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Flexible and navigable suction ureteral access sheath (FANS) is a potential game changer in flexible ureteroscopy (FURS). The influence of sheath size on outcomes needs research. The primary aim was to analyze 30-day single stage stone free status (SFS), zero fragment rate (ZFR) and complications when using 10/12Fr sheaths vis a vis other sheath sizes. The global FANS research group published the 30-day outcomes in patients who underwent FANS and reasoned this can be a potential game changer. We included 295 patients from this anonymized dataset with division into two groups: Group 1 (Smaller sheath) – 10/12Fr FANS, and Group 2 (Larger sheath) – 11/13Fr or 12/14Fr sheaths. Stone volume was similar between both groups (median 1320 mm3, p = 0.88). Ureteroscopy and total operative time was longer in the smaller sheath group (35 vs. 32 min, p = 0.02 and 50 vs. 45 min, p = 0.001, respectively). While 30-day computed tomography SFS (100% stone free or single residual fragment ≤ 2 mm) were not significantly different (96% vs. 95%, p > 0.99), ZFR (100% stone-free) was better with smaller sheaths (68% vs. 53%, p = 0.02). There was no difference in postoperative complication rates, and no sepsis in both groups. Urologists should consider individualizing appropriate sheath size in normal adult kidneys. Sheath size did not affect complication rates, risk of perioperative injury to the pelvicalyceal system or ureteric injury, but smaller FANS sheaths had similar high SFS. The ZFR with smaller sheaths was better, but this needs to be validated. These smaller sheath outcomes need to be balanced with longer ureteroscopy time, operative time, reach to the lower pole, ease of suction and visibility during lithotripsy. Large volume studies in different types of pelvicalyceal anatomy can determine if indeed smaller FANS is the best choice in FURS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Study Design Results Conclusions Relevance to Clinical Practice Endotracheal tube suctioning is an effective measure to ensure airway patency during mechanical ventilation; however, inappropriate suction pressure often leads to many adverse effects.This study aimed to investigate safe and effective suction pressures and intracatheter pressure ranges during artificial airway open suctioning procedures.In this double‐blind randomized controlled trial, 438 patients receiving mechanical ventilation in China were divided into nine groups according to their sputum viscosity grades and suction pressure. A random sampling method was used to select one of the three pressure groups (low‐, medium‐ and high‐pressure groups). Registered intensive care unit (ICU) nurses performed open suction manoeuvres of the artificial airway based on the pressures set by the researchers. Two teaching supervisors observed and recorded the sputum viscosity, suction pressure, minimum intracatheter pressure, maximum intracatheter pressure, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse oxygen saturation, airway mucosal bleeding and sputum sound improvement score.This study finally included 438 patients. The results showed that the safe and effective suction pressures were 80–120 mmHg for grade I sputum viscosity, 150 mmHg for grade II sputum viscosity and 200 mmHg for grade III sputum viscosity in open suction procedures for ICU patients. These pressure values were associated with the lowest changes in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse oxygen saturation; the lowest incidence of airway mucosal bleeding; and the highest sputum sound improvement score.In an open suction procedure, accurate setting of safe and effective suction pressure for sputum of different viscosity grades can not only achieve the suction effect but also have minimal impact on the vital signs and airway mucosal bleeding of patients.The findings can guide critical care nurses to accurately select safe and effective initial suction pressure values rather than use general ranges when performing artificial airway open suctioning procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for static liquefaction of tailings is a major focus in the design and operation of tailings storage facilities. This research models the behaviour of unsaturated tailings, with a variety of degrees of saturation, addressing the propensity for static liquefaction during monotonic loading. Unsaturated triaxial tests, including constant suction conditions and constant water–air mass conditions, were performed. A bounding surface plasticity model was used to simulate the results. The constant mass condition is relevant to undrained closed-system loading, which may prevail during fast deformation after the tailings becomes unstable, when the air and water in the pore space remain locked inside the tailings. Boyle's law and hydraulic hysteresis were accounted for to model the changes of pore air and water pressures, and suction, with the change in tailings volume. Good agreement was achieved between test results and model simulations. Additional simulations to mimic rising water tables under constant total stress states in the field, situations that may trigger instabilities, are also shown. Results are added to charts which relate peak and post-liquefaction strengths, as well as collapse lines, to measures of initial state, for unsaturated conditions, which may be of use in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, flexible pavements across the globe have seen a significant reduction in their service life due to climate changes. The flexible pavements with unsaturated subgrades undergo volumetric changes during the drying and wetting phases, affecting their long-term deformation behavior. These phases cause significant variations in matric suction and groundwater table depth. This study employs a coupled pore pressure-deformation analysis on flexible pavements to investigate the impact of groundwater table depth and suction variations in unsaturated subgrades. Finite-element simulations using the Abaqus and developed USDFLD code were validated against literature data. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying the suctions in subgrades during drying and subsequent wetting to evaluate the groundwater table depth. Furthermore, under heavy cyclic wheel loading, pavement-deformation analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of subgrade suction. The findings demonstrate that, after an initial drying phase at 5000 kPa suction, wetting over 180 days caused the groundwater level to rise from 5.45 m beneath the subgrade to the surface. This led to a 98% increase in surface-vertical deformations due to cyclic wheel loading after 180 days of wetting compared to the deformations during the drying phase at the same suction level. This assessment of groundwater-depth variations and long-term deformation behavior with the impact of suction improves the design and sustainability of flexible pavements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correlation between novel negative pressure ureteroscopic lithotripsy (NP-URL) combined with flexible ureteroscopy (FU) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) on stone-free rates (SFR) remains unclear. There is a lack of evidence from Chinese populations regarding the relationship between SFR and NP-URL combined with FU (NP-URL-FU) versus PCNL. We aimed to assess the association between NP-URL-FU and PCNL on SFR. We conducted a cohort study involving 166 participants with 2–4 cm kidney stones. Data on SFR (7 days and 2 months) were collected from all participants. Logistic regression analysis was used to substantiate the research objectives. NP-URL-FU versus PCNL showed an 86% decrease in the 7-day SFR (OR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.07–0.29). The results remained stable even after adjusting for potential confounders. However, no statistically significant association was found between the surgical method and the 2-month SFR. Further exploratory subgroup analyses showed no significant interactions, with all P values > 0.05. Among patients with 2–4 cm kidney stones, NP-URL-FU was associated with a lower risk of incident 7-day SFR than PCNL. However, no statistically significant difference was found in the long-term stone removal rate. Therefore, NP-URL-FU may be a viable alternative surgical option for patients seeking minimally invasive procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the major devices, individuals, and other historical landmarks in the development of suction in the field of neurosurgery, where the operating fields are characteristically deep and narrow. Our review spans the 159 years since the first use of aspiration in surgery to modern applications. This report exemplifies a comprehensive history of suction, the minute iteration of devices, and the massive impact this technological development has had on medicine and neurosurgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A new digital single-use flexible ureteroscope, Pusen direct in scope suction (DISS) 7.5Fr (PU3033AH), was evaluated with respect to manoeuvrability, suction quality, visibility and clinical efficiency. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in six tertiary reference centers in Europe and Asia between February-April 2024. Adult patients who underwent flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy (fURSL) for urolithiasis were included. Demographic, intraoperative and follow-up characteristics were recorded. Quality parameters were rated by each surgeon using a Likert scale. Results: a total of 57 fURSL were performed. Preoperative characteristics revealed a mean stone volume of 480.00mm3 (mean Hounsfield Unit– 998). 57.9%(n = 33) of the patients were pre-stented, and a ureteric access sheath was used in 64.9%(n = 37). Integrated-suction was deemed helpful in 94.7%(n = 54) fURSL as reported by the operators. An initial stone free rate (SFR) confirmed by postoperative imaging was achieved in 84.21%(n = 48). Quality parameters of the scope reached a mean Likert score of 4.5, with a "very good" mean evaluation for "scope placement", "visual quality", "irrigation", "deflection", "manoeuvrability", and "weight". "Suction quality" and "overall performance satisfaction" were rated "good". Comparing the Pusen DISS scope with other previously used scopes, overall satisfaction was rated 4.1. When asked if the surgeons would be willing to use the Pusen DISS 7.5Fr scope in the future, all the six surgeons answered positively. Conclusion: The DISS 7.5 Pusen ureteroscope displayed good visibility, manoeuvrability and suction quality, with excellent operative results. Further evaluation with larger comparative cohorts will help understand the potential of in-vivo use of integrated suctioning systems for fURSL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls built on hillslopes are more increasingly incorporated with geo-composite side drain in order to prevent the side-seepage entering the fill. This study evaluates the long-term moisture, pore-water pressure, and shear modulus, of a 6.5 m-high geogrid-reinforced soil wall in western Thailand. Through extensive field monitoring and in-situ spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW) tests, conducted during the Years 2018–2019, as well as laboratory tests, several key findings emerge. Free-free resonant frequency (FFR) testing of non-reinforced samples reveals the role of soil wetting and drying history and hysteresis in the stiffness-moisture relationship. In-situ pore-water pressure was found to be highest below the road surface near the wall face, decreasing with depth due to underdrainage, with values ranging from −27 to 5 kPa. The intersection of the side drainage board with the underdrain bottom layer shows the highest water content. In-situ and laboratory-derived soil-water retention curve (SWRC) were found to differ at greater depths. In unsaturated conditions, the in-situ small strain modulus of GRS appeared insensitive to suction stress below 10 kPa but was slightly affected under positive pore-water pressure, with multiple linear regression modeling indicating a dependency of stiffness on depth and pore-water pressure. • Uncertainties persist regarding pore water pressure distribution in the fill when designing geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls. • This study evaluates the long-term moisture, pore-water pressure, and shear modulus, of a 6.5 m-high GRS wall with modular side drains. • Pore-water pressure was highest near the wall face just below the pavement, and diminished with depth due to underdrainage. • In-situ G₀ of GRS wall was insensitive to suction stress in unsaturated conditions but slightly affected once the soil became saturated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to investigate the heat generation/absorption, radiation, and chemical reaction impacts on a laminar flow, with an upward half-space three-dimensional, incompressible permeable, stretchable, rotating hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Cu/H2O). Using appropriate similarity transformations, leading nonlinear governing equations were taken into account and were converted into ordinary differential equations. These equations were evaluated by deploying MATLAB's bvp5c feature. The resulting graphs assess velocity, temperature, and concentration for a range of effects. Additionally, Sherwood and Nusselt numbers and skin friction results were obtained. The findings were compared with previously published research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lateritic clay has distinct properties from other clays due to its high sesquioxide content. Its stiffness characteristics have not been well understood, especially when the soil is unsaturated and anisotropic. This study investigated the stiffness characteristics of compacted lateritic clay through suction-controlled triaxial compression tests equipped with local strain measurements. Both vertically and horizontally cut specimens were tested to determine the evolution of stiffness anisotropy during shearing. Three suctions (0, 10, and 150 kPa) and two confining pressures (50 and 200 kPa) were considered. When strains are relatively small (e.g., less than 0.2%), the secant Young's modulus Esec of vertical specimens is consistently higher than that of horizontal specimens at all suctions and stresses due to the inherent anisotropic structure. The degree of anisotropy increases with increasing suction since suction enhances the stiffness more significantly in vertical specimens than in horizontal specimens. This behaviour may be due to an enhanced force chain in the vertical direction during shearing. As strains increase, the degradation of Esec normalized by the maximum Young's modulus E0 is almost independent of suction and anisotropy. Lateritic clay has a higher degradation rate than other clays with a similar plasticity index because of its aggregated microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Casson nanofluid flow along a stretchable surface through a permeable medium. The modeling of the physical phenomena is considered with impact of thermal radiation, heat generation, slip conditions and suction. Transformations of the governing set of mathematical equations for the physical model are carried out into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with appropriate similarity variables. The nonlinear ODE solutions are carried out using the optimal homotopy analysis technique (OHAM), and the findings are presented for determining the influences of the emerging important parameters. The results indicate that velocity field increases in respect of porosity parameter, Casson fluid parameter and magnetic parameter while it declines for enhancing velocity slip and suction parameters. The temperature profile shows rising behavior for heat source, Prandtl number, thermophoresis, radiation and Brownian motion parameters while it declines for enhancing thermal slip parameter. Moreover, the concentration profile enhances for rise in Brownian motion parameter while it reduces for Schmidt number and nanoparticle parameter. We also showed the accuracy of the present results by indicating that skin friction values for varied magnetic parameters agree with earlier findings in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the flow dynamics and heat transfer characteristics of Maxwell fluid in a channel influenced by magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), Joule heating, thermal radiation, and boundary layer suction/blowing effects. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) for momentum, energy, and concentration are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations. The boundary value problem (BVP) is solved numerically using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB, yielding accurate solutions for velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles under various parameters. Key findings reveal that the porous parameter decreases the velocity profile but increases the temperature profile for both suction and blowing effects. Additionally, the MHD, Deborah, and Eckert numbers significantly influence the velocity and temperature profiles differently under these conditions. This study highlights the crucial role of integrating MHD, thermal, and boundary control effects to optimize performance and efficiency in engineering systems involving Maxwell fluids, with applications in polymer processing, biomedical engineering, electronics cooling, oil recovery, and chemical processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The bronchial suction has been applied in speeding lung collapse. Low suction pressure may not speed lung collapse, but high pressure causes occult lung injury. The aim of the study was to explore efficacy and safety of different suction pressure for speeding lung collapse. Methods: Eighty-four subjects undergoing uniport video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) were randomly assigned for non-suction (Group 0), -10 cmH2O suction pressure (Group − 10), and − 30 cmH2O suction pressure (Group − 30). The primary outcome were the lung collapse scores (LCS) at 0 min (T0) after the visualization of the lung using a 10-point visual analogue scale and area under the curve (AUC) of LCS over time. The secondary outcomes included disconnection from the ventilator, the assessment of occult lung injury using NOS-3 expression, histologic scores of lung injury, and lung W/D weight ratio, intraoperative hypoxemia, the incidence of perioperative pulmonary complications. Results: Both the LCS at T0 and AUC analysis showed that compared with Group 0, Group − 10 and Group − 30 significantly achieved good lung collapse (P < 0.05), but no difference between Group − 10 and Group − 30. Four patients in Group 0 were treated with disconnection maneuver. The assessment of occult lung injury showed no differences. Conclusions: Applying − 10 cmH2O suction pressure for 1 min when pleural incision is a relatively safe method to promote lung collapse without the occurrence of occult lung injury. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry number, ChiCTR2200062991. Registered on 26/08/2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While mechanical thrombectomy is known to be effective for distal medium vessel occlusion (DMVO) as well as large vessel occlusion, tortuous DMVO are predisposed to vessel injury during stent retriever thrombectomy. Furthermore, getting access to the thrombus may be difficult during suction thrombectomy using a dedicated suction catheter. Most studies describe DMVO treatment using stent retrievers and dedicated suction catheters, but there are limited studies reporting DMVO treated with suction thrombectomy using a microcatheter. Herein, we describe three cases of DMVO treated with suction thrombectomy that was performed using a microcatheter and subsequently showed good results. Therefore, suction thrombectomy using a microcatheter is a viable alternative treatment for tortuous DMVO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We sought to investigate how priming the tube between air versus air mixed with saline ex vivo influenced suction force. We examined how priming the tube influenced peak suction force and time to achieve peak suction force between both modalities. Methods: Using a Dwyer Instruments (Dwyer Instruments Inc., Michigan City, IN, USA), INC Digitial Pressure Gauge, we were able to connect a .072 inch aspiration catheter to a rotating hemostatic valve and to aspiration tubing. We recorded suction force measured in negative inches of Mercury (inHg) over 10 iterations between having the aspiration tube primed with air alone versus air mixed with saline. A test was used to compare results between both modalities. Results: Priming the tube with air alone compared to air mixed with saline was found to have an increased average max suction force (-28.60 versus -28.20 in HG, p<0.01). We also identified a logarithmic curve of suction force across time in which time to maximal suction force was more prompt with air compared with air mixed with saline (13.8 seconds versus 21.60 seconds, p<0.01). Conclusions: Priming the tube with air compared to air mixed with saline suggests that not only is increased maximal suction force achieved, but also the time required to achieve maximal suction force is less. This data suggests against priming the aspiration tubing with saline and suggests that the first pass aspiration primed with air may have the greatest suction force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the stone clearance rate and limitations of a novel integrated suction capability within a single-use flexible ureteroscope according to stone particle size. Methods: Varying sized stone particles were created using a stone phantom (Begostone Plus, Bego ©, Lincoln, RI, USA). Particle size ranged as follows: 63–125 µm, 125–250 µm, 250–500 µm, 500 µm- 1 mm and 1–2 mm. These were mixed with Normal saline (0.9%) to mimic in vivo conditions. The suction enabled single-use flexible ureteroscope (Pusen, Zhuhai, China) was used to aspirate stone fragments in three trials. Firstly, aspiration of 5 g of each dust range was attempted. Secondly, a direct comparison of the integrated suction to a manual syringe technique was applied to 1 g of each size range. Finally, aspiration was applied to 5 g of a heterogenous 1:1:1:1:1 mixture. Endoscopic clearance rate (g/min) and number of blockages were recorded. Each challenge was repeated three times. Results: The integrated suction cleared 100% of dust < 250 µm. Endoscopic clearance rates were significantly faster than manual aspiration (3.01 g/min versus 0.41 g/min) for dust between 125 and 250 µm (p = 0.008). Complete endoscopic clearance by 180 s (without encountering test limiting blockages) was unsuccessful for particles > 250 µm. Clearance rates were greatly limited by stone particle size heterogeneity above 250 µm, to 0.09 g/min. Conclusion: This technology works better in vitro than previously DISS evaluated methods when challenged by stone dust < 250 µm. However, this adaptation is significantly challenged in the presence of stone dust particles > 250 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of fluid flow and heat transfer within a rectangular frame domain has diverse applications across various engineering fields, including energy and power, cooling technology, and nuclear reactors. Motivated by these applications, the current research examines the steady incompressible flow of two different mononanofluids: copper/ethylene glycol–water and titanium dioxide/ethylene glycol–water, within a rectangular frame. The dynamics of the flow, influenced by magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects and thermal radiation, are presented. The analysis includes the effects of suction and dual stretching behavior. Additionally, statistical analysis has been conducted to highlight skin-friction characteristics. The dimensionless system of equations has been solved numerically with the help of a numerical shooting scheme. Additionally, experimental design (response surface methodology) and sensitivity are performed for skin frictions. The rheological effects of the relevant parameters against subjective fields are analyzed through graphical representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear wave velocity is an important parameter for estimating soil properties used in analyzing the dynamic response of soil to seismic loading. This paper focuses on developing a model for predicting shear wave velocity in unsaturated soils. The model was developed primarily for the interpretation of seismic cone penetration tests (SCPTs) in unsaturated soil to account for seasonal variations in moisture conditions. In practice, SCPTs typically occur over a period of days without the option of choosing a wet or dry period. The question becomes, if tests are conducted during a dry period, how can shear wave velocity corresponding to a wetter period be predicted, or vice versa? Answering this question was the primary motivation of this work. The work involved field testing with the seismic cone penetrometer during wet and dry periods and a focused study at three sites involving comparison between field and laboratory testing for shear wave velocity. The model presented in this paper is built upon the significant work of many other researchers with reference to new experimental data obtained by the authors. It is demonstrated that a stress-based model incorporating matric suction can provide reasonable predictions of shear wave velocity and provides a method to interpret the impact of changing moisture content on shear wave velocities determined with SCPTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology plays a pivotal role in introducing innovative strategies for medical treatment, such as hyperthermia cancer through the utilization of ferrite nanoparticles, such as magnetite (Fe3O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe3O4). The stability of nanoparticles ensures their effective delivery and therapeutic activity. This study is dedicated to exploring the behavior of the hybrid ferrofluid, Fe3O4/CoFe2O4, in a biopolymer solution composed of ethylene glycol and water that flows over an inclined stretching sheet with a magnetic dipole effect. The primary focus of this investigation lies on examining the influence of suction and slip velocity. The formulated governing partial differential equations are initially transformed into simplified ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity variables. The numerical solutions are then computed by employing the Keller box method. The obtained results demonstrate that the slip parameter diminishes the velocity profile while enhancing the temperature profile. However, the suction effect retards the movement of the nanoparticle and also decays the heat storage in the hybrid ferrofluid. The slip parameter has reduced the shear stress by 49.86% % and the heat transfer rate by 28.56%, respectively. The suction effect significantly enhances both physical quantities. The ferrite nanoparticles with the magnetic dipole, in terms of the ferrohydrodynamics effect, decline the velocity profile but enhance the temperature profile. These findings are essential in integrating the use of ferrite hybrid nanoparticles in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compacted soils are vital in constructing unpaved roads and embankments for infrastructure projects, requiring a thorough understanding of how different soil properties influence erosion. This research examined the influence of suction on the mass loss of clayey soil from the Guabirotuba Formation, compacted at various degrees of saturation and densities. The study involved initial physical–chemical, mineralogical, and morphological soil characterization. Tests were then conducted to determine the soil water characteristic curve, hydraulic conductivity, and erodibility using the filter paper method, permeability tests, and the Inderbitzen test. Samples were compacted to dry unit weights of 14.55 kN/m3, 15.42 kN/m3, and 16.28 kN/m3 with saturation levels of 20%, 50%, 91.08%, 93.49%, and 95.60%. Results showed that variations in soil density altered the soil water characteristic curve, tending towards a unimodal shape with reduced void ratios. Soil permeability decreased in the desaturation zone of the curve. The study determined that soil mass loss is primarily influenced by saturation degree and density, with saturation emerging as the most crucial factor. Erosion resistance was observed to be lowest at 50% saturation compared to both 20% and optimal saturation levels, which was associated with a reduction in the unsaturated permeability coefficient. It has been found that the influence of slope is negligible. Therefore, soil saturation levels significantly affect erosion resistance, making the soil more susceptible to disruption when air continuously occupies the pore space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Ureterorenoscopy is seeing a bloom of technological advances, one of which is incorporating suction. The objective of this study is to systematically review existing literature regarding suction use in rigid and flexible ureterorenoscopy and perform meta‐analysis of studies comparing suction versus no suction ureteroscopy or mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Methods A literature search was performed (November 2023) in MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL. Study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023482360). Comparative studies (observational and randomized) were eligible for inclusion if they compared suction versus no suction group and reported at least one primary outcome of interest (stone‐free or complication rate). Results Sixteen studies (5 randomized and 11 observational), analysing 1086 and 1109 patients in standard and suction groups, respectively, were included. Final stone‐free rates (SFRs), overall and infectious complications and length of hospital stay exhibited significant improvement when suction was used. When mini‐PCNL was compared with flexible ureterorenoscopy with suction, no differences were found in terms of stone‐free and infectious complications rates. Conclusions Ureterorenoscopy is a commonly performed endoscopic procedure for urolithiasis treatment, the success of which is defined by SFRs and complication rates. Application of suction via ureteral access sheaths, ureteral catheters or scopes may provide improved SFRs, reduced overall and infectious complication rates, along with a reduction in length of hospital stay. Further randomized studies are needed to validate these findings and standardize indications and protocols.

Background: Endotracheal Tube Suctioning (ETS), which involves either an open or closed suctioning system, is a crucial practice for mechanically ventilated patients. The nursing practice of airway suctioning is inevitable. This study was designed to compare the intensive care nurses’ performance of open versus closed endotracheal suction on critically ill patients in Ismailia City. Materials and Methods: A non-participant structured observational study design was conducted on a convenient sample (N = 63) at intensive care units at a teaching hospital through March and August 2022 to evaluate how nurses practice different procedures in open suctioning compared with the closed suctioning system of Endotracheal Suction (ES) through a 32-item structured checklist. Additionally, authors compared their levels of knowledge in both suctioning systems. Results: Approximately 75% and 65% of the study participants had a satisfactory level of knowledge about the open system compared with the closed system, respectively. The total percentage of patients who achieved a satisfactory level of practice was 72% for the open-system group, compared with 56% for the closed-system group. Overall, there were significant differences between total nurses’ performances in the open-system and closed-system systems. Independent sample t-tests revealed a statistically significant correlation between overall nurses’ performance in both systems (t = 6.04, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings revealed significant differences in nurses’ performance between open and closed-system suctioning. The researchers recommend in-service-led training programs to improve nurses’ performance, and other studies with larger sample sizes should be supported.

Abstract Background The bronchial suction has been applied in speeding lung collapse. Low suction pressure may not speed lung collapse, but high pressure causes occult lung injury. The aim of the study was to explore efficacy and safety of different suction pressure for speeding lung collapse. Methods Eighty-four subjects undergoing uniport video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) were randomly assigned for non-suction (Group 0), -10 cmH2O suction pressure (Group − 10), and − 30 cmH2O suction pressure (Group − 30). The primary outcome were the lung collapse scores (LCS) at 0 min (T0) after the visualization of the lung using a 10-point visual analogue scale and area under the curve (AUC) of LCS over time. The secondary outcomes included disconnection from the ventilator, the assessment of occult lung injury using NOS-3 expression, histologic scores of lung injury, and lung W/D weight ratio, intraoperative hypoxemia, the incidence of perioperative pulmonary complications. Results Both the LCS at T0 and AUC analysis showed that compared with Group 0, Group − 10 and Group − 30 significantly achieved good lung collapse (P

Aiming at the problem that inserting a needle into the abdomen of spindle-shaped fish can easily damage the internal organs during vaccine injection, this paper takes grass carp as the experimental object and designs a fry adsorption injection device. Through theoretical analysis, the key factors affecting the adsorption force are determined. The internal cavity of the adsorption block is simulated and optimized under the given boundary conditions. The single-factor test shows that the H-shaped suction head has the best adsorption effect. Further orthogonal experiments found that the height of the adsorption port, the adsorption port's length, and the diameter of the adsorption port are important factors that affect the test results, and they are arranged in descending order of their importance. The optimal parameter combination is the adsorption port height of 3 mm, adsorption port length of 15 mm, and adsorption pore diameter of 3 mm. Under these parameters, the success rate of needle insertion is 98%, and the survival rate of fry is 100%, which can meet the production requirements. In summary, the adsorption and injection device is simple in design, easy to operate, and can significantly reduce the damage to the fish body. It provides an effective solution and design reference for fish vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is important for the fields of pharmaceutical nano-drug suspension, biomedical engineering, pressure surges and food processing systems. The slip condition is necessary for polishing internal cavities and artificial heart valves in a variety of manufactured objects, micro- or nano-channels, and applications. Low Reynolds number (Re → 0) and long wavelength (δ ≪ 1) considerations are used in the formulation of the mathematical model at low non-Newtonian parameter values, nonlinear boundary conditions and the governing nonlinear equation are analytically solved using the perturbation method. The graphs of frictional force, pressure rise, velocity, pressure gradient, and streamline graphs are done using Wolfram MATHEMATICA software. In this paper, we compared the results of the total slip condition with those of the first-order slip condition and the absence of any slip effects. It has been noticed that increasing the suction and injection parameters leads to a decrease the pressure rate with complete slip effects, partial slip effects and no slip effects. We show that an increase in the third grade fluid parameter Γ increases the magnitude of axial velocity. From a physical perspective, it shows the shear thinning characteristic, which causes a decrease in viscosity and an increase in fluid velocity. Frictional force behaves differently when compared to pressure rate. In other words, the pressure gradient acts as an obstacle to the peristalsis-driven flow. The objective of the study is to find the impact of the peristaltic flow phenomena and the impact of peristaltic on third-grade non-Newtonian fluid where the suction and injection are prevailing which is similar to the thing in biomechanical devices, like blood vessels, etc. there is a change of oxygen and carbon dioxide from the tissue layer to the fluid within the blood vessel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The A-1000 (Elmeca, Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea) electrical automatic airway suction device, was designed to operate as a customizable repeated closed suction device. It can be used for patients with intubation or tracheostomy tubes. This is the first recorded case of the use of the A-1000 in a general ward patient with a tracheostomy tube. A 91-year-old man presented having attempted suicide by hanging and was admitted to this institution. Although extubation was performed in the intensive care unit, the patient required 2 reintubations. The tracheostomy was performed, and the A-1000 was applied. After weaning from mechanical ventilation, the patient was transferred to the General Ward with a tracheostomy tube in place for effective removal of sputum by the A-1000. The tracheostomy tube was successfully removed, and the patient was discharged. The effectiveness and safety of the A-1000 needs further study by expanding the applications of this device.

The present study investigates hybrid nanofluid (HNF) behavior at the stagnation point near a stretching/shrinking sheet using the Tiwari and Das model. The governing equations were transformed into a boundary layer flow model and simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0. This research examines flow characteristics, temperature profiles, and distributions by varying parameters: stretching/shrinking (λ , −2 to 2), slip flow (δ , 0 to 1 m), suction (γ , 0 to 1), and similarity variables (η , 0 to 5). The HNF comprised equal ratios of copper and alumina with total concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.1. The results showed that velocity profiles increased with distance from the stagnation point, escalated in shrinking cases, and decayed in stretching cases. Increased suction consistently reduced velocity profiles. Temperature distribution was slightly slower in shrinking compared to stretching cases, with expansion along the sheet directly proportional to η estimates but controllable through suction adjustments. The findings were applied to enhance photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system performance. Stretching sheets proved crucial for improving electricity production efficiency. Non-slip wall conditions and increased copper volume fractions in the presence of suction effects led to notable improvements in electrical efficiency. The maximum average efficiency was achieved when γ = 0.4, λ = 2, δ = 0.7, and ϕ 2 = 0.01, which was of about 10%. The present numerical work also aligned well with the experimental results when evaluating the thermal efficiency of conventional fluids. These insights contribute to optimizing PV/T system parameters and advancing solar energy conversion technology, with potential implications for broader applications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The matric suction in unsaturated soil depends on the type of soil and various flux conditions i.e., infiltration, evaporation and no flow. The shear strength of unsaturated soil changes with change in matric suction leading to varying resistance of soil under various flow conditions. In this study, the bearing capacity of strip foundations resting over unsaturated clay considering variation of matric suction with depth for different surface flux conditions and position of water table, has been obtained using finite element lower bound limit analysis. Modified Mohr-Coulomb yield criteria based on unified effective stress approach has been employed to incorporate the contribution of matric suction stress to the failure condition. A non-dimensional bearing capacity factor was introduced to estimate the bearing capacity of strip foundations and presented as a function of different influencing parameters such as foundation width, water table depth, soil properties, various flow conditions and their flow rate, and surcharge pressure. The influence of variation of unit weight of soil in the unsaturated zone, air entry and pore size distribution parameters, residual degree of saturation of soil, specific gravity of soil solids, and foundation-soil interface roughness on the bearing capacity has also been examined and found to be insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The losses of productivity observed in gas suction within an oil-free two-rotor vacuum pump are considered. In CFD (computational fluid dynamics) modeling of pump operation, both with and without a pressure difference, the influence of heating and throttling of the gas is analyzed, as it passes through the intake tube and as it fills an isolated chamber. Experimental data confirm the modeling results. Gas heating in suction has the greatest influence on pump performance. The proposed formula determines the losses with no more than 6% error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the cutting-edge realm of Geotechnical Biology, the interplay between soil mechanics and biological systems has unveiled profound insights that align with the rural sustainability, forestry and agroecosystems. This inquiry, encompassing the role of soil characteristics and parameters in shaping plant behavior and root growth, creating a suction effect that draws water towards them and underscores the intricate relationships that govern soil-plant interactions. A numerical simulation was expertly dissected using Plaxis 2D software, particularly focused on understanding the complex behavior of root water uptake over time and the changing level of groundwater and its dynamics rhythm affected by the evolution of plants. The output results in our study have important implications for understanding the soil-plant system and the role of geotechnical processes in biological analyses. Our findings suggest that the stability and behavior of geotechnical systems can have a significant impact on plant growth and distribution, underscoring the importance of considering geotechnical processes in biological analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a simple methodology to calculate the two-dimensional seepage across an infinite unsaturated slope using models of one-dimensional infiltration through horizontal ground. The methodology decomposes the seepage across the infinite slope into antisymmetric and symmetric parts, whose respective solutions are combined to calculate the actual flow regime. The antisymmetric solution is trivial and does not even require integration of the governing continuity equation, while the symmetric solution, albeit non-trivial, reduces to the case of one-dimensional flow through horizontal ground, for which solutions already exist. The methodology is generally applicable to the calculation of distinct seepage regimes across unsaturated slopes with different hydraulic properties under both stationary and transient conditions. The paper also defines the gradient of the piezometric head parallel to the slope, which is the Neumann boundary condition to be imposed on slope sections perpendicular to the ground surface. The rigorous definition of this gradient overcomes the need of imposing arbitrary boundary conditions in finite-element models. Finally, the paper demonstrates that all infiltrated water crosses the slope along the shortest path – namely, the path normal to the surface – while the flow parallel to the slope is entirely fed by an upstream source at infinite distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical plate anchors are placed in the soil to improve the lateral resistance of various geotechnical structures. Extensive research has been conducted to find out the pullout capacity of vertical anchors in saturated or dry soil. Despite all these attempts, no research is available to study the behavior of anchors in unsaturated soil where the shearing resistance of soil is governed by the matric suction depending on the surface flow conditions and water table positions. Since the soil in field is mostly in unsaturated state; thus, the pullout resistance of vertical plate anchor has been aimed to be evaluated in this study. Finite element limit analysis solutions in terms of a non-dimensional pullout factor have been presented to find the pullout capacity of vertical anchors. The solutions are inclusive of the effect of soil properties, embedment depth, height of anchor plate, depth of water table from the ground surface, flow conditions and flow rate under an immediate breakaway condition. The effect of variation of other factors like the degree of saturation, unit weight of soil, van-Genuchten SWRC parameters, specific gravity of soil solids, and anchor-soil interface conditions has also been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autologous bone dust can be filled in bone defects to promote effective bone healing but typically it is lost when using suction during surgery. The aim of this study was to develop a novel bone collector that can be used to collect bone chips/dust of varying sizes without changing current surgical procedures. Research design and methods: This collector was designed to connect to a surgical continuous suction system and comprised a plate filter with a 3 mm hole and featured a taper filter with a mesh size of 0.27 mm for the separation and collection of both coarse and fine bone chips/dust. The bone collector was manufactured using nylon 3D printing and plastic injection with biocompatible materials. Results: The bone collector functional test revealed high bone chip collection efficiency (93%) with automatic size separation function. Low (3.42%) filtration errors showed that most of the water can be drained smoothly from the bone collector. In clinical usability testing, bone collectors can provide functions demonstrated in in vivo spinal fusion and femoral fracture surgeries with different bone grafting size requirements. Conclusions: The novel bone collector has been validated as a viable and effective surgical device, offering surgeons an additional option to enhance patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the chemistry of the pore fluid are known to have an impact on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of clays. Experimental evidence collected in recent decades has led to the formulation of constitutive chemo-mechanical models for expansive soils used in engineering practice for the containment of pollution, such as bentonite. Less attention has been paid to modelling the chemo-mechanical behaviour of non-expansive clays, which are less frequently used for geoenvironmental applications, but equally exposed to chemical changes. Key differences between the impact of salinity on the fabric of expansive and non-expansive clays are pointed out. At the macroscopic scale, an increase in salinity causes a translation of the normal compression line of non-expansive clays to higher void ratios, which in some cases is also accompanied by an increase in compressibility. The opposite occurs for expansive clays. Such experimental evidence provides the basis for a chemo-mechanical model formulated in the frame of elasto-plasticity with generalised hardening, whose yield surface expands with pore fluid concentration. The model is validated against experimental results, both original and from the literature. Simulation results compare very well with those of tests performed on reconstituted, compacted and intact samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No in vitro surgical study has evaluated the time-dependent contamination of surgical suction tips compared with controls. Our purpose was to determine the difference in suction tip bacterial contamination rates between suction-positive and suction-negative tips. Materials and Methods: A matched-pair analysis of the contamination of surgical suction tips over a six-hour period was performed in two clean operating rooms. One suction tip was connected to standard wall suction (suction-positive group), with a matched control tip not connected to wall suction (suction-negative group). At time zero and then at hourly intervals for six hours, the distal 3 cm of suction tips were removed, placed in nutrient broth for 48 hours, then plate cultured. One hundred tips were collected for each time interval. Results: Eighty-two of 700 (11.7%) suction tips had bacterial contamination. Sixty-three (18.0%) of 350 suction-positive tips were contaminated, with 19 (5.4%) of the 350 suction-negative tips contaminated (χ2 = 26.7, p < 0.001). Suction tip contamination was time-dependent with the first significant difference between groups occurring after two hours of continuous suction (χ2 = 4.0, p = 0.04). Contamination rate in the suction-positive group increased significantly after one hour compared with time-zero controls (χ2 = 7.1, p = 0.008). There was no significant difference in frequency of positive cultures over time in the suction-negative group compared with time-zero controls. Conclusions: This is the first controlled laboratory study suggesting a time-dependent increase in positive suction tip cultures. From our data, operating room staff should have an awareness that suction tips represent a potential source of bacterial concentration. We recommend that when not in use, suction tip valves be closed if this feature is available, that hosing be manipulated to cease suction when not needed, that suckers be disconnected from tubing, or that suckers be exchanged at frequent intervals. Doing so may reduce bacterial contamination on the suction tip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, by introducing a new yielding mechanism based on the widely acknowledged double-structure theory, the original UH model for unsaturated soils is extended to capture the behaviour of expansive clays. A novel expansion potential is further established to evaluate the effect of overconsolidation on the volume change of unsaturated expansive clays during wetting. With only one additional parameter, the proposed model can describe the behaviour of both wetting-collapse and wetting-induced swelling for unsaturated clays. Comparisons between model predictions and test results show a good agreement which verifies the capability of the proposed model in charactering the features of unsaturated expansive clays under various stress histories and stress paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation explores the transient magnetohydrodynamics gravity‐driven flow of a viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting fluid past a permeable exponentially accelerated vertical plate in the presence of thermal radiation and suction. Due to several applications in different areas, the influence of Hall current, Dufour number, heat source parameter, and chemically reactive species diffusion are vital and are incorporated in the study, which is the novelty of the present work. The model equations are derived and resolved by utilizing an analytical technique called the Laplace transform procedure. Various properties of the flow due to the influence of different vital parameters have been depicted with the help of graphs. The computed gradients of velocity, temperature and concentration are presented in tabular form. The Hall parameter is observed to strengthen the secondary flow while diminishing the primary flow. Dufour number and heat source parameter enhance the fluid temperature and velocity profiles while the heat sink declines them. Enhancement of the acceleration parameter significantly amplifies the primary skin friction coefficient. Suction boosts the heat transport as well as the mass transport rates at the surface of the plate, whereas injection declines them. Further, the Dufour number causes a significant reduction in the Nusselt number and magnitude of the secondary skin friction coefficient. The practical applications of the current research are the design of aircraft, cooling of microchips, Hall accelerators, separation of isotopes and many more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of COVID-19 through aerosols and droplets occurs during dental treatment. Dentists use highvolume suction (HVS) and saliva ejectors to suction saliva, blood, and water from the oral cavity. Since the pandemic, prototyping, production, and use of extraoral suction (EOS) have increased. EOS comprises HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air), plasma ions, and ultraviolet (UV) filters. This study was used to see the effectiveness of the use of EOS through a comparison of physical and acceptability tests on the use of EOS at UGM Prof. Sodeomo Dental Hospital using three EOS brands, Coxo™, Eighteeth™ Vacstation, and Eostra™. Physical Test is used to assess the ability of a tool when used--Acceptability Test to assess user acceptance of EOS based on usage experience. The study was conducted at the UGM Prof. Soedomo Hospital (Professional Education Clinic, Resident Education Clinic, General Service Unit, and Specialistic Service Unit) in 2021 with 90 respondents who were EOS users. The EOS with the most incredible suction power, noise figure, and electrical power was Eostra™, while based on user experience, the EOS that was more accepted and more comfortable for users to use was Coxo™. EOS reduces aerosol exposure during dental treatment, and based on this study, EOS that had good capacity was not necessarily comfortable to use by users; this was because each brand had advantages and disadvantages, so the selection of EOS was adjusted to the capacity of the operator and the practice site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Water-absorbing polymer (WAP) is recognized as a suitable soil additive for enhancing water retention and storage in the root zone under arid condition. The presence of such additives may alter the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) and hence, may affect the plant growth. The effect of WAP on SWCC particularly, with the presence of vegetation is rarely explored. Therefore, this study investigates the combined influence of WAP and vegetation on SWCC for unraveling the soil-plant-WAP-atmosphere interaction. Methods: Two different WAPs along with vegetation species Solanum Lycopersicum species, were considered. The SWCCs along with its model parameters (Air entry value (AEV); Plant available water content (PAWC), FC (Field Capacity) and Permanent Wilting Point (PWP)) were established for silty loamy soil considering the different combinations of WAPs and vegetation. The changes in root structure were analysed with and without the presence of WAP. Results: Parameters such as FC, PWP and PAWC are increased by more than 1.5 times with the presence of WAP and vegetation compared to control soil This is mainly attributed to the alteration in pore volume in the soil matrix. Root-induced soil showed higher moisture retention than control soil at a specific suction which is affected by the root biomass/architecture. Conclusions: The study indicates that the WAP helps to reduce water demand during arid condition. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of SWCC as a tool to unravel the combined influence of WAP and vegetation on soil-water storage and water retention characteristics of soil associated with soil-WAP-root-atmosphere interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many available ground improvement techniques are effective, but involve large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. Any green ground improvement technique would thus be beneficial. In this work, dry air, supplied at low pressure and relative humidity, was used to remove water from a soft soil deposit. The investigation was carried out at model scale, with a soft soil layer formed in a box of size 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.75 m. The soil bed was fitted with slender granular columns for the injection of dry air. The technique is the reverse process of vacuum consolidation, in which the magnitude of negative pore water pressure that can be applied to the soil is limited and thus requires careful construction procedures. The dry-air approach is simple and does not require any complex construction procedures. The investigations carried out over a limited period showed a significant improvement in the strength of the soil bed, indicating possible full-scale implementation. Full-scale implementation of the technique may not require any new construction methods as the procedure is very similar to that adopted in vacuum consolidation. However, variabilities in ground conditions, including the groundwater table, may pose additional challenges and supplementary information (soil–water characteristic data and numerical modelling) may be necessary to implement this technique at full scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of the suction force between a rigid cylindrical frame constricting a submerged cavitating jet and a solid surface is considered. The separation force needed to overcome the suction effect is experimentally determined in a specially developed setup. The dependences of the suction force on the frame diameter and the distance from the nozzle cavitator are obtained using numerical modeling. The volume fraction of the vapor phase inside the frame and the static pressure along the suction surface are calculated. The mechanism of the appearance of the effect and the criteria of its vanishing are explained on the basis of the data obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive experimental program was performed in order to understand the mechanical behavior of model piles associated with water infiltration in collapsible loess. Real-time measurements were recorded for pile head settlement, pile shaft friction, and pile base resistance, as well as for the soil behavior, including soil settlement, volumetric water content, and soil suction. The experimental results suggest that both the pile head settlement and pile base resistance increased with water infiltration. The linear pile axial force distribution gradually changed to a "D" shape, with the maximum pile axial force occurring in the middle instead of the end stage of water infiltration. Such behavior can be attributed to a reduction in the contribution of soil suction, degradation of the pile–soil interface shear strength, and settlement of the collapsible soil. In addition, a softening model was proposed by modifying the traditional shear displacement method for interpretation of the mechanical behavior of piles in collapsible loess. There was good agreement between our experimental results and those from the literature and the results predicted using the proposed model, suggesting that the model can be used as a tool in the rational design of pile foundations in collapsible soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a generalized framework to estimate the seismic active earth thrust on rigid retaining walls with unsaturated backfill. A novel suction stress-dependent approach was developed to compute the horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration profiles within the backfill. The framework applies the limit equilibrium method with a log-spiral failure surface and considers the influence of suction-stress through the effective stress approach. A detailed validation of the proposed framework is conducted by comparing it with well-established solutions reported in previous studies showing a satisfactory agreement. Validation was performed for the cases of static loading with suction and seismic loading without suction because of the unavailability of the data for the combined case. The influence of suction on the seismic active earth thrust for different soil types and environmental conditions is presented together with other parameters including wall height, soil friction angle, frequency of input excitation, and horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging concept of hybrid nanofluids has grabbed the attention of researchers and scientists due to improved thermal performance because of their remarkable thermal conductivities. These fluids have enormous applications in engineering and industrial sectors. Therefore, the present research study examines thermal and mass transportation in hybrid nanofluid past an inclined linearly stretching sheet using the Maxwell fluid model. In the current problem, the hybrid nanofluid is engineered by suspending a mixture of aluminum oxide A l 2 O 3   and copper C u nanoparticles in ethylene glycol. The fluid flow is generated due to the linear stretching of the sheet and the sheet is kept inclined at the angle ζ = π / 6 embedded in porous medium. The current proposed model also includes the Lorentz force, solar radiation, heat generation, linear chemical reactions, and permeability of the plate effects. Here, in the current simulation, the cylindrical shape of the nanoparticles is considered, as this shape has proven to be excellent for the thermal performance of the nanomaterials. The governing equations transformed into ordinary differential equations are solved using MATLAB bvp4c solver. The velocity field declines with increasing magnetic field parameter, Maxwell fluid parameter, volume fractions of nanoparticles, and porosity parameter but increases with growing suction parameter. The temperature drops with increasing magnetic field force and suction parameter values but increases with increasing radiation parameter and volume fraction values. The concentration profile increases with increasing magnetic field parameters, porosity parameters, and volume fractions but reduces with increasing chemical reaction parameters and suction parameters. It has been noted that the purpose of the inclusion of thermal radiation is to augment the temperature that is serving the purpose in the current work. The addition of Lorentz force slows down the speed of the fluid and raises the boundary layer thickness, which is visible in the current study. It has been concluded that, when heat generation parameters increase, the temperature field increases correspondingly for both nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids. The increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles is used to enhance the thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid, which is evident in the current results. The current results are validated by comparing them with published ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to introduce and evaluate a new treatment method for rectus sheath hematoma: ultrasound-guided suction using negative pressure, curettage, and percutaneous drainage. Methods: This retrospective study involved five patients with rectus sheath hematoma rectus sheath hematoma who had cesarean sections. For all patients, ultrasound revealed that the maximum diameter of their hematoma exceeded 70 mm. We summarized and analyzed the therapeutic effects of five patients and introduced the procedure, technical points, precautions, advantages, and indications of the procedure. Results: In all five patients, hematoma area was significantly reduced as confirmed by ultrasound at follow-up, and all patients’ abdominal pain were significantly relieved. No complications, including bleeding or infection, were detected at both the 2-h postoperative and 3-day follow-up assessments. The hematoma volume reduction rates were 90 %, 67 %, 81 %, 68 %, and 70 % at three days re-examinations, and 99 %, 96 %, 98 %, 98 %, and 90 % at the 30-day follow-up. Conclusion: The removal of rectus sheath hematoma by suction using negative pressure can prevent patients from undergoing abdominal wall exploration, offering a less invasive alternative while potentially achieving comparable therapeutic effect to surgical hematoma removal in certain cases. This treatment method shows potential for clinical application, particularly in relatively young and healthy postpartum women, and is expected to be popularized and applied in clinical practice.

The study provides novel and valuable insights into the behavior of fluid flow and heat transfer in a generated plume under the influence of an aligned magnetic field, which is a complex and less-explored area in fluid dynamics. Incorporating variable viscosity and suction effects adds to the realism and applicability of the model, as it accounts for more realistic conditions where fluid properties change with temperature and external forces influence the flow. A mathematical model is formulated as a system of coupled partial differential equations to analyze the flow dynamics. Subsequently, a numerical solution is derived with stream function formulation for the system of coupled partial differential equations, which transmuted it into ordinary differential equations. To achieve this, the numerical properties of the problem are established through the utilization of a Shooting method in tandem with the MATLAB tool bvp4c. The graphical representations of both missing and specified boundary conditions, analyzes the influences of the viscosity parameter ε, suction parameter ξ, magnetic force parameter S, Prandtl number Pr and magnetic Prandtl number γ. The impact of these parameters on the heat transfer and fluid flow is given in detail. Inclusion of suction velocity counteracted the effects of temperature-dependent viscosity. The velocity f′, current density ϕ″, temperature θ, skin friction f″ and magnetic flux ϕ′ depicted an enhanced behavior while heat transfer rate θ′ dropped with an increment in viscosity parameter ε. However, for an increasing suction parameter ξ, the reverse trend of these properties is observed as compared to the viscosity parameter ε. The inclusion of suction counteracted to the effects of variable viscosity. Understanding how heat plumes behave under magnetic fields the study aims to provide insights that can be applied to real-world scenarios, such as improving cooling systems in industrial applications, enhancing environmental safety measures, and optimizing biomedical engineering processes.