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A quick literature survey shows that Engineering education has been undergoing change since more than a hundred years ago, largely due to the needs of industry. The current drive for change is not very different and comes from the perception that Engineering graduates of today are not able to function effectively in the workplace. This is in part due to the rapid development in technologies which in turn drives the evolution in the workplace. The educational imperative is also driven by the need to educate engineers who are able to develop innovative solutions to help make the world a better place. This paper presents the Innovation and Design program (iDP) which the National University of Singapore (NUS) has implemented to deliver a design education that also teaches innovation and entrepreneurship in the context of real world multi-disciplinary problems. The vision of the iDP is to produce graduates with an entrepreneurial mindset, which is achieved through experiential team project-based learning, incorporating design thinking, innovation framework, prototyping and testing, and a foundation for a business enterprise. The iDP is set up as a second major for all students in NUS.

Effective leadership is crucial for guiding schools towards their goals. While traditional leadership traits play a role, this study focuses on identifying the non-traditional qualities that characterize the principal of SMP Negeri Buti, Merauke, a model school in Southern Papua. Utilizing a quantitative survey with all 20 teachers, the research revealed that the principal's willingness to take risks, respect for colleagues, and openness to diverse perspectives are key factors in their success. The data were analyzed statistically by calculating the frequency and percentage of responses on each item of the questionnaire. The result of descriptive statistical analysis indicates that daring to take risks, respect for sub-ordinates, and being open to the diversity of thinking and acting are the main keys to the success of the school principal in bringing SMP Negeri Buti as a ‘model’ for all schools around Southern Papua in general and in Merauke district in particular.

This study aims to determine the category of agreement on confidentiality of Trade Secret Information in the perspective of contract law, Good Faith Criteria, and Legal Consequences for Disclosure of Trade Secrets in Confidentiality Agreement. Study results: (1). The category of confidentiality agreement based on its arrangement includes an anonymous agreement (not regulated in the Civil Code); according to the method of preparation including standard agreements (determined unilaterally by the owner of the Trade Secret) based on the principle of freedom of contract; is a formal agreement, namely the confidentiality agreement occurs not only in an agreement but also stated in a deed (under the hand); and in written form, namely Confidentiality Agreement; (2). The criteria for good faith based on the doctrine of subjective good faith and objective good faith are not disclosing Trade Secrets but Law no. 30 of 2000 does not explicitly regulate so that the criteria for good faith relate to the obligation to keep confidential referring to Article 1338 paragraph (3) of the Civil Code and doctrine or expert opinion. The legal consequences of disclosing a Trade Secret give rise to the right of the owner of the Trade Secret to take legal action, both litigation and non-litigation.

Parody video content on digital platforms is generally made by imitating previous works, but in it, there are also characteristics of parody makers that are different from the original work. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of the fair use doctrine, namely the doctrine that allows the use of copyrighted material without the creator's permission concerning parody video content on digital platforms and to describe the copyright protection of parody video content reviewed under Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. This research is normative legal research by examining library materials or secondary data. The approach method used is a conceptual approach (conceptual approach), statutory approach (statute approach), and comparative approach (comparative approach). The data were obtained through a literature study using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. These data were processed and analyzed, then presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of the study show that the application of the fair use doctrine to parody video content on digital platforms is limited in some instances. Parody video content can be considered fair use if it meets the indicators required in the provisions of Article 43 letter d or Article 44 paragraph (1) letter a UUHC. These indicators include being non-commercial, benefiting the creator or copyright holder of the original work, or he expresses no objection, or as long as the parody video content mentions and includes the full name of the creator or copyright holder of the original work, aims to criticize an issue, and does not harm the interests of the original work. From the creator or the copyright holder of the original work. Copyright protection can apply to parody video content on digital platforms made with the permission of the creator or copyright holder of the original work and are original, namely as derivative works. However, parody video content does not meet the requirements as a derivative work or is even proven to violate Copyright. In that case, it cannot be protected unless it is considered fair use.

Tourism industry is one of the sectors that is badly hit by the covid 19 pandemic. Therefore, after the pandemic disappeared as today, all parties must hand-in-hand make efforts to recover this field. This literature review aims to document the efforts of the Indonesian government in making the tourism industry recover as well as the challenges they faced. Five articles that represent the situation were taken from the national journals. These articles were analyzed using three steps of qualitative analysis, namely data classification, verification, and conclusion drawing. The findings of this study reported that the Indonesian government made some programs to develop human resources in this industry, such as giving suitable training and workshops to the agencies they sent. On the other hand, the challenges are also faced by the government and entrepreneurs, especially when giving directions to the policy they made. This study is expected to give an overview about the efforts made in order to redevelop human resource as a way of reconstructing the tourism industry in Indonesia after the pandemic situation in the era of society 5.0.

This study aims to determine the legal relationship of doctors, nurses, and patients as well as the principle of legal responsibility of doctors in health services by nurses to patients. The approach method used is normative juridical with emphasis on secondary data, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Study results: (1). The legal relationship between doctors and nurses is based on delegation and mandate attribution. The nurse and client relationship is interpersonal and professional, which is subject to the Nursing Act. The doctor and patient relationship is based on the theurapetic transaction through voluntary representation (Article 1354 of the Civil Code) and the validity of the agreement (Article 1320 of the Civil Code). (2). Legal responsibility related to the mandate given by the doctor to the nurse remains with the doctor, so that if the action taken by the nurse is not in accordance with the SOP it becomes the nurse's responsibility in accordance with the principle of liability based on fault. However, doctors are responsible based on the principle of vicariuos liability. Whereas in the delegation, if the nurse's actions are not in accordance with the SOP and cause patient losses, the responsibility of the nurse is in accordance with the principle of liability based on fault. If health services by nurses are in accordance with the SOP but cause harm to patients both in the mandate and delegation, doctors and nurses are not responsible because it is a medical risk.

This study aims to determine the Legal Existence of Agency and Distributor Agreements in the Civil Law Perspective and Principal Responsibilities to Consumers in Agency and Distributor Agreements. The research method used is a normative juridical approach, the research phase is a literature study, data collection technique is through document studies and normative qualitative data analysis. The results of the study show that the existence of an Agency and Distributor Agreement in the Civil Law Perspective is an anonymous agreement and is categorized as a power of attorney although not entirely because it is more of a fiduciary relationship, while the distributor agreement is basically a sale and purchase agreement as regulated in Article 1457 until Article 1540 of the Civil Code, so that the distributor is not the power of the principal but acts on his own behalf. The principal is responsible for consumers who feel aggrieved in the agency agreement based on the principle of absolute responsibility because the agent acts in the interests of the principal, so that the agent is not responsible for losses incurred on the consumer's side due to the use of goods and services produced by the principal unless the agent exceeds his authority or changes goods that are the object of the agreement based on the principle of presumption of responsibility are not always guilty. The principal in the distributor agreement is not directly responsible for consumers who have a legal relationship with the distributor, except for product defects through the principle of presumption of not always being responsible. The distributor acts on his own behalf, not on the principal's orders, so that the distributor is responsible if the consumer feels aggrieved based on the presumption of always being guilty.

Introduction Spinal tuberculosis is an extra-pulmonary tuberculosis infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) which affects the vertebrae. Culture test is the «gold standard» diagnostic method, but it takes a long time. PCR is a method of a shorter time than the culture test, so it can be an alternative diagnostic method for MTB. Materials and Methods This study is a cross-sectional study. The data were analyzed with diagnostic tests on patients with suspected spinal tuberculosis who performed surgery in Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung. Clinical examinations and diagnostic examinations were done in 40 patients and surgery was performed to obtain samples from the spinal cord and the infected tissue. GeneXpert, PCR targeting IS6110 and culture tests were performed. The research was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology and the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of FK UNPAD/RSHS from September 2019 to September 2020. Results GeneXpert assay compared with culture tests as the standard diagnostic method showed sensitivity of 96.67 %; specificity of 90.00 %; positive predictive value 96.67 %; and a negative predictive value of 90.00 %, with an accuracy of 95.00 %. The PCR targeting IS6110 against culture showed that the sensitivity of MTB bacterial infection was 93.33 %, the specificity was 80.00 %, the positive predictive value was 93.33 %, the negative predictive value was 80.00 %, and the accuracy was 90.00 %. Conclusion This study concluded that the GeneXpert MTB/RIF RT-PCR assay has a high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy compared to PCR targeting IS6110 in examining tissue samples in patients with spinal TB.

Law is a means of social control to direct people to take actions in accordance with applicable regulations so as to create order and peace. While the function of law as social engineering is to change human behavior in order to uphold justice and respect obligations under the law. This study aims to determine the function of law as social control and social engineering related to patent protection. The research method used is a descriptive analytical approach to legislation. Data collection was carried out through literature study while data analysis was carried out in a qualitative normative manner. The results of the study show that the legal function as social control related to patents is the object, terms and procedures of protection and the period of protection, while the subject of protection and legal action in case of violation is the function of law as social engineering. However, in order to understand the requirements for granting patents and to eliminate the impression that patent registration is too procedural and to increase legal awareness in order to respect patents by other parties, it is necessary to continuously disseminate information or information through print or electronic media with the use of technological means which are currently developing rapidly so that can support the effectiveness of social control and social engineering as mandated by the Patent Law.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged at the end of 2019 and spread worldwide, becoming a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Agents, hosts, and the environment influence disease transmission. Perception influences healthy behavior in preventing disease transmission. This study aims to determine differences in the perception of health care workers (HCWs) on COVID-19 prevention behavior based on the area of work and exposure. This study is a cross-sectional study with a survey method using the health belief model questionnaire with research subjects who were HCWs on duty during the COVID-19 pandemic from May to July 2021 in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital. Statistical tests used were chi-square and Kruskal-Walis tests. From 346 subjects, it was found that the perception of susceptibility and self-efficacy of HCW in the yellow and red zones was higher than in the green zone (p=0.002). In comparison, the perception of barriers in the yellow zone was higher than in the red area (p=0.014). Health care workers had relatively similar mean scores in terms of knowledge (median 7 of 9), perceived benefits (median 27 of 30), cues to action (median 20 of 20), and perceived severity (median 19 of 30). Based on the history of exposure, the parameter of cues to the action of HCWs exposed to COVID-19 was better than those never exposed (p=0.009). HCW of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital has good knowledge and perception of the prevention of COVID-19. Differences in the perception of HCW between the work area and exposure history require more targeted and specific educational interventions and actions.

The waiter’s role is of great importance in the smooth operation of a restaurant business within the tourism industry. Thus, it is necessary to critically examine the waiter’s performance concerning guest satisfaction in a tourism organization. In the case of this study, a waiter not only performs the role of a waitress but is also tasked to become an ambassador within the sector. Taking Warung Mesari in the context of this study, waiters must display good hospitality in welcoming visitors and introducing and preserving the restaurant’s image. Based on this view, the present study looks at the performance of waiters as a way to contribute to the increament in the number of guests satisfied with the services provided by warung Mesari. The research method used is descriptive-qualitative, with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, documentation studies, and observations. This study revealed that: the waiters were able to provide good service and establish good relationships with guests who visited the restaurant; the waiters have done their job successfully; the restaurant has received many positive guest comments from guests; the restaurant also gets repeater guests; and guests who have visited again invite their friends to visit the Warung Mesari restaurant.

This study aims to determine the qualifications of misleading commercial advertisements and the responsibilities of business actors including advertisers, advertising agencies and advertising media in connection with the delivery of misleading commercial advertisements. The results showed that the provisions of Article 9 of the UUPK were included false advertising classification, fraudulent advertising types, and deceptive criteria. The provisions of Article 10 and Article 12 of the Company Law are classified as false advertising, fraudulent advertising, straight forwardlie advertising, and misleading advertising criteria. The provisions of Article 13 of the Company Law include the classification of bait and switch advertising, fraudulent advertising, straight forwardlie advertising, and misleading advertising criteria. Article 17 paragraph (1) UUPK includes the classification of false advertising, types of fraudulent advertising, and criteria for misleading and deceptive advertising. The principle of accountability of business actors according to Article 20 of the Company Law is strict liability and vicarious liability. Meanwhile, in relation to Article 9 UUPK, the forms of responsibility are product and contractual liability (Articles 10, 11, 12, 13 and 17 of the UUPK), or professional liability for advertising agencies and advertising media or both and it does not rule out the possibility of business actors being subject to sanctions. based on the principle of the presumption of liability principle and the form of responsibility for criminal liability

It is a common knowledge that technology development shall be in line with the development of a nation. This fact is raising the need of developing countries as Indonesia to maximize potential in the field of technology. However, it is not easy as it sounds, there are many obstacles for a country to develop its potential in technology, notably for the expert in the relevant country to master the necessary skills. Due to this limitation, many countries are beginning to fill-in the gap by registering license of foreign patent. It is expected that the use of foreign patent will replace the higher cost and longer time needed in developing local technology in the developing countries. Unfortunately, the use of foreign patent license does not itself automatically enhance one’s ability to master the necessary skills. Many cases where developing countries were deceived by the ‘grant-back’ clause attached to the foreign patent license. The licensee’s position is consequently considered has lower than of the licensor, which in its turn may rise monopoly practice and unfair business competition. This study is conducted with the purpose to formulate an effective technology transfer through the licensing of foreign patent that can refrain from the repetition of monopoly practice and unfair business competition, according to the TRIPs signed by WTO and the positive law in Indonesia. This study is using juridical-normative approach as the methodology of research, it also use analytical approach through the Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patent; Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning Prohibition of the Monopoly Practice and Unfair Business Competition as well as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights signed by the World Trade Organization, with respect to the license agreement of the foreign patent. Based on the issue as established previously in this journal, the expected outcome of increased information dissemination towards countries using patent licensing agreement in technology and information development related to any matter in intellectual property specifically in licensing agreement, which has higher possibility for Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. Therefore, shows that in principle in order to prevent the licensing of foreign patent to lead onto the monopoly practice and unfair business competition, a country must establish a controlling entity to supervise the execution of the foreign patent and at the same time, enacting harmonious rules and regulations with such supervision.

Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi memerlukan dukungan normatif agar dapat menjadi sarana peningkatan ekonomi kreatif, sehingga pencipta potensial memerlukan perlindungan hukum yang memadai agar termotivasi untuk menghasilkan kreasi yang asli. Kajian ini membahas tentang progresivitas pelindungan terhadap pencipta dalam mendorong ekonomi kreatif di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif, metode pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan, dan teknik analisis data bersifat normatif kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan adanya progresivitas pelindungan terhadap pencipta berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 dibandingkan dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 yaitu waktu perlindungan lebih panjang, ketentuan tentang hak ekonomi termasuk membatasi pengalihan hak ekonomi dalam bentuk jual putus, Hak Cipta dapat dijadikan obyek jaminan fidusia, dan diaturnya Lembaga Manajemen Kolektif yang berfungsi menarik royalti dari pengguna hak cipta, sehingga dapat mendorong ekonomi kreatif. Namun substansi Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 perlu memperjelas makna “hubungan dinas”, dan menindaklanjuti undang-undang tersebut dengan Peraturan Pelaksanaan berkaitan dengan “lembaga yang berwenang dan cara menentukan “penaksiran nilai ekonomi” untuk Hak Cipta yang dijaminkan sebagai fidusia.

Detection of lard in food using immunochemical methods has been carried out. This method has been applied and developed in food analysis. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of lard in food. The method used was immunochemical which in this case is tested to its application in food analysis. The principle method is based on the antigen-antibody reaction, between lipids as antigens that can be deposited by antibodies in the agar medium. Antibodies were obtained by inducing lard into the blood vessels of rabbits. This method is based on the antigen-antibody reaction between fat as an antigen and antibodies that contain anti-lard as reagents and the occurrence of precipitation in agar media. The antibody was obtained by inducing lard, pork broth, and pig plasma into the blood vessels of rabbits. The results of this study were significant.

In this article, using a juridical-normative approach, the author discusses legal issues stemming from the breach of two interlocking contracts: supplier agreement and factoring agreement. To be analysed is the legal relationship of all parties in the case of breach of contract or worse bankruptcy of the supplier. Issues to be raised in particular concerns who in the case of breach of contract will in the end possess the right to demand payment of outstanding debts and who bear the (legal and financial) risk in the worst case scenario: bankruptcy of buyer.

Penanganan Pandemi Covid 19 melalui kebijakan perundang-undangan merupakan tanggung jawab yang perlu diimplementasikan dalam konsep negara kesejahteraan tetapi perlu didukung partisipasi aktif masyarakat. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan yuridis normatif dan dan yuridis empiris, Teknik pengumpulan data bersumber dari data sekunder, dan analisis data bersifat normatif kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukan tanggung jawab Negara melalui kebijakan perundang-undangan secara bertahap dalam Penanganan Pandemi covid 19 telah diimplementasikan sesuai konsep negara kesejahteraan karena negara telah melakukan kewajiban untuk memenuhi karakter dalam memberikan perlindungan secara khusus, sehingga menjadi sumber dari semua peraturan perundang-undangan dalam urusan sosial tetapi upaya pemenuhan tanggung Jawab Negara tersebut dikaitkan dengan sistem hukum menurut Friedman masih terkendala rendahnya budaya hukum masyarakat dalam mentaatinya.

Negara hukum memberikan perlindungan terhadap HAM, karena merupakan hak dasar yang secara kodrati melekat pada diri manusia dan universal, sehingga harus dilindungi dan tidak boleh dikurangi, oleh siapapun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan pembatasan Kekayaan Intelektual (Hak Cipta) dalam perspektif HAM, sehingga diharapkan bermanfaat baik secara teoritis maupun praktis. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitis dengan menggunakan sumber data dari hasil studi kepustakaan, teknik pengumpulan data studi dokumen, dan dengan metode analisis data normatif kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pembatasan untuk mendapatkan Kekayaan Intelektual (Hak Cipta) sesuai perundang-undangan mencakup pembatasan perlindungan; hasil karya yang tidak dilindungi; karya yang tidak Hak Cipta; perbuatan yang tidak dianggap pelanggaran Hak Cipta; penggunaan yang wajar. Berdasarkan penafsiran sistematis perundang-undangan di bidang HAM dan Hak Cipta serta doktrin hak yang dapat dibatasi pemenuhannya, maka pembatasan untuk mendapatkan Hak Cipta tidak bertentangan dengan HAM. Saran yang diberikan penulis adalah pemerintah perlu memberikan pemahaman yang komprehesif kepada masyarakat tentang ilmu pengetahuan, seni dan budaya yang berpotensi mendapatkan Hak Cipta dan pembatasan Hak Cipta sesuai perundangan-undangan, mengingat pembajakan di bidang Hak Cipta lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan Kekayaan Intelektual lainnya.

In this article, we discuss the function and position of penghulu in Java in the second decade of the nineteenth century. The object of this study is a manuscript from the British Library collection, coded Mss Eur D/742.1, ff. 155-166, that was issued by Thomas Stamford Raffles, the Lieutenant-Governor of Java, and Its Dependencies, on 11 February 1814. The manuscript actually regulates the general justice system. However, in this article, we will only discuss a number of rules that are directly related to the function and position of penghulu in the justice system. The paper will show that penghulu, in Raffles’ regulation, was functioned as an expert to be presented to a court. He must expound about Islamic law or customary law related to cases that were being handled by the court. In fact, when it was first formed in the early days of the Demak Sultanate (1475-1554), the penghulu was a representative of the sultan and is held responsible for the implementation of the rules of Islam. Meanwhile, in the field of law, the penghulu was head of the court.

In this article the author discusses the fair use (Art. 43-49 Law 28/2014 re. copyright) in relation scientific work performed by lecturers and researchers. This legal discourse in the field of copyright law will be performed using a juridical normative approach. One important finding is that the fair use doctrine allows lecturers and researchers to utilize copyright protected work from others – in the name of scientific progress or educational purposes – without having to obtain prior consent or license. Nonetheless, user of copyright protected works must pay attention to reasonable interest of copyright holder, the meaning of which is left to legal practice.

Internationalisation has been associated with the cultivation of global competencies. However, there have also been contentions about inclusivity, accessibility and mobility, and that it may privilege some. This reflective piece attempts to respond to these tensions through a description of and reflection on the effectiveness of two Internationalisation at Home (IaH) initiatives. It focuses on informal curricula in living-learning contexts where literature and concrete examples are scanty. Drawing on the learning points, it shares thoughts about the need for critical mass, whole university experience, and intentionality.

Clinical intervention has a central role in the outcome of spondylitis tuberculosis cases. Surgical procedures indicate to prevent neurological collapse, preservation of stability, and early mobilization. The study aims to analyze the outcome of surgical intervention in spinal tuberculosis by using a transpedicular approach. This research was a retrospective study on the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia, during 2016–2018. There were 64 subjects in this study; 35 were male, and 29 were female, ages ranged 21–60 years with a follow-up period of 12 months to 18 months. A more common site of tubercular lesion was at the thoracal lesion (44%). In this research, the patients were preoperatively categorized by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Assessment. Among them four were ASIA-A, 10 were ASIA-B, 30 were ASIA-C, 15 were ASIA-D, and five were ASIA-E. After the operative procedure, two patients were ASIA-B, five patients were ASIA-C, 17 patients were ASIA-D, and 40 were ASIA-E. Maximum patients (62%) had bony fusion grade 1. Greater than 80% of subjects had a satisfactory result. In conclusion, posterior decompression and preservation of stability with transpedicular fusion are an excellent surgical way of posterior lumbar spinal tuberculosis treatment. TINDAKAN OPERASI DEKOMPRESI DAN STABILISASI POSTERIOR MELALUI PENDEKATAN TRANSPEDIKULAR PADA TUBERKULOSIS TULANG BELAKANG: STUDI RETROSPEKTIF Tindakan medis berperan penting pada manajemen akhir kasus tuberkulosis tulang belakang. Prosedur operasi dilakukan untuk mencegah perburukan defisit neurologis, menjaga kestabilan tulang belakang, dan mobilisasi dini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis luaran hasil tindakan operatif pada tuberkulosis tulang belakang dengan pendekatan transpedikular. Penelitian ini merupakan studi retrospektif di Departemen Orthopaedi dan Traumatologi RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin, Bandung, Indonesia, periode tahun 2016–2018. Terdapat 64 subjek dalam penelitian ini yang terdiri atas 35 laki-laki dan 29 perempuan, serta usia berkisar 21–60 tahun dengan masa tindak lanjut 12–18 bulan. Pada penelitian ini, lesi tuberkuler paling banyak terjadi di regio torakal (44%). Subjek penelitian dikategorikan menurut Impairment Assessment dari American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA). Preoperatif terdapat empat pasien ASIA-A, 10 pasien ASIA-B, 30 pasien ASIA-C, 15 pasien ASIA-D, dan lima pasien ASIA-E. Setelah tindakan operasi terdapat dua pasien ASIA-B, lima pasien ASIA-C, 17 pasien ASIA-D, dan 40 pasien ASIA-E. Mayoritas pasien memiliki fusi tulang grad 1 (62%). Lebih dari 80% subjek penelitian menyatakan puas setelah operasi dilakukan. Simpulan, tindakan operatif dekompresi dan stabilisasi dengan fusi transpedikular merupakan metode yang unggul dalam manajemen tuberkulosis tulang belakang.

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang ketentuan yang mengatur penyelesaian kredit bermasalah yang dihapusbukukan atau dihapus tagih oleh Bank Badan Usaha Milik Negara. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode pendekatan undang-undang (statuta approach), metode pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan dan teknik analisa data normatif kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukan bahwa Ketentuan Penyelesaian kredit bermasalah yang dihapusbukukan atau dihapus tagih oleh Bank Badan Usaha Milik Negara dari sisi substansi hukum kontradiksi atau inkonsisten sehingga pemangku kepentingan ragu-ragu dalam melaksanakan hapus buku atau hapus tagih tersebut.

The policy in enforcing the tax collection system is the authority of the state to determine it. Not all taxes must be the same in the way they are collected. This paper discusses to examine the regulations governing BPHTB tax collection in realizing the Self-Assessment System and involving PPAT in the Self-Assessment System tax collection. The system or method of tax collection must be adjusted to the type of tax itself so that the objectives to be obtained are optimal. One type of tax is the Cost of Acquisition of Land and Building Rights or commonly called BPHTB. This type of tax already has its own regulations namely Law No. 20 of 2000. Where in this Law expressly, BPHTB tax collection arrangements are carried out by imposing a Self Assessment System collection. The use of this system is the realization of what is stated by basic legal norms. In essence the use of this system is in fulfilling the taxpayer's obligation to calculate, determine the value owed, pay BPHTB carried out by the taxpayer himself. Even so, the BPHTB tax regulation and collection system is still needed to synchronize with other regulations. PPAT is a public official given authority in this BPHTB tax collection. Keywords: Tax Collection, Self Assessment.

Abstrak. Mata pelajaran kimia adalah salah satu mata pelajaran yang ditakuti para siswa karena banyak istilah yang digunakan dalam mempelajarinya, sehingga dibuat banyak strategi yang untuk memahaminya. Oleh karena itu telah dilakukan penelitian untuk melihat peningkatan keterampilan metakognitif, penguasaan konsep, dan pencapaian nilai KKM pada perhitungan kelarutan kimia dan hasil kali kelarutan melalui model pembelajaran problem solving. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui deskripsi tes instrumen dan kuesioner keterampilan metakognitif dalam 2 siklus. Data kuesioner keterampilan metakognitif siswa dianalisis dengan skor rata-rata mereka dalam deskripsi dan tes esai dianalisis dengan menghitung nilai rata-rata persen dari setiap siklus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Persentase rata-rata keterampilan metakognisi melalui kemampuan pemecahan masalah adalah 82,94% (kategori tinggi). (2) nilai rata-rata aktivitas belajar kimia siswa setelah mengikuti pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran problem solving 4,71 (skala likert 1 s.d. 5) termasuk kategori tinggi. (3) Persentase siswa yang mencapai skor KKM adalah 84,38%. Ini menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran pemecahan masalah dapat meningkatkan keterampilan metakognitif selain juga meningkatkan aktivitas siswa dalam pembelajaran.

Pembangunan hukum untuk peningkatan daya saing usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah telah dilakukan sebelum dan pasca berlakunya Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN 2015 melalui beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan baik pembaruan hukum maupun pembentukan hukum baru. Namun pembangunan hukum tersebut masih perlu dilakukan terus menerus secara berkesinambungan karena upaya peningkatan daya saing UMKM mempunyai akibat yang luas terhadap bidang-bidang lainnya. Dengan demikian diperlukan harmonisasi dan sinkronisasi baik di antara perundang-undangan terkait lainnya, maupun dalam rangka pelaksanaan MEA 2015, namun tetap memperhatikan kepentingan nasional.

This research investigates the presence of Credit Risk-Return Puzzle on Indonesia, China, Japan and Singapore, by analyzing the relationship between credit risk and stock return with the utilization of credit ratings from Moody’s to represent credit risk. The data comprises of monthly data from January 2001 to December 2015, compiled in an unbalanced panel and then regressed with the Hausman-Taylor Estimator due to the presence of time-invariant variables such as countries and country classifications within the dataset. The results from this research show that Credit Risk-Return Puzzle exists in both developed and developing market for long-term credit ratings, proven by the negative relationship between stock return and credit ratings. On the other hand Credit Risk-Return Puzzle does not exist in the case of credit rating changes in terms of direction but do show some signs of existence through difference in magnitude, as different reasons underlying credit rating changes such as leverage changes can change the direction of stock price movement. Keywords: credit risk-return puzzle, credit rating announcements, credit risk, impact of rating changes, decoupling-recoupling hypothesis

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effect of small sided games methods and part methods on learning outcomes passing-control participants extracurricular men's soccer MTs Negeri Srono Kabupaten Banyuwangi aged 13-15 years. The study used a quasi experimental research design with matching ordinal pairing. Samples numbered 24 participants extracurricular men's soccer MTs Negeri Srono Kabupaten Banyuwangi aged 13-15 years. Data analysis technique used is one lane variant analysis. Based on the results of data analysis showed Fcount > Ftable (391,32 > 4,30) so that it can concluded part methods gives effect to the learning outcomes soccer passing-control. Learning soccer passing-control using part methods increased learning outcomes soccer passingcontrol. Key words: small sided games method, part method, soccer passing-control. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode small sided games dan metode bagian terhadap hasil belajar passing-control peserta ekstrakurikuler sepakbola putra MTs Negeri Srono Kabupaten Banyuwangi usia 13-15 tahun. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan penelitian eksperimen kuasi dengan ordinal pairing matching. Sampel berjumlah 24 peserta ekstrakurikuler sepakbola putra MTs Negeri Srono usia 13-15 tahun. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah Analisis Varian satu jalur. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data menunjukkan Fhitung > Ftabel (391,32 > 4,30) sehingga dapat disimpulkan metode bagian memberikan pengaruh terhadap hasil belajar passingcontrol sepakbola. Pembelajaran passing-control sepakbola menggunakan metode bagian meningkat hasil belajar passing-control sepakbola. Kata kunci: metode small sided games, metode bagian, passing-control sepakbola.

Abstract: In a game of football needed a good technical can do to the game of footballwhich qualified .The purpose of this research is to know the influence of small sidedexercise games 4x4 and 8x8 to increasing skill of passing on football player .Research method used is research experiment using design randomized control group pretestposttest design .The result of this research is there are a significant increase in test results of passing football before and after receiving training using methods small sided game 4x4 and 8x8. Key words: Soccer, Small side games, passing Abstrak: Dalam permainan sepakbola dibutuhkan teknik yang baik untuk dapat melakukan permainan sepakbola yang berkualitas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalahuntuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan small sided games 4x4 dan 8x8 terhadappeningkatan keterampilan passing pada pemain sepakbola. Metode penelitian yangdigunakan adalah penelitian eksperimen menggunakan rancangan Randomized Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat peningkatan yang signifikan pada hasil tes passing sepakbola sebelum dan sesudah menerima latihan menggunakan metode small sided game 4x4 dan 8x8. Kata kunci: sepakbola, small side games, passing.

Abstract: Many elements that affect the mastery of dribbling skills, such as agility andspeed. Agility and dribbling speed can be improved by skipping plyometrics workout andside hop. The aimed of this study was to determine the effect of skipping exercise andhop side of the soccer player dribbling skills U16-17 in SSB PSDM Blitar. This researchmethod using quasi-experimental research design. This quasi-experimental design usedin two groups of subjects namely the skipping and side hop with the conventional group.The dribbling test were used as a research instrument. The data analysis technique usedis the analysis of variants (one-way ANOVA). The subjects were soccer player U16-17SSB PSDM totaling 24 players. Results from this study have been analyzed by usinganalysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) with significance level of 0.05. Of the testobtained crieteria (F) 7,30 > 4,30 on results posstest skipping and side hop group, thenfor the conventional group obtained criteria (F) 0.16 < 4.30 for difference between groupsand skipping and side hop with a conventional group acquired criteria (F) amounted to23.32 > 4.30. The conclusion of the research is, skipping exercise and side hop gives abetter effect than conventional exercise to increase soccer player dribbling skills U16-17SSB PSDM Blitar.Key words: experiment, skipping and side hop, dribblingAbstrak: Menggiring bola merupakan salah satu teknik dasar sepakbola yang wajibdikuasai oleh semua pemain sepakbola. Banyak unsur yang mempengaruhi penguasaanketerampilan dribbling, seperti kelincahan dan kecepatan. Kelincahan dan kecepatanmenggiring bola dapat ditingkatkan dengan latihan pliometrik skipping dan side hop.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan skipping dan sidehop terhadap keterampilan menggiring bola pemain sepakbola U16-17 di SSB PSDMKabupaten Blitar. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian eksperimensemu. Rancangan eksperimen semu ini digunakan pada dua kelompok subjek yaitukelompok skipping dan side hop dengan kelompok konvensional. Intrumen yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dribbling. Teknik analisis data yang digunakanadalah analisis varian satu jalur (one way anova). Subjek penelitian ini adalah pemainsepakbola U16-17 SSB PSDM Kabupaten Blitar yang berjumlah 24 pemain. Hasil daripenelitian ini yang telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis varian satujalur(one way anova) dengan taraf signifikansi 0,05. Dari uji tersebut diperoleh Fhitungsebesar 7,30 > 4,30 Ftabel pada hasil posstest kelompok skipping dan side hop,kemudian untuk kelompok konvensional diperoleh Fhitung sebesar 0,16 < 4,30 danuntuk selisih kelompok skipping dan side hop dengan kelompok konvensional diperolehFhitung sebesar 23,32 > 4,30 Ftabel. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian yang telahdilakukan, latihan skipping dan side hop memberikan pengaruh yang lebih baikdibandingkan latihan konvensional terhadap peningkatan keterampilan menggiring bolapemain sepakbola U16-17 SSB PSDM Kabupaten Blitar.Kata kunci: eksperimen, skipping dan side hop, menggiring bolaAbstract: Many elements that affect the mastery of dribbling skills, such as agility andspeed. Agility and dribbling speed can be improved by skipping plyometrics workout andside hop. The aimed of this study was to determine the effect of skipping exercise andhop side of the soccer player dribbling skills U16-17 in SSB PSDM Blitar. This researchmethod using quasi-experimental research design. This quasi-experimental design usedin two groups of subjects namely the skipping and side hop with the conventional group.The dribbling test were used as a research instrument. The data analysis technique usedis the analysis of variants (one-way ANOVA). The subjects were soccer player U16-17SSB PSDM totaling 24 players. Results from this study have been analyzed by usinganalysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) with significance level of 0.05. Of the testobtained crieteria (F) 7,30 > 4,30 on results posstest skipping and side hop group, thenfor the conventional group obtained criteria (F) 0.16 < 4.30 for difference between groupsand skipping and side hop with a conventional group acquired criteria (F) amounted to23.32 > 4.30. The conclusion of the research is, skipping exercise and side hop gives abetter effect than conventional exercise to increase soccer player dribbling skills U16-17SSB PSDM Blitar.Key words: experiment, skipping and side hop, dribblingAbstrak: Menggiring bola merupakan salah satu teknik dasar sepakbola yang wajibdikuasai oleh semua pemain sepakbola. Banyak unsur yang mempengaruhi penguasaanketerampilan dribbling, seperti kelincahan dan kecepatan. Kelincahan dan kecepatanmenggiring bola dapat ditingkatkan dengan latihan pliometrik skipping dan side hop.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan skipping dan sidehop terhadap keterampilan menggiring bola pemain sepakbola U16-17 di SSB PSDMKabupaten Blitar. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian eksperimensemu. Rancangan eksperimen semu ini digunakan pada dua kelompok subjek yaitukelompok skipping dan side hop dengan kelompok konvensional. Intrumen yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dribbling. Teknik analisis data yang digunakanadalah analisis varian satu jalur (one way anova). Subjek penelitian ini adalah pemainsepakbola U16-17 SSB PSDM Kabupaten Blitar yang berjumlah 24 pemain. Hasil daripenelitian ini yang telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis varian satujalur(one way anova) dengan taraf signifikansi 0,05. Dari uji tersebut diperoleh Fhitungsebesar 7,30 > 4,30 Ftabel pada hasil posstest kelompok skipping dan side hop,kemudian untuk kelompok konvensional diperoleh Fhitung sebesar 0,16 < 4,30 danuntuk selisih kelompok skipping dan side hop dengan kelompok konvensional diperolehFhitung sebesar 23,32 > 4,30 Ftabel. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian yang telahdilakukan, latihan skipping dan side hop memberikan pengaruh yang lebih baikdibandingkan latihan konvensional terhadap peningkatan keterampilan menggiring bolapemain sepakbola U16-17 SSB PSDM Kabupaten Blitar.Kata kunci: eksperimen, skipping dan side hop, menggiring bola

This study discusses the public understanding of the contents of Law No. 22 of 2009 regarding Traffic and Road Transportation. This is important, considering traffic and road transportation has an important role to realize the security, prosperity, order traffic and road transportation to support economic development. Methods Research method used is a normative juridical approach, Specifications descriptive analytical research, conducted research stage through the study of literature to examine the primary legal materials, secondary law, and tertiary legal materials. Data collected through the study of documents, and the method of data analysis is done through qualitative normative. The results showed that the understanding of the contents of Law No. 22 of 2009 regarding Traffic and Road Transportation is difficult to measure the level of legal awareness of citizens because there are other factors that affect the example of officials and oversight mechanisms in determining well. Keywords: legal education, legal awareness, understanding, traffic and road transportation law.

Background: The increasing incidence of asthma in many countries in recent decades makes asthma a global health problem. The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of asthma patients at the Respirology Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital as West Java’s Top referral hospital. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design. The study population was the medical record data of asthma patients at the Respirology Outpatient Clinic during June 2012–June 2013. There were 1,591 patient’s medical records at the Respirology Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung in that period and 140 medical records were diagnosed with asthma. Seventy medical records were excluded because of inadequate data and 70 medical records were the sample of this study. The collected data were presented using percentage. Results: Seventy percent of the cases were female. From these cases 34% of patients were aged 51–60 years. The partially controlled type was the most frequent type of asthma (62%). The most common sign and symptom was shortness of breath (86%). The most common drug used was Beta 2 agonist drugs (90%). Conclusions: The characteristic of asthma is that the patients are mostly female. Mostly the patients were in the age range of 51–60 years. The partially controlled type is the most frequent type of asthma. Shortness of breath is the most common clinical manifestation in asthma. Beta 2 agonist is the most used drug for asthma.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss, from the perspective of cyber law, the relevant rules and regulation as found in the prevailing law on copyright (Law No. 28 of 2014) and how it provides effective protection to copyright creations. The author shall highlight the most important rules and norms or principles. The discussion shows that a number of rules in the Law No. 28 of 2014 has not been able to fully accommodate the need to respond to new development in virtual technology. A number of issues concerning who enjoy protection, the object being protected, registration system, period of protection, restriction on copyright and its relation to educational interest and scientific research still needs to be regulated in detail.

Background: School-age children make up the largest proportion of Indonesian youth population. One of the ways to maintain children’s health is by making personal hygiene as a habit. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of personal hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices among school children. Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study, was carried out to 123 sixth graders at five elementary schools in Jatinangor , Sumedang, Indonesia, who were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. This study was carried out in October 2013. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data of demographic characteristics of the subjects, knowledge, attitude and practice related to personal hygiene.The collected data was analyzed using Rank Spearman correlation with the level of significance was set at p< 0.05. Results: This study revealed that there was a significant correlation between knowledge and personal hygiene practice (p=0.016

Background: Pneumonia is an infection with the highest mortality rate in Indonesian hospitals. According to The American Thoracic Society and The Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA), empirical use of antibiotics is still effective for pneumonia treatment. Inappropriate use of antibiotics would cause negative effects such as prolonged hospitalization, a high cost of treatment, and increased antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The goal of this study was to clarify the empirical use of antibiotic conformity with a bacteria culture. Methods: This study was conducted from August to October 2013 using a descriptive retrospective method based on 116 medical records of pneumonia patients hospitalized in Melati Ward, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung during 2011–2012. The type of bacteria, conformity with antibiotics given to patients, and type of antibiotics were analyzed. The conformity of antibiotics was assessed based on the resistance test. If the results were sensitive, they would be put in the conforming group and in the non-conforming group if the results were resistant or intermediate. Data was derived with descriptive statistics, using percentage and frequency distribution, illustrated in tables and figures. Results: Based on culture results and sensitivity of antibiotic empirical therapy given, 55.17% cases were conformed. The most widely used antibiotic group was Third-generation Cephalosporin (60.34%). The most common bacterias were Klebsiella pneumonia (34.5%) and Acinetobacter baumanni (13.8%). Conclusions: Most of the antibiotics given to pneumonia patients are still appropriate with results of the bacteria culture test and resistance test.

Latar belakang. Penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan global. Reperfusi, iskemia, dan hipoksemia kronik yang terjadi pada PJB memicu terjadi stres oksidatif. Malondialdehid telah lama digunakan sebagai penanda stres oksidatif. Tujuan. Melihat perbedaan kadar malondialdehid serum antara anak yang menderita PJB sianotik dan nonsianotik. Metode. Penelitian analitik komparatif potong lintang dilakukan pada Juni–Desember 2012 di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung terhadap 20 penderita PJB sianotik dan 20 nonsianotik berusia 1 bulan−18 tahun. Kadar malondialdehid serum diperiksa dengan metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Perbedaan kadar malondialdehid serum antara kedua kelompok dianalisis dengan uji t tidak berpasangan dan perbedaan bermakna apabila p

Background: Dyspepsia is a disease with a high worldwide prevalence, including in Asia; however, the pathophysiology of the disease is still unclear. Recent studies suggest adapting a biopsychosocial model to understand the pathophysiology of dyspepsia that proposes the important role of anxiety. The aim of this study was to assess the anxiety level in dyspeptic patients who visited the Gastroenterohepatology Outpatient Clinic in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study using total sampling method was conducted from September–November 2012 to 19 patients aged 36−85 years old who consisted of 11 women and 8 men patients dyspepsia syndrome in the Gastroenterohepatology outpatient clinic Dr Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. The anxiety levels were measured using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. All data were analyzed based on gender, age, and occupational status of the patients. Results: Eleven of the nineteen patients had high anxiety levels. Women were more likely to experience high anxiety levels (8 of 11). The group with the highest number of patients with high anxiety was the 46−55 years old group, the high anxiety level was more common among patients who were government or private sector employees. Conclusion: The anxiety level in dyspeptic patients who visited the Gastroenterohepatology outpatient clinic in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung was high.

This study aims to determine whether copyright can be encumbered by fiduciary security under Act Number 42 of 1999 on Fiduciary Transfer. We employed legal normative approach, with specification to descriptive analysis. The study was conducted as a literature study and the data were analysed using normative-qualitative method. Our study finds that copyright may be encumbered by fiduciary guarantee provided that the encumbrance be put not over the copyrighted work, but on its economic value. In order to be secured under fiduciary claim, copyright must be registered with the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights. The registration is imperative as a proof that the fiduciary grantor is the holder of the copyright. However, several provisions in the 2009 Fiduciary Transfer Act seem to be not readily imposable to copyright. Kajian ini dilaksanakan untuk menentukan hak cipta sebagai jaminan fidusia sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-undang Nomor 42 Tahun 1999 tentang Jaminan Fidusia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif, dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analisis. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan melalui tahap studi kepustakaan, dan analisis data dilakukan secara normatif kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukan bahwa hak cipta dapat dibebani fidusia selama pembebanan fidusia bukan dilakukan kepada bendanya, tetapi kepada nilai ekonominya. Hak cipta harus didaftarkan ke Direktorat Jenderal Hak Kekayaan Intelektual agar dapat dijaminkan. Pendaftaran ini penting sebagai bukti bahwa pemberi fidusia adalah pemegang hak. Namun, terdapat beberapa ketentuan di dalam Undang-undang Jaminan Fidusia yang tidak dapat diberlakukan terhadap hak cipta.

The village government is essentially an autonomous government with tradition, democratic, real, and a very strong custom. However, in existing policies, the village placed only as an object of sheer power. Pursuant to Article 91 of Act No. 06 Year 2014 on the village, the village can be entered into a collaboration with other villages and or collaboration with third parties. Cooperation between the village become important, where the village has its limitations and the emergence of gaps between villages, so not all villages have the same ability to manage governance and development. District limitations in carrying out public services and development can reach all villages in the region, due to geographical and others. Based on these two things, we need some kind of bridging the space between the limitations of the village so it opens a large space for the village to take the initiative and creativity of the village so rural development can be realized. Keyword: village; Authority; Cooperation.

The combination of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) and curcumin extract (Curcumma domestica Val.) can be used as an antidiabetic oral to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and the clinical trial showed that the extract can decrease blood glucose at a dose 2.4 g/day. This clinical trial was conducted to know the antidiabetic effect of the combination of garlic and curcumin extract compared with antidiabetic oral, glibenclamide. The subjects were >35 years of age with type 2 DM who came to internal and endocrine clinic RSUP. Hasan Sadikin Bandung and has been treated with medical nutrition therapy for 2 weeks period November 2007–December 2008. The research design was parallel, randomized and double blind. The combination of garlic and curcumin extract decreased mean value of fasting blood glucose 9.25 mg/dL, 2h PP blood glucose 22.25 mg/dL, HbA1c 1,30% and insulin 12.57 mg/ dL compared with baseline whereas glibenclamide decreased the mean value of fasting blood glucose 72.37 mg/dL, 2h PP 114,25 mg/dL, HbA1c 4.12% and increased insulin 3.34 mg/dL. In conclusion, the extract combination has antidiabetic effect eventhough the effect was not as high as glibenclamide

Background: Transformation of health care is underway from sellers′ market to consumers′ market, where the satisfaction of the patients′ need is a primary concern while defining the service quality. Hence, commitment to provide a high-quality service and achieving patients′ satisfaction becomes an important issue for dental health care provider. The aim of this research is to investigate the quality of dental health care service based on empathy and responsiveness aspects. Methods: A total of 90 questionnaires were completed by the dental patients who came to dental polyclinic located in Government Hospital, West Java, Indonesia. The questionnaire was concerned on two dimensions of service quality model, i.e. empathy and responsiveness. The obtained data were analyzed using inferential statistics (t test) and also descriptive statistics with importance-performance analysis. Results: All the attributes tested by t test showed that perception and expectation differed significantly, except for responsiveness, i.e. ability of dental assistants in assisting the dentist (t test 0.505

Introduction: The third molar are the most frequently impacted tooth. Characteristic of impacted third molar in every person may be different. Third molar are the last erupted tooth in dental arch and grow during the final period of growth, therefore third molar have the most potential for problems. The aim of this research are to know and to give description about third molar impaction based on the jaw location, classification, and complaint. Methods: This research was a retrospective observasional descriptive research. Population of this study are students of Dentistry Faculty of Padjadjaran University from class 2008.The sampling was incidentale. A total of 45 panoramic radiograph and the complaint questionaires based on pathological condition that associated with third molar impacted were observed. Classifications that used in this research were Pell and Gregory for the mandible, and Archer and Kruger for the maxilla. Results: This research shows that 62,8% of third molar are impacted. Based on jaw location, the third molar impaction most frequently occurs in the mandible (66,35%) and region 4 (33,65%). In the mandible, 81,58% are bilateral, 42,03% are mesioangular, 55,07% are IIB Pell and Gregory classification. In the maxilla, 60% are C position Archer and Kruger classification, 65,71% are sinus approximation, and 40% are mesioangular similar with distoangular. The most frequent complaint from pathological condition that associated with third molar impacted is local pain at third molar area (75,6%). Conclusion: Third molar impaction most frequently occur in the mandible with mesioangular and IIB Pell and Gregory classification as the most frequently classification. The most frequent complaint from pathological condition that associated with third molar impacted is local pain at third molar area.

Article is a result of a “book research” and try to describe the implementation of UU No. 17 tahun 2000 in a company, especially a company tax profit, that is how the influences of inflation and deflation if the supply scored based on Average Method or FIFO. In condition the supply record by company using Perpetual and or Physiscal Inventory Method.

The principle of not allowing interest practices (riba) has saved the Syariah Bank and their customers from the effects of monetary crisis. In view of Islamic Principles, interest is forbidden. Therefore, all transactions of syariah banking are based on sale-purchase pattern. Besides, all good banking aspects as applied in conventional banking such as, 5 Cs (capital, collateral, capacity, character, and condition) are also applied properly in the line of ukhrawi aspects in managing fund of syariah banking. The practice of “mark-up” in project funded by syariah bank seems to be very difficult.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is known to cause sporadic or explosive outbreaks. However, little is known about the endemic transmission of CHIKV. To ascertain the endemic occurrence of CHIKV transmission, we tested blood samples from patients with a non-dengue febrile illness who participated in a prospective cohort study of factory workers in Bandung, Indonesia. From August 2000 to June 2004, and September 2006 to April 2008, 1901 febrile episodes occurred and 231 (12.2%) dengue cases were identified. The remaining febrile cases were evaluated for possible CHIKV infection by measuring anti-CHIKV IgM and IgG antibodies in acute and convalescent samples. Acute samples of serologically positive cases were subsequently tested for the presence of CHIKV RNA by RT-PCR and/or virus isolation. A total of 135 (7.1%) CHIKV infections were identified, providing an incidence rate of 10.1/1,000 person years. CHIKV infections were identified all year round and tended to increase during the rainy season (January to March). Severe illness was not found and severe arthralgia was not a prominently reported symptom. Serial post-illness samples from nine cases were tested to obtain a kinetic picture of IgM and IgG anti-CHIKV antibodies. Anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies were persistently detected in high titers for approximately one year. Three patients demonstrated evidence of possible sequential CHIKV infections. The high incidence rate and continuous chikungunya cases in this adult cohort suggests that CHIKV is endemically transmitted in Bandung. Further characterization of the circulating strains and surveillance in larger areas are needed to better understand CHIKV epidemiology in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Distortion of iron homeostasis may contribute to the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis (TB). We studied the association of the central iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin with the severity of HIV and the association between hepcidin and other markers of iron homeostasis with development of TB. METHODS: Three groups of patients were selected from a prospective cohort of HIV-infected subjects in Bandung, Indonesia. The first group consisted of HIV-infected patients who started TB treatment more than 30 days after cohort enrollment (cases). The second group consisted of HIV-infected patients who were matched for age, gender and CD4 cell count to the cases group (matched controls). The third group consisted of HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts above 200 cells/mm(3) (unmatched controls). Iron parameters including hepcidin were compared using samples collected at cohort enrollment, and compared with recently published reference values for serum hepcidin. RESULTS: A total of 127 HIV-infected patients were included, 42 cases together with 42 matched controls and 43 unmatched controls. Patients with advanced HIV infection had elevated serum hepcidin and ferritin levels. Hepcidin levels correlated inversely with CD4 cells and hemoglobin. Cases had significantly higher hepcidin and ferritin concentrations at cohort enrollment compared to matched controls, but these differences were fully accounted for by the cases who started TB treatment between day 31 and 60 after enrollment. Hepcidin levels were not different in those with or without hepatitis C infection. CONCLUSION: Iron metabolism is distorted in advanced HIV infection with CD4 cell counts correlating inversely with serum hepcidin levels. High serum hepcidin levels and hyperferritinemia were found in patients starting TB treatment shortly after cohort enrollment, suggesting that these parameters have a predictive value for development of manifest TB in HIV-infected patients.

Among nine strains of rat, two were found that responded to phenobarbital treatment with increased activity of hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. This effect was maximal after 2-3 days of treatment and was then reduced. Interestingly the increased cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was associated with increased activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase in the two responding strains but not in the non-responding strains. In tissues other than the liver, HMG-CoA reductase activity was unaffected in responding rats. Most of the above stimulation occurred at a pretranslatory level and the mRNA levels corresponding to the two enzymes paralleled the activities. The phenobarbital treatment resulted in decreased content of free cholesterol in liver microsomes in a strain of rat that responded with increased cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. It was shown that depletion of cholesterol in the responding strain of rats by lymph fistulation also was associated with a parallel increase in levels of HMG-CoA reductase activity and mRNA. The findings are discussed in relation to the link between HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. A primary upregulation of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase by the cytochrome P450 inducer phenobarbital can be expected to lead to increased consumption of cholesterol substrate. This consumption may result in a compensatory increase in the activity of the HMG-CoA reductase. It is suggested that such a mechanism is responsible for part of the covariation of the two enzyme systems under different conditions.