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Abstract Introduction Over the past four decades, the Indonesian health care system has greatly expanded and the health of Indonesian people has improved although the rich-poor gap in health status and service access remains an issue. The government has been trying to address these gaps and intensify efforts to improve the health of the poor following the economic crisis in 1998. Methods This paper examines trends and levels in socio-economic inequity of health and identifies critical factors constraining efforts to improve the health of the poor. Quantitative data were taken from the Indonesian Demographic Health Surveys and the National Socio-Economic Surveys, and qualitative data were obtained from interviews with individuals and groups representing relevant stakeholders. Results The health of the population has improved as indicated by child mortality decline and the increase in community access to health services. However, the continuing prevalence of malnourished children and the persisting socio-economic inequity of health suggest that efforts to improve the health of the poor have not yet been effective. Factors identified at institution and policy levels that have constrained improvements in health care access and outcomes for the poor include: the high cost of electing formal governance leaders; confused leadership roles in the health sector; lack of health inequity indicators; the generally weak capacity in the health care system, especially in planning and budgeting; and the leakage and limited coverage of programs for the poor. Conclusions Despite the government's efforts to improve the health of the poor, the rich-poor gap in health status and service access continues. Factors at institutional and policy levels are critical in contributing to the lack of efficiency and effectiveness for health programs that address the poor.

Abstract Background Although efforts to reduce high maternal mortality in countries such as Indonesia tend to focus on addressing health risks among pregnant women, family planning has been shown globally to reduce maternal mortality by reducing both total and higher-risk pregnancies. This article assesses past contributions of family planning to the reduction of maternal mortality in Indonesia and the potential future contribution toward achieving the 2030 SDG maternal mortality goal. Methods The study takes advantage of data from long series of population censuses and large-scale surveys that are available in few other low- and middle-income countries. We use the decomposition method suggested by (Matern Child Health J, 16:456–463, 2012) and regression-based policy simulations to estimate the number of maternal deaths averted during 1970–2017 due to contraceptive use and project potential future contributions to the year 2030. Results It is estimated that between 523,885 and 663,146 maternal deaths were averted from 1970 to 2017 due to contraceptive use, a 37.5–43.1% reduction. If the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) were to rise from 63% in 2017 to 70% in 2030 and unmet need for family planning were to fall to from 10 to 7%, an additional 34,621–37,186 maternal deaths would be averted, an 18.9–20.0% reduction. A 2030 CPR of 75% and unmet need for family planning of 5% would result in 51,971–54,536 maternal deaths being averted, a 28.4–29.4% reduction. However, the CPR growth rate would have to nearly double the 2000–2017 rate to reach 70% CPR by 2030 and more than triple to reach 75%. Achieving the most ambitious target would still leave the maternal mortality ratio at 125 in 2030 without corresponding improvements in maternal health services. Conclusions Although substantial reductions in maternal mortality between 1970 and 2017 can be attributed to contraceptive use and further contributions to the year 2030 are probable, smaller contributions are likely due to the already relatively high CPR and the challenges that must be overcome to move the CPR significantly higher. The ability of Indonesia to reach the 2030 SDG maternal mortality target of 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births will depend primarily upon health system effectiveness in addressing health risks to women once they are pregnant.

Latar belakang: Setelah sekian tahun bergantung pada sumber pendaaan luar negeri, pembiayaan Program HIV AIDS di Indonesia diharapkan menggunakan sumber pendanaan dalam negeri. Skema Jaminan Kesehatan Semesta atau Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) yang dimulai tahun 2014 menanggung pengobatan termasuk infeksi oportunistik. Pertanyaan penelitian apakah paket manfaatnya dapat mencakup intervensi kesehatan masyarakat seperti HIV tanpa menghambat penyediaan pelayanan? Implementasi untuk Program HIV yang selama ini disubsidi Pemerintah memerlukan kehati-hatian. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis skenario terkait biaya dan utilisasi pada pelayanan HIV guna mendukung kebijakan yang potensial untuk mengintegrasikan intervensi HIV ke dalam paket manfaat JKN. Metode: Penelitian ini menganalisis paket manfaat dan mekanisme pembiayaan terkait pelayanan HIV, keanggotaan JKN, target populasi kunci, serta estimasi premi untuk pelayanan HIV hingga tahun 2019. Studi observasional ini menghasilkan data biaya dan utilisasi dari tingkat nasional dan daerah sebagai data dasar. Peneliti membangun model dan menganalisis skenario proyeksi biaya dan utilisasi dari beragam program aktivitas HIV serta konsekuensinya. Hasil: Skenario dikembangkan berdasarkan kelengkapan paket manfaat dan komponen mana yang bisa dijamin dalam JKN.Pelayanan yang terkait HIV saat ini sebagian besar dijamin oleh pemerintah mulai dari Konseling dan Tes HIV Sukarela (KTS) hingga pengobatan Infeksi Oportunistik. Pengobatan dan perawatan kemungkinan dapat dijamin oleh JKN, dengan bantuan pemerintah untuk pencegahan dan pelayanan ART. Kesimpulan: Skenario dengan paket manfaat dasar akan membutuhkan biaya medis yang rasional per pasien per bulan, tergantung pada kelengkapan paket manfaat. Sebuah peta jalan yang jelas perlu disusun untuk memastikan seluruh pelayanan terjangkau dan berkualitas baik. Kata kunci: Jaminan kesehatan semesta, pelayanan HIV, dan Opsi Kebijakan Abstract Background: HIV and AIDS program in Indonesia is planned to be financed by domestic sources after depending on external sources for many years. Indonesia has started its Social Health Insurance scheme so called Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) program in 2014, that covers HIV treatment including opportunistic infection. Research question is whether JKN could expand its benefit package to public health interventions without hampering service provision. Converting HIV program that has been subsidizied by the Government needs careful considerations. The study aimed to assess scenarios on cost and utilization to support decision on integration of HIV interventions into the JKN benefit package. Methods: The study assessed the current coverage and funding mechanisms for HIV-related services, JKN membership, key target populations, and estimated premium for HIV services up to 2019. We captured cost and utilization from national and subnational levels as the baseline through an observational study. Researchers developed model and scenarios on the projection of cost and utilization of various HIV program activities and its consequences. Results: We developed scnearios based on benefit covered by JKN. current services mostly covered by government. The Care and treatment could be possibly covered by the JKN, with support from government for prevention and ART. Conclusion: The scenarios show that provision of HIV services within the basic benefits package of JKN would require a reasonable cost per member per month, depending on the comprehensiveness of the benefit. A clear roadmap should be developed to ensure all services provided are affordable and in good quality. Keywords: Universal Health Coverage, HIV AIDS, Policy Option

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji manajemen wisata religius Kesultanan Banten Lama dengan model manajemen bauran pemasaran dalam rangka memperkuat branding objek ziarah. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, identifikasi masalah dalam studi ini ialah konsep manajemen wisata religius guna meningkatkan pengelolaan Kesultanan Banten Lama dan proses bauran komunikasi pemasaran yang berkaitan dengan penguatan citra. Penelitian ini merupakan riset kualitatif, yaitu menggambarkan sebuah perspektif atau informasi dari suatu masalah. Tipe penelitian ini adalah analisis kualitatif yang bersifat sistemis, subjektivis dan analitis. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa manajemen pariwisata Kesultanan Banten sudah menerapkan bauran komunikasi pemasaran, kecuali pemasaran langsung. Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan bauran komunikasi pemasaran yang dilakukan belum berjalan maksimal ialah belum selesainya program revitalisasi Banten Lama (2018-2020) yang bertujuan menata ulang Kawasan Banten Lama agar sesuai dengan standar nasional. Kata Kunci: Bauran komunikasi pemasaran, pariwisata, wisata religius, Banten This study aims to analyze the management of the Old Banten Sultanate religious tourism with a marketing mix management model in order to strengthen the branding of the pilgrimage object. Identification of the problem in this study is the concept of religious tourism management which aims to improve the management of the Old Banten Sultanate and the marketing communication mix process to strengthen the image of the Banten Sultanate. This research is qualitative research. The characteristic of this research is systemic, subjectivist and analytic. The data collection technique of this study uses in-depth interviews, observations, and literature studies. The results of this study indicate that the tourism management of the Sultanate of Banten has implemented marketing communication mix, except direct marketing. One of the factors that caused the implementation of the marketing communication mix not optimal is the completion of the Banten Lama's revitalization program (2018-2020) which aims to rearrange the Old Banten Region to conform national standards. Keywords: Marketing communication mix, tourism, religious tourism, Banten

Since the early 1990s Indonesia has attempted to increase the level of skilled attendance at birth by placing rural midwives in every village in an effort to reduce persistently high levels of maternal mortality. Yet evidence suggests that there remains insufficient incentive to ensure an equal distribution across areas while the poor in all areas continue to access skilled attendance much less than those in richer groups. We report on a survey that was conducted as part of a complex evaluation of the rural midwife programme in Banten Province, to better understand the effect of financial incentives on the distribution of midwives and use of services. Midwives obtain almost two-thirds of their income from private clinical practice. Private income is strongly associated with competence and experience. Multivariate analysis suggests that midwives are well able to earn a substantial private income even in remoter areas. Yet the study also found a high level of unwillingness to move posts to a more remote area for a variety of non-financial reasons. The results suggest that the access to skilled attendance of those unable to afford fees may be impaired by the dependence on fee income, a result supported by companion household studies. In addition, ensuring that staff live and work in remoter areas is only likely to be financially sustainable if midwives can be attracted to live in these areas early in their careers. Finally, the overall strategy of basing skilled attendance mainly on village services throughout the country may need to be re-visited, with alternative models offered in areas where it continues to be impractical even with a change in the incentive framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of employee morale and organizational commitment on organizational citizenship behavior, and determine the influence of employee morale and organizational commitment together to organizational citizenship behavior. This research includes studies explanation or explanatory research. The population in this study were all employees of the Licensing Services Agency One Stop And Investment (BPPTSP & PM) Denpasar. The samples were analyzed by 67 respondents using methods of sampling jenuh.Metode data collection was conducted through a questionnaire. Data analysis technique used is multiple regression analysis. Results of the analysis showed that the morale of employees and organizational commitment have significant positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior on employee Licensing Services Agency One Stop Investment (BPPTSP & PM) Denpasar. Employee morale and organizational commitment simultaneous positive and significant impact on organizational citizenship behavior on employee Licensing Services Agency One Stop Investment (BPPTSP & PM) Denpasar