglio, Donata, Gilson, John E., Gorfer, Maximilian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hendricks, Stefan, Hosoda, Shigeki, Johnson, Gregory C., Killick, Rachel, King, Brian, Kolodziejczyk, Nikolas, Korosov, Anton, Krinner, Gerhard, Kuusela, Mikael, Langer, Moritz, Lavergne, Thomas, Lawrence, Isobel, Li, Yuehua, Lyman, John, Marzeion, Ben, Mayer, Michael, MacDougall, Andrew H., McDougall, Trevor, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, Nitzbon, Jan, Otosaka, Inès, Peng, Jian, Purkey, Sarah, Roemmich, Dean, Sato, Kanako, Sato, Katsunari, Savita, Abhishek, Schweiger, Axel, Shepherd, Andrew, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Simons, Leon, Slater, Donald A., Slater, Thomas, Smith, Noah, Steiner, Andrea, Suga, Toshio, Szekely, Tanguy, Thiery, Wim, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Vanderkelen, Inne, Wjiffels, Susan E., Wu, Tonghua, Zemp, Michael, von Schuckmann, Karina, Minère, Audrey, Gues, Flora, Cuesta-Valero, Francisco José, Kirchengast, Gottfried, Adusumilli, Susheel, Straneo, Fiammetta, Allan, Richard, Barker, Paul M., Beltrami, Hugo, Boyer, Tim, Cheng, Lijing, Church, John, Desbruyeres, Damien, Dolman, Han, Domingues, Catia M., García-García, Almudena, Giglio, Donata, Gilson, John E., Gorfer, Maximilian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hendricks, Stefan, Hosoda, Shigeki, Johnson, Gregory C., Killick, Rachel, King, Brian, Kolodziejczyk, Nikolas, Korosov, Anton, Krinner, Gerhard, Kuusela, Mikael, Langer, Moritz, Lavergne, Thomas, Lawrence, Isobel, Li, Yuehua, Lyman, John, Marzeion, Ben, Mayer, Michael, MacDougall, Andrew H., McDougall, Trevor, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, Nitzbon, Jan, Otosaka, Inès, Peng, Jian, Purkey, Sarah, Roemmich, Dean, Sato, Kanako, Sato, Katsunari, Savita, Abhishek, Schweiger, Axel, Shepherd, Andrew, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Simons, Leon, Slater, Donald A., Slater, Thomas, Smith, Noah, Steiner, Andrea, Suga, Toshio, Szekely, Tanguy, Thiery, Wim, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Vanderkelen, Inne, Wjiffels, Susan E., Wu, Tonghua, and Zemp, Michael

Abstract

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance and heat has accumulated continuously over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere and the atmosphere. According to the 6th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this planetary warming over multiple decades is human-driven and results in unprecedented and committed changes to the Earth system, with adverse impacts for ecosystems and human systems. The Earth heat inventory provides a measure of the Earth energy imbalance, and allows for quantifying how much heat has accumulated in the Earth system, and where the heat is stored. Here we show that 380 ± 62 ZJ of heat has accumulated in the Earth system from 1971 to 2020, at a rate of 0.48 ± 0.1 W m−2, with 89 ± 17 % of this heat stored in the ocean, 6 ± 0.1 % on land, 4 ± 1 % in the cryosphere and 1 ± 0.2 % in the atmosphere. Over the most recent decade (2006–2020), the Earth heat inventory shows increased warming at rate of 0.48 ± 0.3 W m−2/decade, and the Earth climate system is out of energy balance by 0.76 ± 0.2 Wm−2. The Earth heat inventory is the most fundamental global climate indicator that the scientific community and the public can use as the measure of how well the world is doing in the task of bringing anthropogenic climate change under control. We call for an implementation of the Earth heat inventory into the Paris agreement’s global stocktake based on best available science. The Earth heat inventory in this study, updated from von Schuckmann et al, 2020, is underpinned by worldwide multidisciplinary collaboration and demonstrates the critical importance of concerted international efforts for climate change monitoring and community-based recommendations as coordinated by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). We also call for urgently needed actions for enabling continuity, archiving, rescuing and calibrating efforts to assure improved and long-term monitoring capacity of the relevant GCOS Essential

Published
2022
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25. Oceanic fronts and jets around Japan: a review

Author

Kida, Shinichiro, Mitsudera, Humio, Aoki, Shigeru, Guo, Xinyu, Ito, Shin-ichi, Kobashi, Fumiaki, Komori, Nobumasa, Kubokawa, Atsushi, Miyama, Toru, Morie, Ryosuke, Nakamura, Hisashi, Nakamura, Tomohiro, Nakano, Hideyuki, Nishigaki, Hajime, Nonaka, Masami, Sasaki, Hideharu, Sasaki, Yoshi N., Suga, Toshio, Sugimoto, Shusaku, Taguchi, Bunmei, Takaya, Koutarou, Tozuka, Tomoki, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, and Usui, Norihisa

Published
2015
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45. Evaluation of the fall rates of the present and developmental XCTDs

Author

Kizu, Shoichi, Onishi, Hiroji, Suga, Toshio, Hanawa, Kimio, Watanabe, Tomowo, and Iwamiya, Hiroshi

Subjects
Earth sciences
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.12.011 Byline: Shoichi Kizu (a), Hiroji Onishi (b), Toshio Suga (a), Kimio Hanawa (a), Tomowo Watanabe (c), Hiroshi Iwamiya (d) Abstract: The fall rates of the current types of expendable conductivity-temperature-depth (XCTD) profilers and one under development are evaluated based on a series of co-located measurements with conventional conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profilers in the North Pacific. The types of probes investigated are the XCTD-1, the XCTD-2, the XCTD-3, and the XCTD-5 manufactured by Tsurumi Seiki Co., Ltd. It is confirmed that the present manufacturer's fall-rate coefficients for the XCTD-1/2 satisfy the accuracy guarantee of 2% of depth, at depth greater than 20m. The coefficients of all XCTD types tested are dependent on water temperature, and the probes tend to fall slightly faster in warmer water. New sets of coefficients are given for the individual types, in a form that includes a correction for water temperature. It is also found that the ring hood structure of the XCTD-1/2 is effective in stabilizing the fall rates. The newer XCTD-3/5, which lack the hood, show larger scatter in the fall rate and occasionally violates the guaranteed depth accuracy. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan (b) Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan (c) National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan (d) Tsurumi Seiki Co., Ltd, 2-2-20 Tsurumi-Chuo, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 530-0051, Japan Article History: Received 26 February 2007; Revised 21 December 2007; Accepted 26 December 2007

Published
2008

49. Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats

Author

Wong, Annie P. S., Wijffels, Susan E., Riser, Stephen C., Pouliquen, Sylvie, Hosoda, Shigeki, Roemmich, Dean, Gilson, John, Johnson, Gregory C., Martini, Kim, Murphy, David J., Scanderbeg, Megan, Bhaskar, T. V. S. Udaya, Buck, Justin J. H., Merceur, Frederic, Carval, Thierry, Maze, Guillaume, Cabanes, Cécile, André, Xavier, Poffa, Noe, Yashayaev, Igor, Barker, Paul M., Guinehut, Stéphanie, Belbéoch, Mathieu, Ignaszewski, Mark, Baringer, Molly O'Neil, Schmid, Claudia, Lyman, John M., Mctaggart, Kristene E., Purkey, Sarah G., Zilberman, Nathalie, Alkire, Matthew B., Swift, Dana, Owens, W. Brechner, Jayne, Steven R., Hersh, Cora, Robbins, Pelle, West-mack, Deb, Bahr, Frank, Yoshida, Sachiko, Sutton, Philip J. H., Cancouët, Romain, Coatanoan, Christine, Dobbler, Delphine, Juan, Andrea Garcia, Gourrion, Jerome, Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas, Bernard, Vincent, Bourlès, Bernard, Claustre, Hervé, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Le Reste, Serge, Le Traon, Pierre-yves, Rannou, Jean Philippe, Saout-grit, Carole, Speich, Sabrina, Thierry, Virginie, Verbrugge, Nathalie, Angel-benavides, Ingrid M., Klein, Birgit, Notarstefano, Giulio, Poulain, Pierre-marie, Vélez-belchí, Pedro, Suga, Toshio, Ando, Kentaro, Iwasaska, Naoto, Kobayashi, Taiyo, Masuda, Shuhei, Oka, Eitarou, Sato, Kanako, Nakamura, Tomoaki, Sato, Katsunari, Takatsuki, Yasushi, Yoshida, Takashi, Cowley, Rebecca, Lovell, Jenny L., Oke, Peter R., Van Wijk, Esmee M., Carse, Fiona, Donnelly, Matthew, Gould, W. John, Gowers, Katie, King, Brian A., Loch, Stephen G., Mowat, Mary, Turton, Jon, Rama Rao, E. Pattabhi, Ravichandran, M., Freeland, Howard J., Gaboury, Isabelle, Gilbert, Denis, Greenan, Blair J. W., Ouellet, Mathieu, Ross, Tetjana, Tran, Anh, Dong, Mingmei, Liu, Zenghong, Xu, Jianping, Kang, Kiryong, Jo, Hyeongjun, Kim, Sung-dae, Park, Hyuk-min, Wong, Annie P. S., Wijffels, Susan E., Riser, Stephen C., Pouliquen, Sylvie, Hosoda, Shigeki, Roemmich, Dean, Gilson, John, Johnson, Gregory C., Martini, Kim, Murphy, David J., Scanderbeg, Megan, Bhaskar, T. V. S. Udaya, Buck, Justin J. H., Merceur, Frederic, Carval, Thierry, Maze, Guillaume, Cabanes, Cécile, André, Xavier, Poffa, Noe, Yashayaev, Igor, Barker, Paul M., Guinehut, Stéphanie, Belbéoch, Mathieu, Ignaszewski, Mark, Baringer, Molly O'Neil, Schmid, Claudia, Lyman, John M., Mctaggart, Kristene E., Purkey, Sarah G., Zilberman, Nathalie, Alkire, Matthew B., Swift, Dana, Owens, W. Brechner, Jayne, Steven R., Hersh, Cora, Robbins, Pelle, West-mack, Deb, Bahr, Frank, Yoshida, Sachiko, Sutton, Philip J. H., Cancouët, Romain, Coatanoan, Christine, Dobbler, Delphine, Juan, Andrea Garcia, Gourrion, Jerome, Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas, Bernard, Vincent, Bourlès, Bernard, Claustre, Hervé, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Le Reste, Serge, Le Traon, Pierre-yves, Rannou, Jean Philippe, Saout-grit, Carole, Speich, Sabrina, Thierry, Virginie, Verbrugge, Nathalie, Angel-benavides, Ingrid M., Klein, Birgit, Notarstefano, Giulio, Poulain, Pierre-marie, Vélez-belchí, Pedro, Suga, Toshio, Ando, Kentaro, Iwasaska, Naoto, Kobayashi, Taiyo, Masuda, Shuhei, Oka, Eitarou, Sato, Kanako, Nakamura, Tomoaki, Sato, Katsunari, Takatsuki, Yasushi, Yoshida, Takashi, Cowley, Rebecca, Lovell, Jenny L., Oke, Peter R., Van Wijk, Esmee M., Carse, Fiona, Donnelly, Matthew, Gould, W. John, Gowers, Katie, King, Brian A., Loch, Stephen G., Mowat, Mary, Turton, Jon, Rama Rao, E. Pattabhi, Ravichandran, M., Freeland, Howard J., Gaboury, Isabelle, Gilbert, Denis, Greenan, Blair J. W., Ouellet, Mathieu, Ross, Tetjana, Tran, Anh, Dong, Mingmei, Liu, Zenghong, Xu, Jianping, Kang, Kiryong, Jo, Hyeongjun, Kim, Sung-dae, and Park, Hyuk-min

Abstract

In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.

Published
2020
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