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The study was conducted on six geriatric dogs belonging to different breeds presented for various surgical procedures at the Veterinary hospitals of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. Before undergoing anaesthesia, all dogs underwent complete clinical examination and pre-anaesthetic evaluation. All the animals were administered a multimodal anaesthetic protocol with inj. dexmedetomidine and inj. buprenorphine as preanaesthetics. A combination of injection diazepam and propofol was given for induction which was followed by inj. ketamine and inj. lignocaine for analgesia. Maintenance of anaesthesia was carried out by sevoflurane along with ketamine-lignocaine CRI for providing analgesia. Studies on haematology and serum biochemistry were carried out prior to premedication, during maintenance and following anaesthesia recovery. Organ functions were well preserved with the current multimodal anaesthetic technique in geriatric dogs.

Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are the second highest reported tumours in female dogs, following skin tumours. Human breast cancers (HBCs) and CMTs share common clinical and molecular features and hence, CMTs are considered as ideal models to study the different aspects of HBC. The study utilised samples from 25 CMT suspected cases presented to University Veterinary Hospitals in Thrissur district from December 2020 to October 2021. The tumour samples were analysed histopathologically and the lesions were classified. Among the 25 cases, one was identified as ductal hyperplasia, one as a benign myxoma and all the others were found to be malignant neoplasms. Malignant tumours were further categorised into different histotypes.Histological Malignancy Grading (HMG) was also done in 23 malignant CMTs and 21.74 percent were found to be of grade I, 47.83 per cent were grade II and 30.43 per cent were grade III. Majority of the malignant tumours were simple carcinomas which comprised tubulopapillary, ductal, cribriform, solid and comedocarcinomas. Highly aggressive tumours like cribriform, solid, comedo and inflammatory carcinomas belonged to higher grades, either II or III. Infiltration of tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) was studied in different histotypes and grades of CMTs. It was identified that malignant high grade CMTs had greater TAM infiltration and hence, with further validation TAMs could be effectively used in predicting prognosis and also as a therapeutic target.

The present study was carried out with the objective of assessment of haematobiochemical and trichographic features of mucocutaneous lesions in dogs. Dogs presented with mucocutaneous lesions associated with various dermatological conditions were included in the study. Mange, atopic dermatitis, dermatophytosis, juvenile cellulitis, pyoderma and hypothyroidism with secondary Malassezia dermatitis were presented with mucocutaneous lesions in the perioral, periorbital and in the nostrils with least involvement of anogenital region. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed anaemia, non-significant increase in total leucocyte count, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, elevated platelet count, hyperproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia. Elevated serum C-reactive protein was evident in all cases. Trichographic features revealed that highest number of hairs were included in the telogen phase of hair cycle with greater number of primary hairs. Hair fractures were evident in 20.8 per cent of hairs and trichoptilosis of hair tip was observed in 50.8 per cent of hairs studied. Demodex mites could be detected by hair pluck examination in all cases of demodicosis.

Canine mammary neoplasms are naturally occurring non-homogenous group of tumours with many resemblances to human breast cancer. In female dogs mammary tumours are of great clinical relevance due to the high prevalence and mortality rate, which varies according to the histopathological classification and clinical stage. The aim of the study was to compare the ultrasonographic features of the normal mammary gland with benign and malignant mammary neoplasms in dogs, through assessed by B-mode and Doppler mode ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic examination of seven normal mammary glands along with six benign and 12 malignant mammary neoplasms were performed. Among the parameters evaluated by B-Mode ultrasonography, significant differences were found (p < 0.01) in the tumour margin and invasiveness of neoplasms, where malignant tumours were invasive with uncircumscribed margin. Significant difference was also found in the presence of posterior acoustic enhancement (p

The current study was conducted to compare the effect of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on haemto-biochemical parameters in methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) treated dogs for management of spinal cord injuries(SCI). The study was conducted on 14 dogs of different age, breed, sex and body weight, presented with clinical signs of SCI. Animals were randomly divided into two groups and subjected to two treatment protocols. One group was treated with MPSS and PEG intravenously on first day with oral follow up with prednisolone acetate, while the other group was treated with MPSS and 4-AP intravenously with oral follow up with 4-AP. All the selected dogs were subjected to detailed clinical, neurological, radiographic investigations at regular intervals to assess the effect of treatment upto eight weeks. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters were evaluated on the first day of treatment and then at fortnight intervals. The mean values of all the haematological parameters and serum biochemical parameters were found to be within the normal physiological range and were not significant. However a statistically significant increased serum alkaline phosphatase level was observed in the first group and a non-significant increase in second group throughout the period of study.

The incidence of mammary neoplasms is more in dogs when compared to other animals. Mammary neoplasms are among the most prevalent type of tumours in bitches, followed by skin tumours. Canine mammary tumour (CMT) and human breast cancer (HBC) have clinical and molecular similarities, making CMT a good model to study HBC. A study was conducted on 25 cases of CMT in bitches which were presented during a period from March 2019 to March 2020 to University Veterinary Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. Tumours were histologically classified basically into carcinoma, sarcoma, carcinosarcoma, benign tumour and further its subtypes were identified. Out of total 25 CMTs, only one case was identified as benign, while all the other cases were found to be malignant. Modified Elston and Ellis grading method was used for histological malignancy grading of CMT. Histological malignancy grading done in 23 cases revealed grade I (30.43 per cent), grade II (60.87 per cent) and grade III (8.7 per cent) malignancy. Sixty-five per cent of simple carcinomas, which included ductal carcinoma, tubulo-papillary carcinoma, solid carcinoma, comedocarcinoma and cribriform carcinoma, were either grade II or III, while all the mixed tumours were grade II. The present study revealed that histological malignancy grading could be used as a tool for predicting prognosis of CMT.

The present study was conducted to evaluate biochemical parameters like serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase during long bones fracture healing in six dogs, which were stabilized with string of pearls (SOP) plate. Statistical analysis revealed no significant variation (P

The study was conducted in 265 clinical cases of mammary and skin/ subcutaneous neoplasms in dogs presented to University Veterinary Hospitals Mannuthy and Kokkalai during a period of 36 months from October 2017 to September 2020. Mammary neoplasms were found more in females (51.7 per cent) than in males whereas skin and subcutaneous neoplasms were found more in male dogs (48.3 per cent). The maximum occurrence of neoplasms was recorded in the age group of eight to twelve years (38.5 per cent) whereas least occurrence was noticed in the age group up to four years (9 per cent). Labrador and Rottweiler breeds were found more affected with neoplasms (38 per cent each) with highest occurrence of mammary neoplasms in inguinal mammary glands (35.03 per cent) and highest occurrence of skin/ subcutaneous neoplasms on sites involving trunk region (14.06 per cent cases). Eighty-three per cent of the neoplasm cases in the present study were pet dogs with a greater number of dogs maintained in outdoor kennels and 17 per cent of neoplasm was found in free-roaming dogs rescued from streets. Out of total 265 dogs, 37.73 per cent dogs were found to be having commercial dog food as their main feed and 32 per cent dogs were fed with a mixed diet of homemade food and commercial dog food. Among the cases, 14.71 per cent dogs had a previous history of cancer surgery

The study was conducted in six crossbred female cattle aged nine months to five years and weighing between 82-375 kg, to evaluate haematobiochemical and blood gas changes in during multimodal general anaesthesia. The animals were premedicated by intravenous administration of butorphanol (0.05mg/kg body weight) immediately followed by xylazine (0.02 mg/kg body weight). On achieving sedation, the animals were controlled in left lateral recumbency and induction of anaesthesia was carried out by intravenous administration of ketamine and midazolam at the dose rate of 4.0 and 0.2 mg/kg body weight respectively. Endotracheal intubation was performed and maintenance of general anaesthesia was carried out using isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The variation in total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, volume of packed red cells, platelet count and haemoglobin were non-significant before and after anaesthesia. A non-significant lymphocytopaenia with neutrophilia and mild variations in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzyme levels were also noticed. Blood pH reduced significantly (p

Hepatoid gland neoplasms arise due to disorganized and uncontrolled proliferation of cells of hepatoid glands. These are the modified sebaceous glands located mainly in the perianal area. Gross and histological findings of canine hepatoid gland tumours were evaluated. Dogs of different breed, age and sex that were presented to Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy formed the materials for the present study. Grossly, tumours were solitary or multiple irregular shaped intradermal masses. The excisional biopsy samples were collected in 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin after surgical removal of tumour mass. Histopathologically, the masses were encircled by fibrovascular capsule which extended to the parenchyma as tumour stroma, which separated it into lobules. Two cases of hepatoid gland adenoma one case of hepatoid gland epithelioma and two cases of carcinoma were recognised on histopathological examination. Hepatoid adenoma were characterised by proliferation of hepatocyte like hepatoid gland epithelial cells with extensive sebaceous differentiation and were arranged in cords and anastomosing trabeculae. In hepatoid gland epithelioma, many of the cells were basaloid reserve cells with fewer hepatocyte like cells. Histopathological examination of carcinoma revealed irregular arrangement of the hepatoid cells which showed varying degrees of maturation and marked nuclear pleomorphism. The malignant hepatoid cells had abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large nuclei with several prominent nucleoli and mitotic figures.

Twelve clinical cases of chronic obstructive urolithiasis in male goats were selected for the study with the objective to evaluate two surgical techniques - modified proximal perineal urethrostomy (MPPU) with direct guided urethral catheterisation (Group I) and tube cystostomy (Group II) for the surgical management. Ultrasonography was effective in assessing the urinary bladder and detection of uroliths. Functional patency of normal urethra was regained in five out of six animals of each group by third post-operative week. Direct access to the perineal urethra providing quick relief to the turgid bladder was identified as the major advantage of modified proximal perineal urethrostomy technique. Tube cystostomy technique provided direct visual assessment of urinary bladder, precise fixing of Foley’s catheter and retrieval of uroliths. Even though this technique was found to be more invasive, it was identified as an effective approach for correcting cystorrhexis resulted from obstructive urolithiasis

Molecular surveillance of influenza viruses is essential for early detection of novel variants. The aim of the present study was to analyze the hemagglutinin gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses circulating during the 2017 season. To investigate the genetic diversity of hemagglutinin gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses from 2017 season, ten samples from each subtype were sequenced and analyzed. The season was predominated by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Ten samples were sequenced from each subtype and all sequenced influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses belonged to clades 6B.1 and 3C.2a, respectively. Sequence analysis of H1 gene in comparison to 2010-2016 vaccine strain showed mutations K166Q and S188T (K180Q and S202T here) that most likely resulted in antigenic drift and emergence of variant viruses. H3 gene substitutions N137K, N187K, I422V, and G500E that define clade 3C.2a1 were detected during analysis of sequences in comparison to 2017-2018 vaccine strain of northern hemisphere. These substitutions contributed to the change of WHO's recommendation of the 2018-2019 vaccine strain for northern hemisphere. The results of this study provide insights about the continuous genetic variability of the HA gene.

Background: Infections due to drug-resistant herpes simplex viruses (HSV) represent an important clinical concern, especially in immunocompromised patients. The present study was aimed at detecting acyclovir (ACV) susceptibility in HSV clinical samples., Methods: A total of 13 HSV-positive clinical samples (5 HSV-1 and 8 HSV-2) recovered from patients (1 immunocompromised and 12 of unknown immune status) were included in the study. The genotypic analysis involved an initial UL23 (thymidine kinase) gene sequencing, followed by a confirmatory phenotypic assay using plaque reduction technique., Results: Two novel amino acid changes, A37V and H283N, were detected in HSV-1 positive clinical samples, which were found to be susceptible to acyclovir (half maximal effective concentration = 1.5 µM) by plaque reduction assay., Conclusions: These two novel amino acid changes could be therefore considered as natural polymorphisms, a phenomenon widely associated with the HSV-UL23 gene.