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Objective: The hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis is characterised by the existence of major functional changes from its establishment in fetal life until the end of puberty. The assessment of serum testosterone and gonadotrophins and semen analysis, typically used in the adult male, is not applicable during most of infancy and childhood. On the other hand, the disorders of gonadal axis have different clinical consequences depending on the developmental stage at which the dysfunction is established. This review addresses the approaches to evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in the newborn, during childhood and at pubertal age., Design: We focused on the hormonal laboratory and genetic studies as well as on the clinical signs and imaging studies that guide the aetiological diagnosis and the functional status of the gonads., Results: Serum gonadotrophin and testosterone determination is useful in the first 3-6 months after birth and at pubertal age, whereas AMH and inhibin B are useful biomarkers of testis function from birth until the end of puberty. Clinical and imaging signs are helpful to appraise testicular hormone actions during fetal and postnatal life., Conclusions: The interpretation of results derived from the assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular in paediatric patients requires a comprehensive knowledge of the developmental physiology of the axis to understand its pathophysiology and reach an accurate diagnosis of its disorders., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: to describe the marked variability in clinical and biochemical patterns that are associated with a p.R209H GH1 missense variant in a large Argentinean pedigree, which makes the diagnosis of GHD elusive., Design: We describe a non-consanguineous pedigree composed by several individuals with short stature, including 2 pediatric patients with typical diagnosis of isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) and 4 other siblings with severe short stature, low serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3, but normal stimulated GH levels, suggesting growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) in the latter group., Results: Patients with classical IGHD phenotype carried a heterozygous variant in GH1: c.626G>A (p.R209H). Data from the extended pedigree suggested GH1 as the initial candidate gene, which showed the same pathogenic heterozygous GH1 variant in the four siblings with short stature and a biochemical pattern of GHI., Conclusions: We suggest considering GH1 sequencing in children with short stature associated to low IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 serum levels, even in the context of normal response to growth hormone provocative testing (GHPT)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None of the authors has conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)