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1. Immunotherapy of tumors with α2-macroglobulin-antigen complexes pre-formed in vivo.

Author: Sudesh Pawaria, Laura E Kropp, and Robert J Binder
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The cell surface receptor CD91/LRP-1 binds to immunogenic heat shock proteins (HSP) and α(2)M ligands to elicit T cell immune responses. In order to generate specific immune responses, the peptides chaperoned by HSPs or α(2)M are cross-presented on MHC molecules to T cells. While the immunogenic HSPs naturally chaperone peptides within cells and can be purified as an intact HSP-peptide complex, the peptides have had to be complexed artificially to α(2)M in previous studies. Here, we show that immunogenic α(2)M-peptide complexes can be isolated from the blood of tumor-bearing mice without further experimental manipulation in vitro demonstrating the natural association of tumor antigens with α(2)M. The naturally formed immunogenic α(2)M-peptide complexes are effective in prophylaxis and therapy of cancer in mouse models. We investigate the mechanisms of cross-presentation of associated peptides and co-stimulation by APCs that interact with α(2)M. These data have implications for vaccine design in immunotherapy of cancer and infectious disease.
Published: 2012
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2. CD91-Dependent Modulation of Immune Responses by Heat Shock Proteins: A Role in Autoimmunity

Author: Robert J. Binder, Yu Jerry Zhou, Michelle N. Messmer, and Sudesh Pawaria
Subjects: Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been known for decades for their ability to protect cells under stressful conditions. In the 1980s a new role was ascribed for several HSPs given their ability to elicit specific immune responses in the setting of cancer and infectious disease. These immune responses have primarily been harnessed for the immunotherapy of cancer in the clinical setting. However, because of the ability of HSPs to prime diverse immune responses, they have also been used for modulation of immune responses during autoimmunity. The apparent dichotomy of immune responses elicited by HSPs is discussed here on a molecular and cellular level. The potential clinical application of HSP-mediated immune responses for therapy of autoimmune diseases is reviewed.
Published: 2012
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3. Hierarchy of clinical manifestations in SAVI N153S and V154M mouse models

Author: Ann Marshak-Rothstein, Katherine A. Fitzgerald, Terry Fang, Mona Motwani, Jennifer Bernier, Kate Henry, Sudesh Pawaria, Linda C. Burkly, and Stephanie Moses
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Inflammation, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Systemic inflammation, Proinflammatory cytokine, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Pulmonary fibrosis, medicine, Animals, Vascular Diseases, Mutation, Multidisciplinary, Innate immune system, Cell Death, medicine.disease, Sting, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, PNAS Plus, Gain of Function Mutation, Immunology, Interferon Type I, Cytokines, medicine.symptom, 030215 immunology
Abstract: Studies over the past decade have revealed a central role for innate immune sensors in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. cGAS, a cytosolic DNA sensor, detects both foreign and host DNA and generates a second-messenger cGAMP, which in turn binds and activates stimulator of IFN genes (STING), leading to induction of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines. Recently, gain-of-function mutations in STING have been identified in patients with STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). SAVI patients present with early-onset systemic inflammation and interstitial lung disease, resulting in pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure. Here, we describe two independent SAVI mouse models, harboring the two most common mutations found in patients. A direct comparison of these strains reveals a hierarchy of immune abnormalities, lung inflammation and fibrosis, which do not depend on either IFN-α/β receptor signaling or mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)-dependent necroptotic cell death pathways. Furthermore, radiation chimera experiments reveal how bone marrow from the V154M mutant mice transfer disease to the WT host, whereas the N153S does not, indicating mutation-specific disease outcomes. Moreover, using radiation chimeras we find that T cell lymphopenia depends on T cell-intrinsic expression of the SAVI mutation. Collectively, these mutant mice recapitulate many of the disease features seen in SAVI patients and highlight mutation-specific functions of STING that shed light on the heterogeneity observed in SAVI patients.
Published: 2019

4. Role of Interferon-γ-Producing Th1 Cells in a Murine Model of Type I Interferon-Independent Autoinflammation Resulting From DNase II Deficiency

Author: Sudesh Pawaria, Stephanie Moses, Ellen M. Gravallese, Kevin MingJie Gao, Kevin Holt, Michael A. Brehm, Ann Marshak-Rothstein, Merav Socolovsky, Rohit Sharma, Patricia Busto, Anette Christ, and Kerstin Nündel
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Cell type, T cell, Immunology, Cell, Article, Flow cytometry, Autoimmune Diseases, Blood cell, 03 medical and health sciences, Interferon-gamma, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Rheumatology, Interferon, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Receptor, Inflammation, Endodeoxyribonucleases, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Th1 Cells, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Interferon Type I, business, Interferon type I, 030215 immunology, medicine.drug
Abstract: Objective Patients with hypomorphic mutations in DNase II develop a severe and debilitating autoinflammatory disease. This study was undertaken to compare the disease parameters in these patients to those in a murine model of DNase II deficiency, and to evaluate the role of specific nucleic acid sensors and identify the cell types responsible for driving the autoinflammatory response. Methods To avoid embryonic death, Dnase2-/- mice were intercrossed with mice that lacked the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (Ifnar-/- ). The hematologic changes and immune status of these mice were evaluated using complete blood cell counts, flow cytometry, serum cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and liver histology. Effector cell activity was determined by transferring T cells from Dnase2-/- × Ifnar-/- double-knockout (DKO) mice into Rag1-/- mice, and 4 weeks after cell transfer, induced changes were assessed in the recipient mice. Results In Dnase2-/- × Ifnar-/- DKO mice, many of the disease features found in DNase II-deficient patients were recapitulated, including cytopenia, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and liver fibrosis. Dnase2+/+ × Rag1-/- mice (n > 22) developed a hematologic disorder that was attributed to the transfer of an unusual IFNγ-producing T cell subset from the spleens of donor Dnase2-/- × Ifnar-/- DKO mice. Autoinflammation in this murine model did not depend on the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway but was highly dependent on the chaperone protein Unc93B1. Conclusion Dnase2-/- × Ifnar-/- DKO mice may be a valid model for exploring the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms responsible for the autoinflammation similar to that seen in DNASE2-hypomorphic patients. In this murine model, IFNγ is required for T cell activation and the development of clinical manifestations. The role of IFNγ in DNASE2-deficient patient populations remains to be determined, but the ability of Dnase2-/- mouse T cells to transfer disease to Rag1-/- mice suggests that T cells may be a relevant therapeutic target in patients with IFN-related systemic autoinflammatory diseases.
Published: 2019

5. Taking the STING out of TLR-driven autoimmune diseases: good, bad, or indifferent?

Author: Katherine A. Fitzgerald, Ann Marshak-Rothstein, Ellen M. Gravallese, Shrutie Sharma, Sudesh Pawaria, Rebecca Baum, Kerstin Nündel, and Patricia Busto
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Endosome, media_common.quotation_subject, Immunology, Reviews, Endogeny, Endosomes, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Autoimmune Diseases, Autoimmunity, Proinflammatory cytokine, 03 medical and health sciences, Nucleic Acids, medicine, Animals, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Internalization, Receptor, media_common, Inflammation, Toll-like receptor, Toll-Like Receptors, Autoantibody, Membrane Proteins, food and beverages, Cell Biology, 030104 developmental biology
Abstract: Both endosomal and cytosolic-nucleic acid–sensing receptors can detect endogenous ligands and promote autoimmunity and autoinflammation. These responses involve a complex interplay among and between the cytosolic and endosomal sensors involving both hematopoietic and radioresistant cells. Cytosolic sensors directly promote inflammatory responses through the production of type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines. Inflammation-associated tissue damage can further promote autoimmune responses indirectly, as receptor-mediated internalization of the resulting cell debris can activate endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR). Both endosomal and cytosolic receptors can also negatively regulate inflammatory responses. A better understanding of the factors and pathways that promote and constrain autoimmune diseases will have important implications for the development of agonists and antagonists that modulate these pathways.
Published: 2016

6. Abstract 922: Expanding the therapeutic potential of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy with innovative Fc engineering and rationale combinations for the treatment of solid tumors

Author: Cori Gorman, Cailin E. Joyce, Matthew Hancock, Vidur Patel, Thomas Horn, Benjamin Duckless, Dhan Chand, Jennifer Buell, David Savitsky, Elena Paltrinieri, Margaret Wilkens, Sudesh Pawaria, Bishnu P. Joshi, Antoine Tanne, Simarjot Pabla, Sylvia Vincent, Daniel L. Levey, and Andrew Basinski
Subjects: Cancer Research, Combination therapy, business.industry, T cell, Melanoma, Cancer, medicine.disease, Immune checkpoint, medicine.anatomical_structure, Oncology, TIGIT, medicine, Cancer research, Cytotoxic T cell, Cancer vaccine, business
Abstract: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) have shown durable responses in cancer patients. However, responses have been limited to a small subset of patients, and resistance to ICB therapy continues to be a limiting factor to achieving broad and more durable clinical benefit. Considering the emerging hallmarks of response to ICB, we investigated how response to anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy could be improved through antibody engineering and combination with other therapeutic approaches such as with novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. TIGIT, LAG-3), adoptive T cell therapy (ACT), cancer vaccines or focal radiation. In preclinical studies, we demonstrated that anti-CTLA-4 antibodies engineered to selectively enhance binding to human FcyRIIIA or mouse FcyRIV, respectively, significantly improve T cell effector function and tumor clearance in preclinical models that are known to have high immunogenicity and responsiveness to ICB single therapy such as MC-38 and CT-26. To identify novel T cell-intrinsic resistance mechanisms to current ICB therapies, we emulated a progressive anti-PD-1 refractory state in primary CD4- and CD8-positive NY-ESO-1 TCR-transduced T cells upon repeat co-culture with an antigen-expressing glioblastoma cell line. In this model, the addition of anti-CTLA-4, anti-LAG-3, or anti-TIGIT enhanced T cell cytotoxicity and killing of tumor target cells. Gene expression signatures associated with the anti-PD-1 refractory state in this system predicted anti-PD-1 response in melanoma patients. Combination therapy with anti-PD-1 was further validated in a PD-1 refractory mouse syngeneic tumor models demonstrating improved tumor control. Finally, to further address resistance mechanisms to ICB therapy, we evaluated the combination potential of anti-PD-1 and Fc-engineered anti-CTLA-4 with tumor targeted therapies in syngeneic tumor models such as B16 melanoma which are resistant to co-blockade of PD-1 and CTLA-4. In these studies, anti-PD-1 and Fc-engineered anti-CTLA-4, promoted significantly improved tumor control when combined together or with CD4 or CD8 ACT, low dose focal radiation (10 Gy), or an antigen-specific heat shock protein-based (HSC70) cancer vaccine as compared to either therapy alone. Our preclinical data suggest that the limited activity of anti-PD-1 can be addressed by combining with a Fc engineered anti-CTLA4 antibody or with select novel ICB. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that PD1-CTLA4 activity could be further improved when combined with conventional focal radiation or other immune-modulating targeted therapies such as ACT or vaccines to significantly enhance tumor antigenicity and overcome resistance to conventional ICB. Citation Format: Antoine J. Tanne, Sylvia Vincent, Benjamin Duckless, Elena Paltrinieri, Simarjot Pabla, Andrew Basinski, Sudesh Pawaria, Vidur Patel, Margaret Wilkens, Bishnu Joshi, Matthew Hancock, Daniel Levey, Thomas Horn, Cailin Joyce, David Savitsky, Cori Gorman, Jennifer Buell, Dhan Chand. Expanding the therapeutic potential of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy with innovative Fc engineering and rationale combinations for the treatment of solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 922.
Published: 2020

7. Cutting Edge: The Heat Shock Protein gp96 Activates Inflammasome-Signaling Platforms in APCs

Author: Yifei Wang, Melanie J. Scott, Haiyan Xu, Robert J. Binder, Sudesh Pawaria, and Abigail L. Sedlacek
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Inflammasomes, Immunology, Interleukin-1beta, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Endogeny, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Apoptosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, In vivo, Heat shock protein, NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Inflammation, Mice, Knockout, Membrane Glycoproteins, Chemistry, Caspase 1, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Inflammasome, Dendritic Cells, Phosphate-Binding Proteins, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, 030104 developmental biology, Potassium, Cutting Edge, Efflux, Signal transduction, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, 030215 immunology, medicine.drug, Signal Transduction
Abstract: Several heat shock proteins (HSPs) prime immune responses, which are, in part, a result of activation of APCs. APCs respond to these immunogenic HSPs by upregulating costimulatory molecules and secreting cytokines, including IL-1β. These HSP-mediated responses are central mediators in pathological conditions ranging from cancer, sterile inflammation associated with trauma, and rheumatoid arthritis. We tested in this study the requirement of inflammasomes in the release of IL-1β by one immunogenic HSP, gp96. Our results show that murine APCs activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in response to gp96 by K+ efflux. This is shown to initiate inflammatory conditions in vivo in the absence of additional known inflammasome activators or infection. These results document a novel mechanism by which proteins of endogenous origin, the HSPs, can modulate an inflammatory response following their release from aberrant cells.
Published: 2018

8. CD91

Author: Laurén B. Kinner-Bibeau, Sudesh Pawaria, and Robert J. Binder
Published: 2018

9. Cutting Edge: DNase II Deficiency Prevents Activation of Autoreactive B Cells by Double-Stranded DNA Endogenous Ligands

Author: Tariq Ghayur, Krishna Moody, Patricia Busto, Ann Marshak-Rothstein, Sudesh Pawaria, Chee-Ho Choi, and Kerstin Nündel
Subjects: CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide, Immunology, Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell, Autoimmunity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, Ligands, Lymphocyte Activation, medicine.disease_cause, Autoantigens, Article, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, Antigen, Antibody Specificity, medicine, Animals, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Receptor, Autoantibodies, Mice, Knockout, B-Lymphocytes, Endodeoxyribonucleases, Autoantibody, TLR9, DNA, Flow Cytometry, Molecular biology, Toll-Like Receptor 9, chemistry
Abstract: In mice that fail to express the phagolysosomal endonuclease DNase II and the type I IFN receptor, excessive accrual of undegraded DNA results in a STING-dependent, TLR-independent inflammatory arthritis. These double-knockout (DKO) mice develop additional indications of systemic autoimmunity, including anti-nuclear autoantibodies and splenomegaly, that are not found in Unc93b13d/3d DKO mice and, therefore, are TLR dependent. The DKO autoantibodies predominantly detect RNA-associated autoantigens, which are commonly targeted in TLR7-dominated systemic erythematosus lupus–prone mice. To determine whether an inability of TLR9 to detect endogenous DNA could explain the absence of dsDNA-reactive autoantibodies in DKO mice, we used a novel class of bifunctional autoantibodies, IgM/DNA dual variable domain Ig molecules, to activate B cells through a BCR/TLR9-dependent mechanism. DKO B cells could not respond to the IgM/DNA dual variable domain Ig molecule, despite a normal response to both anti-IgM and CpG ODN 1826. Thus, DKO B cells only respond to RNA-associated ligands because DNase II–mediated degradation of self-DNA is required for TLR9 activation.
Published: 2015

10. Complement Component C5a Permits the Coexistence of Pathogenic Th17 Cells and Type I IFN in Lupus

Author: Youhua Liu, Marc C. Levesque, Lawrence P. Kane, Sudesh Pawaria, Kelly Maers, Partha S. Biswas, and Kritika Ramani
Subjects: Transcriptional Activation, Immunology, Cell, Lupus nephritis, Complement C5a, Inflammation, Biology, Pathogenesis, Mice, Transactivation, medicine, Animals, Immunology and Allergy, Receptor, Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Interleukins, Macrophages, hemic and immune systems, medicine.disease, Lupus Nephritis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Interferon Type I, Th17 Cells, medicine.symptom, Interferon Regulatory Factor-1
Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type I IFN (IFN-I)–driven autoimmune disorder with exaggerated B and Th cell responses. Th17 cells, a recently identified Th cell subset, have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE. Because IFN-I suppresses the generation and expansion of Th17 cells in an IL-27–dependent manner, it is unclear how pathogenic Th17 cells are generated in SLE in the presence of an environment characterized by high IFN-I levels. In this study, we showed that activation of c5aR on murine macrophages blocked IFN-I–mediated IL-27 production, thus permitting the development of Th17 cells. C5aR activation on IFN-I–responsive macrophages inhibits IRF-1–mediated transactivation of IL-27 gene expression via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Consistently, C5aR-deficient mice exhibited increased IL-27 expression and fewer Th17 cells and consequently developed reduced lupus nephritis in comparison with wild-type mice. In support of these findings in mice, we found that C5a inhibited IFN-I–induced IL-27 production from macrophages of lupus subjects. Moreover, the level of serum C5a correlated with Th17 frequency in peripheral blood. Collectively, these data indicate an essential role for C5a in the generation of pathogenic Th17 responses in SLE. Thus, therapeutic strategies to block C5aR activation may be beneficial for controlling pathogenic Th17-mediated inflammation in SLE.
Published: 2014

11. CD91

Author: Laurén B. Kinner-Bibeau, Sudesh Pawaria, and Robert J. Binder
Published: 2016

12. An Unconventional Hexacoordinated Flavohemoglobin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis*

Author: Sudesh Pawaria, Syun Ru Yeh, Mangesh Dattu Hade, Chaahat Singh, Sanjay Gupta, Changyuan Lu, and Kanak L. Dikshit
Subjects: Hemeproteins, NADH binding, Dehydrogenase, Reductase, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cofactor, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Bacterial Proteins, Escherichia coli, Molecular Biology, Heme, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Binding Sites, biology, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, 030306 microbiology, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Cell Membrane, Membrane Proteins, Hydrogen Bonding, Cell Biology, respiratory system, biology.organism_classification, Recombinant Proteins, 3. Good health, chemistry, FAD binding, biology.protein, Lipid Peroxidation, human activities
Abstract: Being an obligate aerobe, Mycobacterium tuberculosis faces a number of energetic challenges when it encounters hypoxia and environmental stress during intracellular infection. Consequently, it has evolved innovative strategies to cope with these unfavorable conditions. Here, we report a novel flavohemoglobin (MtbFHb) from M. tuberculosis that exhibits unique features within its heme and reductase domains distinct from conventional FHbs, including the absence of the characteristic hydrogen bonding interactions within the proximal heme pocket and mutations in the FAD and NADH binding regions of the reductase domain. In contrast to conventional FHbs, it has a hexacoordinate low-spin heme with a proximal histidine ligand lacking imidazolate character and a distal heme pocket with a relatively low electrostatic potential. Additionally, MtbFHb carries a new FAD binding site in its reductase domain similar to that of D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH). When overexpressed in Escherichia coli or Mycobacterium smegmatis, MtbFHb remained associated with the cell membrane and exhibited D-lactate:phenazine methosulfate reductase activity and oxidized D-lactate into pyruvate by converting the heme iron from Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) in a FAD-dependent manner, indicating electron transfer from D-lactate to the heme via FAD cofactor. Under oxidative stress, MtbFHb-expressing cells exhibited growth advantage with reduced levels of lipid peroxidation. Given the fact that D-lactate is a byproduct of lipid peroxidation and that M. tuberculosis lacks the gene encoding D-LDH, we propose that the novel D-lactate metabolizing activity of MtbFHb uniquely equips M. tuberculosis to balance the stress level by protecting the cell membrane from oxidative damage via cycling between the Fe(3+)/Fe(2+) redox states.
Published: 2012
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13. A role for the heat shock protein–CD91 axis in the initiation of immune responses to tumors

Author: Michelle N. Messmer, Robert J. Binder, Yu Jerry Zhou, and Sudesh Pawaria
Subjects: T-Lymphocytes, animal diseases, Immunology, Lymphokine, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Priming (immunology), chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Immune receptor, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Biology, Acquired immune system, Article, Immune system, Antigen, Neoplasms, Heat shock protein, Animals, Humans, bacteria, Antigen-presenting cell, Heat-Shock Proteins, Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1, Protein Binding
Abstract: For over a hundred years, it has been established that tumor-specific immune responses can frequently be detected in the tumor bearing host. Whether or not these immune responses are capable of controlling the growth of the tumor is influenced by many factors. However, the mechanism by which the immune responses are initiated in the first place has remained a dilemma. In this chapter, we present evidence that heat shock protein-peptide complexes released by tumor cells are the entity responsible for initiating the immune responses. Interaction of the extracellular HSP with its receptor CD91 is necessary for priming the immune response. We propose that the disruption of the HSP-CD91 interaction may be an active mechanism by which tumors prevent the generation of immune responses against it.
Published: 2011

14. Responses ofMycobacterium tuberculosisHemoglobin Promoters to In Vitro and In Vivo Growth Conditions

Author: Sudesh Pawaria, Kanak L. Dikshit, Amrita Lama, and Manoj Raje
Subjects: Nitroprusside, Iron, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Biology, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Genes, Reporter, Nickel, Transcriptional regulation, Humans, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Gene, Cells, Cultured, Nitrites, Regulation of gene expression, Ecology, Macrophages, Truncated Hemoglobins, Promoter, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Hydrogen Peroxide, Physiology and Biotechnology, Flow Cytometry, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, In vitro, Artificial Gene Fusion, Oxidative Stress, Intracellular, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract: The success ofMycobacterium tuberculosisas one of the dreaded human pathogens lies in its ability to utilize different defense mechanisms in response to the varied environmental challenges during the course of its intracellular infection, latency, and reactivation cycle. Truncated hemoglobins trHbN and trHbO are thought to play pivotal roles in the cellular metabolism of this organism during stress and hypoxia. To delineate the genetic regulation of theM. tuberculosishemoglobins, transcriptional fusions of the promoters of theglbNandglbOgenes with green fluorescent protein were constructed, and their responses were monitored inMycobacterium smegmatisandM. tuberculosisH37Ra exposed to environmental stresses in vitro and inM. tuberculosisH37Ra after in vivo growth inside macrophages. TheglbNpromoter activity increased substantially during stationary phase and was nearly 3- to 3.5-fold higher than the activity of theglbOpromoter, which remained more or less constant during different growth phases inM. smegmatis, as well as inM. tuberculosisH37Ra. In both mycobacterial hosts, theglbNpromoter activity was induced 1.5- to 2-fold by the general nitrosative stress inducer, nitrite, as well as the NO releaser, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). TheglbOpromoter was more responsive to nitrite than to SNP, although the overall increase in its activity was much less than that of theglbNpromoter. Additionally, theglbNpromoter remained insensitive to the oxidative stress generated by H2O2, but theglbOpromoter activity increased nearly 1.5-fold under similar conditions, suggesting that the trHb gene promoters are regulated differently under nitrosative and oxidative stress conditions. In contrast, transition metal-induced hypoxia enhanced the activity of both theglbNandglbOpromoters at all growth phases; theglbOpromoter was induced ∼2.3-fold, which was found to be the highest value for this promoter under all the conditions evaluated. Addition of iron along with nickel reversed the induction in both cases. Interestingly, a concentration-dependent decrease in the activity of both trHb gene promoters was observed when the levels of iron in the growth media were depleted by addition of an iron chelator. These results suggested that an iron/heme-containing oxygen sensor is involved in the modulation of the trHb gene promoter activities directly or indirectly in conjunction with other cellular factors. The modes of promoter regulation under different physiological conditions were found to be similar for the trHbs in bothM. smegmatisandM. tuberculosisH37Ra, indicating that the promoters might be regulated by components that are common to the two systems. Confocal microscopy of THP-1 macrophages infected withM. tuberculosiscarrying the trHb gene promoter fusions showed that there was a significant level of promoter activity during intracellular growth in macrophages. Time course evaluation of the promoter activity after various times up to 48 h by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of the intracellularM. tuberculosiscells indicated that theglbNpromoter was active at all time points assessed, whereas the activity of theglbOpromoter remained at a steady-state level up to 24 h postinfection and increased ∼2-fold after 48 h of infection. Thus, the overall regulation pattern of theM. tuberculosistrHb gene promoters correlates not only with the stresses that the tubercle bacillus is likely to encounter once it is in the macrophage environment but also with our current knowledge of their functions. The in vivo studies that demonstrated for the first time expression of trHbs during macrophage infection ofM. tuberculosisstrongly indicate that the hemoglobins are required, and thus important, during the intracellular phase of the bacterial cycle. The present study of transcriptional regulation ofM. tuberculosishemoglobins in vitro under various stress conditions and in vivo after macrophage infection supports the hypothesis that biosynthesis of both trHbs (trHbN and trHbO) in the native host is regulated via the environmental signals that the tubercle bacillus receives during macrophage infection and growth in its human host.
Published: 2008

15. Intracellular growth and survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium carrying truncated hemoglobins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Author: Sudesh Pawaria, Vandana Gambhir, Grish C. Varshney, Kanak L. Dikshit, Amrita Lama, and Govindan Rajamohan
Subjects: Hemeproteins, Salmonella, Mutant, Heterologous, Nitric Oxide, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Hemoglobins, Mice, medicine, Animals, Mice, Inbred BALB C, biology, Macrophages, Salmonella enterica, Truncated Hemoglobins, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, biology.organism_classification, Survival Analysis, Enterobacteriaceae, Recombinant Proteins, Oxygen, Infectious Diseases, Genes, Bacterial, Bacteria, Intracellular
Abstract: Two distantly related truncated hemoglobins (trHbs), HbN and HbO, are produced at different growth stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Oxygen and nitric oxide (NO) binding properties of these trHbs suggest their vital role(s) in adaptation of tubercle bacillus under hypoxic and nitrosative stress conditions. Here, we have demonstrated that HbN of M. tuberculosis provides distinct advantage over HbO in supporting intracellular growth and survival of the heterologous host, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, during macrophage infection specifically against toxicity of NO. HbN and HbO encoding genes of M. tuberculosis have been expressed in a NO-sensitive hmp mutant of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium that exhibits attenuated growth within the macrophages. Presence of HbN and HbO conferred distinct oxygen dependent NO metabolizing activity to the mutant S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. However, the HbN carrying cells exhibited nearly 2-3-fold higher NO metabolizing activity than the isogenic strain having HbO under aerobic condition. More than half of the NO uptake activity of HbN carrying cells was retained when oxygen level dropped to microaerobic condition. In comparison, NO uptake activity of HbO carrying cells of mutant S. enterica dropped drastically (90%) under similar hypoxic conditions. When internalized by mice peritoneal macrophages, HbN carrying cells exhibited 3- and 4-fold higher survival compared to similarly bound and internalized HbO carrying and control cells, respectively. The protective effect of HbN persisted even after activation of macrophages in the presence of IFN-gamma, whereas, HbO did not show any significant effect on survival of the NO-sensitive hmp mutant of Salmonella. These results provide strong experimental evidence in support of the protective role of HbN against nitrosative stress inside macrophages and suggest that intracellular protection conferred by HbN of M. tuberculosis might not be restricted to its native host only.
Published: 2007

16. Synergy between Hematopoietic and Radioresistant Stromal Cells Is Required for Autoimmune Manifestations of DNase II-/-IFNaR-/- Mice

Author: Katherine A. Fitzgerald, Patricia Busto, Sudesh Pawaria, Ann Marshak-Rothstein, Rebecca Baum, Ellen M. Gravallese, Shrutie Sharma, and Kerstin Nündel
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, UNC93B1, Stromal cell, Inflammatory arthritis, Immunology, Inflammation, Autoimmunity, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Receptor, Mice, Knockout, Endodeoxyribonucleases, Membrane Proteins, Membrane Transport Proteins, medicine.disease, Flow Cytometry, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Arthritis, Experimental, Extramedullary hematopoiesis, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Haematopoiesis, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Radiation Chimera, medicine.symptom, Stromal Cells, 030215 immunology
Abstract: Detection of endogenous nucleic acids by cytosolic receptors, dependent on STING, and endosomal sensors, dependent on Unc93b1, can provoke inflammatory responses that contribute to a variety of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In DNase II–deficient mice, the excessive accrual of undegraded DNA leads to both a STING-dependent inflammatory arthritis and additional Unc93b1-dependent autoimmune manifestations, including splenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and autoantibody production. In this study, we use bone marrow chimeras to show that clinical and histological inflammation in the joint depends upon DNase II deficiency in both donor hematopoietic cells and host radioresistant cells. Additional features of autoimmunity in these mice, known to depend on Unc93b1 and therefore endosomal TLRs, also require DNase II deficiency in both donor and host compartments, but only require functional TLRs in the hematopoietic cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate a major role of both stromal and hematopoietic cells in all aspects of DNA-driven autoimmunity. These findings further point to the importance of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors in creating an inflammatory environment that facilitates the development of Unc93b1-dependent autoimmunity.
Published: 2015

17. An unexpected role for RNA-sensing toll-like receptors in a murine model of DNA accrual

Author: Sudesh, Pawaria, Krishna L, Moody, Patricia, Busto, Kerstin, Nündel, Rebecca, Baum, Shruti, Sharma, Ellen M, Gravallese, Katherine A, Fitzgerald, and Ann, Marshak-Rothstein
Subjects: Mice, Knockout, Endodeoxyribonucleases, Membrane Glycoproteins, Genotype, Arthritis, Toll-Like Receptors, Membrane Transport Proteins, Autoimmunity, DNA, Endosomes, Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta, Ligands, Article, Phenotype, Toll-Like Receptor 7, Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary, Toll-Like Receptor 9, Splenomegaly, Animals, RNA, Autoantibodies, Signal Transduction
Abstract: The goal of this study was to determine whether endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contribute to the clinical manifestation of systemic autoimmunity exhibited by mice that lack the lysosomal nuclease DNaseII.DNaseII/IFNaR double deficient mice were intercrossed with Unc93b13d/3d mice to generate DNaseII-/-mice with non-functional endosomal TLRs. The resulting triple deficient mice were evaluated for arthritis, autoantibody production, splenomegaly, and extramedullary haematopoiesis. B cells from both strains were evaluated for their capacity to respond to endogenous DNA by using small oligonucleotide based TLR9D ligands and a novel class of bifunctional anti-DNA antibodies.Mice that fail to express DNaseII, IFNaR, and Unc93b1 still develop arthritis but do not make autoantibodies, develop splenomegaly, or exhibit extramedullary haematopoiesis. DNaseII-/- IFNaR-/- B cells can respond to synthetic ODNs, but not to endogenous dsDNA.RNA-reactive TLRs, presumably TLR7, are required for autoantibody production, splenomegaly, and extramedullary haematopoiesis in the DNaseII-/- model of systemic autoimmunity.
Published: 2015

18. Oxygen binding and NO scavenging properties of truncated hemoglobin, HbN, ofMycobacterium smegmatis

Author: Sudesh Pawaria, Kanak L. Dikshit, and Amrita Lama
Subjects: Hemeproteins, Amino Acid Motifs, Molecular Sequence Data, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mutant, Biophysics, Nitrosative stress, medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Bacterial Proteins, Species Specificity, Structural Biology, Escherichia coli, Genetics, medicine, Amino Acid Sequence, Hemoglobin, Molecular Biology, Heme, Sequence Deletion, biology, Nitric oxide dioxygenase, HbO, Nitric oxide, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, Recombinant Proteins, HbN, Oxygen, Oxygen uptake, chemistry, Structural Homology, Protein, Oxygenases, Acidified nitrite, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen binding, Protein Binding, Mycobacterium
Abstract: Unraveling of microbial genome data has indicated that two distantly related truncated hemoglobins (trHbs), HbN and HbO, might occur in many species of slow-growing pathogenic mycobacteria. Involvement of HbN in bacterial defense against NO toxicity and nitrosative stress has been proposed. A gene, encoding a putative HbN homolog with conserved features of typical trHbs, has been identified within the genome sequence of fast-growing mycobacterium, Mycobacterium smegmatis. Sequence analysis of M. smegmatis HbN indicated that it is relatively smaller in size and lacks N-terminal pre-A region, carrying 12-residue polar sequence motif that is present in HbN of M. tuberculosis. HbN encoding gene of M. smegmatis was expressed in E. coli as a 12.8kD homodimeric heme protein that binds oxygen reversibly with high affinity (P50 approximately 0.081 mm Hg) and autooxidizes faster than M. tuberculosis HbN. The circular dichroism spectra indicate that HbN of M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis are structurally similar. Interestingly, an hmp mutant of E. coli, unable to metabolize nitric oxide, exhibited very low NO uptake activity in the presence of M. smegmatis HbN as compared to HbN of M. tuberculosis. On the basis of cellular heme content, specific nitric oxide dioxygenase (NOD) activity of M. smegmatis HbN was nearly one-third of that from M. tuberculosis. Additionally, the hmp mutant of E. coli, carrying M. smegmatis HbN, exhibited nearly 10-fold lower cell survival under nitrosative stress and nitrite derived reactive nitrogen species as compared to the isogenic strain harboring HbN of M. tuberculosis. Taken together, these results suggest that NO metabolizing activity and protection provided by M. smegmatis HbN against toxicity of NO and reactive nitrogen is significantly lower than HbN of M. tuberculosis. The lower efficiency of M. smegmatis HbN for NO detoxification as compared to M. tuberculosis HbN might be related to different level of NO exposure and nitrosative stress faced by these mycobacteria during their cellular metabolism.
Published: 2006

19. Endosomal RNA-sensing toll-like receptor stimulated T cells play a unique role in autoimmune manifestations in murine model of DNA accrual

Author: Sudesh Pawaria and Ann Marshak-Rothstein
Subjects: Immunology, Immunology and Allergy
Abstract: DNaseII is a lysosomal DNase that plays a critical role in immune homeostasis. DNaseII deficiency in mice causes embryonic lethality, due to severe anemia associated with excessive production of type I interferon (IFN), and can be rescued by IFN receptor knockout (IFNaR). The DNaseII/IFNaR double knockout (DKO) mice develop a late-onset inflammatory arthritis, dependent on the cytosolic DNA sensor STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes). They also develop early-onset clinical manifestations of systemic autoimmunity including disrupted hematopoiesis and B cell lymphopoiesis, splenomegaly (due to increased accumulation of Ter119+ cells), and the production of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), through a mechanism that is STING-independent, Unc93B1-dependent and likely to result from endosomal RNA-sensing TLRs. Bone marrow (BM) chimera studies have shown that the DNaseII deficiency is essential in both radioresistant host cells and hematopoietic donor cells for all disease manifestations. Development of arthritis requires the presence of STING in both host and donor. The TLR-dependent defects require TLR expression in only the hematopoietic compartment but still need DNaseII−/− recipients. Remarkably transplantation of DKO spleen fragments or injection of DKO spleen cells alone into DNaseII-sufficient Rag−/− mice leads to splenomegaly and disrupted hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. Moreover DKO T cells are sufficient to transfer these TLR-associated defects to the Rag−/− mice. As activated T cells are known to be radioresistant, T cells activated in a DKO environment may account for the radioresistant host component required to precipitate the TLR-dependent disease manifestations.
Published: 2017

20. An essential role of interleukin-17 receptor signaling in the development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis

Author: Sudesh Pawaria, Partha S. Biswas, Kelly Maers, Sarah L. Gaffen, Kritika Ramani, and Anna R. Huppler
Subjects: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease, Neutrophils, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Inflammation, Interleukin-17 receptor, Biology, urologic and male genital diseases, Proinflammatory cytokine, Mice, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, RNA, Messenger, Cells, Cultured, Mice, Knockout, Kidney, Receptors, Interleukin-17, urogenital system, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Inflammation, Extracellular Mediators, & Effector Molecules, Interleukin-17, food and beverages, Glomerulonephritis, Drug Synergism, Epithelial Cells, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Up-Regulation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Chemotaxis, Leukocyte, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cytokine, Kidney Tubules, Renal pathology, Cytokines, Female, Interleukin 17, medicine.symptom, Signal Transduction
Abstract: In recent years, proinflammatory cytokines in the nephritic kidney appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of AGN. The complex inflammatory cytokine network that drives renal pathology is poorly understood. IL-17, the signature cytokine of Th17 cells, which promotes autoimmune pathology in a variety of settings, is beginning to be identified in acute and chronic kidney diseases as well. However, the role of IL-17-mediated renal damage in the nephritic kidney has not been elucidated. Here, with the use of a murine model of experimental AGN, we showed that IL-17RA signaling is critical for the development of renal pathology. Despite normal systemic autoantibody response and glomerular immune-complex deposition, IL-17RA−/− mice exhibit a diminished influx of inflammatory cells and kidney-specific expression of IL-17 target genes correlating with disease resistance in AGN. IL-17 enhanced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from tECs. Finally, we were able to show that neutralization of IL-17A ameliorated renal pathology in WT mice following AGN. These results clearly demonstrated that IL-17RA signaling significantly contributes to renal tissue injury in experimental AGN and suggest that blocking IL-17RA may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of proliferative and crescentic glomerulonephritis.
Published: 2014

21. CD91-Dependent Modulation of Immune Responses by Heat Shock Proteins: A Role in Autoimmunity

Author: Sudesh Pawaria, Michelle N. Messmer, Yu Jerry Zhou, and Robert J. Binder
Subjects: lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, animal diseases, Immunology, hemic and immune systems, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Immunotherapy, Review Article, Cellular level, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, medicine.disease_cause, Autoimmunity, Immune system, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Infectious disease (medical specialty), Heat shock protein, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, bacteria, business, lcsh:RC581-607
Abstract: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been known for decades for their ability to protect cells under stressful conditions. In the 1980s a new role was ascribed for several HSPs given their ability to elicit specific immune responses in the setting of cancer and infectious disease. These immune responses have primarily been harnessed for the immunotherapy of cancer in the clinical setting. However, because of the ability of HSPs to prime diverse immune responses, they have also been used for modulation of immune responses during autoimmunity. The apparent dichotomy of immune responses elicited by HSPs is discussed here on a molecular and cellular level. The potential clinical application of HSP-mediated immune responses for therapy of autoimmune diseases is reviewed.
Published: 2012

22. CSK-Homologous Kinase

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

23. Cholecystokinin-2 Receptor

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

24. C-type Lectin-Like Receptor 2

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

25. CD191

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

26. c-K-Ras

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

27. CKIP-1 (CK2 Interacting Protein-1)

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

28. C-type Lectin-Domain Family 1 Member A

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

29. c-FGR

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

30. Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 10

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

31. CLEC-2

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

32. cyt-PTPe

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

33. C-Type Mannose Receptor 2

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

34. Cysteine Sulfinic Acid Reductase

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

35. C-type Lectin-Domain Family 1, Member b

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

36. C-type Lectin-Like Receptor 1

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

37. C-type Lectin Domain Family 4 Member E

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

38. CCK(A) Receptor

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

39. c-Src Family of Tyrosine Kinases

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

40. C-type (Calcium-Dependent, Carbohydrate-Recognition Domain) lectin, Superfamily Member 5

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

41. Cek4 (Chicken)

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

42. CRG-5

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

43. Centaurin Delta 3

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

44. Calcium and DAG-Regulated Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor II

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

45. c-H-Ras

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

46. Cyclic ADP-Ribose Hydrolase

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

47. CD72 Antigen

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

48. Catenin Beta

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

49. CLEC1B, C-type Lectin-Domain Family 1, Member B

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

50. cADPr Hydrolase

Author: Frans van Roy, Volker Nimmrich, Anton Bespalov, Achim Möller, Hiromitsu Hara, Jacob P. Turowec, Nicole A. St. Denis, David W. Litchfield, Dave Boucher, Jean-Bernard Denault, Keiko Matsuda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Carlos Repeke, Thiago Garlet, Ana Paula Trombone, Gustavo Garlet, Elcia Maria Silveira, Andreia Vieira, Fernando Cunha, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Helena Soares, Sofia Nolasco, João Gonçalves, Armand Bensussan, Anne Marie-Cardine, Sumit Deswal, Wolfgang W. A. Schamel, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, Gail A. Bishop, Dima A. Decker, Bruce S. Hostager, Maria Elena Bravo-Adame, Monserrat Alba Sandoval-Hernandez, Oscar Arturo Migueles-Lozano, Yvonne Rosenstein, Pauline Johnson, Asanga Samarakoon, Amy E. Saunders, Kenneth W. Harder, David D. Roberts, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Jeff S. Isenberg, Pedro A. Lazo, Ramiro Barcia, Hsin-Jung Wu, Natarajan Muthusamy, Subbarao Bondada, Shoshana Levy, Sudesh Pawaria, Robert J. Binder, Hisao Masai, Dongli Hu, Jill M. Lahti, Bernhard B. Singer, Richard Horuk, Laurence J. Miller, Jean Morisset, Anita R. Mistry, Christopher A. O’Callaghan, Angharad E. Fenton-May, Michael Reschen, Janet A. Willment, Gordon D. Brown, Leonard Rabinow, Scott A. Ness, Carl E. Creutz, Nan Yagishita-Kyo, Masatoshi Inoue, Mio Nonaka, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito, Masato Okada, Heung-Chin Cheng, Mohammed Iqbal Hossain, Mohd Aizuddin Kamaruddin, Yuh-Ping Chong, Banibrata Sen, Faye M. Johnson, Paula A. Pino, Astrid E. Cardona, Federico Paroni, Kathrin Maedler, and Randy Y. C. Poon
Published: 2012

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