Search

The experiment aims to evaluate the nutritional value of fermented pleurotus eryngii residue in yellow-feather broilers. 45 healthy male yellow-feather broilers (Tuhuang No.6) weighing (2.04±0.14) kg at 60 days old were randomly divided into 3 groups. Control group was fed with basal diet, groups A and B with basal diets + 20% and 30% fermented pleurotus eryngii residue, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the average daily feed intake (ADFI), energy metabolism and nutrient metabolism were measured. The experiment lasted for 13 days. The results showed as follows: the ADFI was significantly increased in groups A and B (P<0.05). The groups A and B with different substitution ratios of fermented fungus residue had a significant difference in the metabolic rates of calcium, phosphorus, and crude fiber calculated by the substitution method (P<0.05), while no significant differences were found in the metabolizable energy and nutrient metabolizable rates (P>0.05). The AME (TME) and AMEN (TMEN) of fermented fungus residue in groups A and B were 4.87, 5.21 MJ/kg (5.01, 5.39 MJ/kg) and 4.77, 5.14 MJ/kg (4.92, 5.32 MJ/kg), respectively. The total energy metabolism rate and nitrogen metabolism rate were 32.88%, 33.77% and 22.86%, 18.31%, respectively. The apparent (true) metabolic rates of DM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF were 24.24%, 22.67% (26.37%, 24.55%), 22.86%, 18.31% (31.91%, 27.45%), 58.39%, 48.92% (59.02%, 49.58%), 19.20%, 25.44% (18.99%, 25.44%), and 62.67%, 58.51% (62.38%, 58.48%), respectively. It is concluded that the substitution ratio of untested raw materials may affect the metabolic rate of calcium, phosphorus, and crude fiber calculated by the substitution method, while metabolizable energy and other nutrient metabolizable rates can be used as a data reference for the application of fermented pleurotus eryngii residue in yellow-feather broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leather industry is one of the most polluting industries in the world due to the large amounts of waste following raw hide processing but also due to the high content of chemical substances present in leather waste. The main problem with chromium-tanned leather solid waste is related to the storage, due to the ability of chromium to leach into soil or water, and also owing to the high ability of trivalent chromium to oxidize to its toxic form, hexavalent chromium. The purpose of this article is to present the most current methods of chromium extraction from solid tanned leather waste in order to obtain non-polluting leather, which can constitute secondary raw material in new industrial processes. The extraction methods identified in the present study are based on acid/basic/enzymatic hydrolysis and substitution with the help of organic chelators (organic acids and organic acid salts). In addition, this study includes a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each identified extraction method. At the same time, this study also presents alternative chromium extraction methods based on the combination of conventional extraction methods and ultrasound-assisted extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supersaturated designs (SSDs) refer to those designs in which the run size is much smaller than the main effects to be estimated. They are commonly used to identify a few, but critical, active factors from a large set of potentially active ones, keeping the cost as low as possible. In this regard, the development of new construction and analysis methods has recently seen a rapid increase. In this paper, we provide some methods to construct equi- and mixed-level E (f   N O D ) optimal SSDs with a large number of inert factors using the substitution method. The proposed methods are easy to implement, and many new SSDs can then be constructed from them. We also study a variable selection method based on the screening-selection network (SSnet) method for regression problems. A real example is analyzed to illustrate that it is able to effectively identify active factors. Eight different analysis methods are used to analyze the data generated from the proposed designs. Three scenarios with different setups of parameters are designed, and the performances of each method are illustrated by extensive simulation studies. Among all these methods, SSnet produced the most satisfactory results according to power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leather industry is one of the most polluting industries in the world due to the large amounts of waste following raw hide processing but also due to the high content of chemical substances present in leather waste. The main problem with chromium-tanned leather solid waste is related to the storage, due to the ability of chromium to leach into soil or water, and also owing to the high ability of trivalent chromium to oxidize to its toxic form, hexavalent chromium. The purpose of this article is to present the most current methods of chromium extraction from solid tanned leather waste in order to obtain non-polluting leather, which can constitute secondary raw material in new industrial processes. The extraction methods identified in the present study are based on acid/basic/enzymatic hydrolysis and substitution with the help of organic chelators (organic acids and organic acid salts). In addition, this study includes a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each identified extraction method. At the same time, this study also presents alternative chromium extraction methods based on the combination of conventional extraction methods and ultrasound-assisted extraction.

Supersaturated designs (SSDs) refer to those designs in which the run size is much smaller than the main effects to be estimated. They are commonly used to identify a few, but critical, active factors from a large set of potentially active ones, keeping the cost as low as possible. In this regard, the development of new construction and analysis methods has recently seen a rapid increase. In this paper, we provide some methods to construct equi- and mixed-level E(f NOD) optimal SSDs with a large number of inert factors using the substitution method. The proposed methods are easy to implement, and many new SSDs can then be constructed from them. We also study a variable selection method based on the screening-selection network (SSnet) method for regression problems. A real example is analyzed to illustrate that it is able to effectively identify active factors. Eight different analysis methods are used to analyze the data generated from the proposed designs. Three scenarios with different setups of parameters are designed, and the performances of each method are illustrated by extensive simulation studies. Among all these methods, SSnet produced the most satisfactory results according to power.

The most significant characteristic of the investment interventions that are the subject of this paper is that their activation periods are one year and that their cash inflows are one-time. If there are several independent operations of this type, all those with a positive net present value, and therefore an internal rate of return that is higher than the actualization rate, will be accepted. In the case of competing operations (at certain rates of actualization), especially those whose exploitation periods are different, we may have the case that one of them is better from the aspect of net present value, and the other from the aspect of internal rate of return. The decision on their proper ranking must be based on determining the net present value for exploitation periods that are mutually equal. In the paper, we analyzed two ways of equalizing exploitation periods, the method of reciprocal interventions and the method of replacement, and obtained relevant information for their ranking, which was also confirmed by the annuity method.

The most significant characteristic of the investment interventions that are the subject of this paper is that their activation periods are one year and that their cash inflows are one-time. If there are several independent operations of this type, all those with a positive net present value, and therefore an internal rate of return that is higher than the actualization rate, will be accepted. In the case of competing operations (at certain rates of actualization), especially those whose exploitation periods are different, we may have the case that one of them is better from the aspect of net present value, and the other from the aspect of internal rate of return. The decision on their proper ranking must be based on determining the net present value for exploitation periods that are mutually equal. In the paper, we analyzed two ways of equalizing exploitation periods, the method of reciprocal interventions and the method of replacement, and obtained relevant information for their ranking, which was also confirmed by the annuity method.

The site percolation threshold of the hexagonal lattice satisfies 0.656 246 < p c < 0.739 695. For comparison, the largest previous lower bound of 0.652 703… was established in 1981, and the smallest previous upper bound of 0.743 359 was derived in 2007. The bound is obtained by using the substitution method to compare the hexagonal lattice site model to an exactly-solved two-parameter site percolation model on the martini lattice. Computational reductions involving graph-welding, symmetry, non-crossing partitions, and network flow computations overcome challenges to establishing stochastic ordering between the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to study the neutrosophic integrals and integration methods, Where the method of integration by substitution is defined, and theorems have been proven useful for facilitating the calculation of integration for some neutrosophic functions from that contain indeterminacy. Also, neutrosophic trigonometric identities are defined, in addition to studying all cases of the integrating products of neutrosophic trigonometric functions. Where detailed examples were given to clarify each case.

Given that the cobweb model incorporates the properties of numerous network topologies, the cobweb circuit network based on the cobweb model has stimulated the interest of researchers. In this paper, the electrical properties of the 2 × 6 × n cobweb cascaded LC network (CCLCN) model, which is a kind of complex impedance network, was studied by using the substitution method. Firstly, the complex impedance network to be studied was transformed into the pure resistance network with the same connection mode. Secondly, according to the method of improved recursion-transform, the equivalent resistance of this pure resistance network was determined. Finally, the equivalent complex impedance of the 2 × 6 × n CCLCN model was obtained by replacing the corresponding parameters between the two networks. The findings demonstrate that the equivalent complex impedance of this network model has disparate properties in different χ ranges. In the χ ranges where ρ″ and σ″ are real numbers, the equivalent complex impedance has the same or similar monotone variation as χ for most values of n. In the χ ranges where ρ″ and σ″ are complex numbers, the equivalent complex impedance has different oscillations variation as χ when n takes on different values. The substitution method utilized in this study can be extended to solve all types of complex impedance problems of nonlinear network.

The objective was to evaluate the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) and metabolisable energy (ME) of raw soybeans (RSB) in extruded diets for dogs by three methods (difference, regression and substitution). We also evaluated the urease and trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity, CTTAD, ME and faecal characteristics of adult dogs fed diets containing increasing RSB levels. Six dogs, distributed in a 6 × 6 Latin square design, were fed extruded diets containing 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 or 300 g of RSB/kg. Urease and TI were reduced in all diets after extrusion (p .05). The three methods can be used to determine RSB digestibility. Diet extrusion may not be able to completely deactivate the protease inhibitors present in the RSB.Highlights Extrusion may not be able to deactivate protease inhibitors of raw soybeans. Raw soybeans reduce nutrient digestibility of extruded diets in dogs. The substitution method is recommended to evaluate digestibility of raw soybeans.

In order to study the ratio and mechanical properties of replacement materials for invisible capping beam, the appropriate admixture content test and hardening concrete strength test were carried out to study the optimal admixture content to meet the requirements of repairing concrete. C40 early-strength concrete suitable for repairing invisible capping beam was prepared. The effects of high pressure water washing and grooving on interfacial bonding strength were compared under the condition of suitable admixture content. By single point loading test on three test beams, the strength of concrete repairing invisible capping beam prepared by admixture was measured. The results showed that in the condition of C40 early-strength concrete with moderate setting time, 3 d compressive strength of more than 34 MPa and 3 d splitting strength of more than 2. 72 MPa, NG content was controlled at 0. 1%-0. 2%. Grooving and high-pressure water washing on C40 concrete interface can improve the bonding strength of concrete interface. The C40 early-strength concrete can meet the actual requirements when it is used for repairing the invisible capping beam. This study can provide reference for the fast repair of invisible capping beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the purpose of this article is to study the neutrosophic integrals and integration methods, Where the method of integration by substitution is defined, and theorems have been proven useful for facilitating the calculation of integration for some neutrosophic functions from that contain indeterminacy. Also, neutrosophic trigonometric identities are defined, in addition to studying all cases of the integrating products of neutrosophic trigonometric functions. Where detailed examples were given to clarify each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background To investigate the effect of resistant starch (RS) on acute glycemic or insulinemic responses, the FDA indicates that control and RS-enriched foods must contain equivalent amounts of digestible carbohydrate. However, RS-containing foods typically contain less digestible carbohydrate per serving than control foods. Thus, controlling for digestible carbohydrate may yield different responses as compared with controlling for serving size. Objective The aim was to compare the postprandial metabolic responses to native wheat starch (NWS) versus RS type 4 (RS4) using digestible carbohydrate–matched portions compared with weight-matched portions. Methods A single-blind, randomized-controlled crossover trial examined glycemic and insulinemic responses over 2 h following consumption of 4 cracker conditions and a dextrose beverage in apparently healthy participants (n  = 14). Crackers provided 50 g of digestible carbohydrate using the FDA's meal-intervention protocol or 35 g of carbohydrate by weight for the marketplace substitution method. Crackers differed only by the type of starch additive: NWS (MidsolTM 50; MGP Ingredient, Inc.) or RS4 (Fibersym® RW; MGP Ingredients, Inc.). Glucose concentrations were assessed at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min; insulin concentrations were measured at baseline and 30, 60, and 120 min. Results There were no significant differences between 50 g digestible carbohydrate cracker conditions for glucose or insulin incremental AUC (iAUC). The 35 g carbohydrate by weight conditions were not different for glucose iAUC [mean (95% CI): 35 g NWS: 1317 (677, 2169); 35 g RS4: 701 (262, 1351); P  > 0.05]. However, insulin iAUC was lower following 35 g RS4 compared with 35 g NWS [35 g RS4: 92 (1, 259); 35 g NWS: 697 (397, 1080); P  < 0.01]. Conclusions In healthy adults, consumption of RS4 crackers decreased postprandial insulin responses compared with NWS crackers when using the marketplace substitution method compared with the FDA standard testing method, with similar postprandial glucose responses. Comparisons of the FDA standard testing method and the marketplace substitution method should be investigated further to elucidate differential physiological impacts on consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) and metabolisable energy (ME) of raw soybeans (RSB) in extruded diets for dogs by three methods (difference, regression and substitution). We also evaluated the urease and trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity, CTTAD, ME and faecal characteristics of adult dogs fed diets containing increasing RSB levels. Six dogs, distributed in a 6 × 6 Latin square design, were fed extruded diets containing 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 or 300 g of RSB/kg. Urease and TI were reduced in all diets after extrusion (p <.01), but TI was not completely inactivated. The inclusion of RSB linearly reduced (p <.01) the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter and crude protein (CP) and linearly increased (p <.05) the digestibility of fat and gross energy and the ME of diets. The CTTAD of DM, CP and fat, and ME of RSB, predicted by the substitution method were: 0.767, 0.758, 0.960 and 20.7 MJ/kg, respectively. The dietary inclusion of RSB reduced faecal DM content and promoted a quadratic increase (p <.01) of pH and ammonia. Increasing RSB in diet reduced CTTAD estimate errors (p <.05). When 300 g of RSB were added per kg of diet, CTTAD of RSB estimated by the three methods did not differ (p>.05). The three methods can be used to determine RSB digestibility. Diet extrusion may not be able to completely deactivate the protease inhibitors present in the RSB. Extrusion may not be able to deactivate protease inhibitors of raw soybeans. Raw soybeans reduce nutrient digestibility of extruded diets in dogs. The substitution method is recommended to evaluate digestibility of raw soybeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study was conducted to compare different methods on effective energy evaluation of corn silage for beef cattle. Methods Twenty Wandong bulls (Chinese indigenous yellow cattle) with initial body weight of 281±15.6 kg, were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 4 animals per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Five dietary treatments included group 1 with corn silage only diet, group 2 with corn silage-concentrate basal diet (BD) and 3 groups with 3 test diets, which were the BD partly substituted by corn silage at 10%, 30%, and 60%. The total collection digestion trial was conducted for 5 d for each block after a 10-d adaptation period, and then an open-circuit respiratory cage was used to measure the gas exchange of each animal in a consecutive 4-d period. Results The direct method-derived metabolizable energy and net energy of corn silage were 8.86 and 5.15 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), expressed as net energy requirement for maintenance and gain were 5.28 and 2.90 MJ/kg DM, respectively; the corresponding regression method-derived estimates were 8.96, 5.34, 5.37, and 2.98 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The direct method-derived estimates were not different (p>0.05) from those obtained using the regression method. Using substitution method, the nutrient apparent digestibility and effective energy values of corn silage varied with the increased corn silage substitution ratio (p

Although the substitution idea has been used occasionally in some engineering structures to study vibration characteristics, it is still short of systematic study in the vibrational engineering field. We summarize the techniques of the substitution method in this paper and apply such skill further to continuous and nonlinear systems, by which the dimension of the system can be reduced. By illustrated examples of frequency analysis on Timoshenko beam and composite sandwich structure, the substitution method has verified to be valid and efficient. The gyroscopic systems, represented by both rotating structures and orbits around libration points have also been presented to show the power of substitution method. Illustrated by the current examples, it is concluded that the substitution method has wide potential applications via studying the functional relations among all the degree-of-freedoms (DOFs) of non-gyroscopic or gyroscopic systems. • Substitution idea for non-gyroscopic and gyroscopic systems is investigated. • Complex ratios are used in the gyroscopic case. • Efficiency is validated in the study of continuous and nonlinear systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with determination of uncertainty and individual contributions to the measurement uncertainty on the CMM SIOS NNM-1 instrument fitted with the touch-probe scanning system Gannen XP. Manufacturer SIOS designates this machine as nano-CMM. Two non-simulation methods to determine the measurement uncertainty, the substitution and multi-position methods are addressed in detail [Sramek, Jankovych 2018]. Ruby balls with various nominal diameters are used as the measured objects. One simulation method to determine the measurement uncertainty, the Monte Carlo method, is also addressed in this paper. The paper also summarizes and specifies calculation methods to determine the measurement uncertainty, and provides results of representative sets of measurements, including determination of the expanded measurement uncertainty. This paper contains novel conclusions in the area of uncertainty measurement of nano-CMMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, superhydrophobic Sn thin film based on Zn substrate was prepared by simple substitution method. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the chemical composition and structural phase of the film, and the metallographic analyzer was employed to characterize the morphology of Sn film. The results showed that Sn metal and its corresponding Sn/Zn metal oxides formed a special micro/nano composite structure on the surface of Sn thin film. The morphology of Sn film is a composite structure consisting of micro-nano lines and micro-nano particles via the observation. In addition, the water contact angle was used to demonstrate the wettability of the film surface. Specifically, the water contact angle of Sn thin film based on Zn substrate exceeded 150°, which showed its superhydrophobic property. In detail, the influence of the surfactant to achieve a superhydrophobic surface was studied by changing the concentration of each component. By contrast, the best component content for superhydrophobic surface was including 0.02 M SnCl2, 0.01 M diluted sulfuric acid, and 0.05 M stearic acid solution, respectively. It should be mentioned that the superhydrophobicity of metal surface is a very important property of mechanical engineering and structural material, even an application on corrosion protection of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research describes one of the first attempts to study the relative propensity of young drivers in Jordan to cause a traffic crash under different circumstances including driver's age, gender, number of vehicles involved, location, severity of crash, environmental conditions and time of crash. The Quasi Induced Exposure Method was used with police report crashes between 2010 and 2014 for young drivers of age = 26. The Relative Crash Involvement Ratio disaggregated into specific groups of the driver population was calculated only for single and two vehicle crashes. The substitution method was used for estimating the two vehicle RCIR confidence interval while the normal approximation technique was used for estimating the single vehicle RCIR confidence interval. The results showed that for both single and two vehicles crashes, young male drivers of age = 18 years old are 98-120% more likely to get involved in a crash than female drivers of the same age group, young drivers are up to 28% more likely to cause a single vehicle crash and up to 112% more likely to cause a two vehicle crash during weekdays than weekends, young drivers of age = 18 are more likely to get involved in a traffic crash during winter and summer seasons, young drivers are 73% and 78% more likely to get involved in a single vehicle crash on local roads than on collector and arterials roads respectively, also they are 65% and 72% more likely to get involved in a two vehicle crash on local roads than on collector and arterials roads respectively, younger drivers of age = 18 are four times more likely to get involved in a single vehicle crash than other young drivers age groups, young drivers involved in a single vehicle crash are four to six times more likely to get exposed to major injury than fatality or minor injury, while young drivers involved in a two vehicle crashes are as twice as likely to get involved in a fatal crash than injury crash. Also it was found that young drivers crash risk increase under poor environmental conditions. Finally, the problem of young drivers' safety was mainly related to young drivers' lack of experience, countermeasures to improve young drivers' driving skills were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper describes a method analogous to the airborne sound source substitution method, to estimate the vibrational power injected by a structure-borne sound source into the supporting building element. The injected vibrational power is required for prediction of the structure-borne sound pressure from vibrating equipment in buildings. The paper focuses on high-mobility sources connected to low-mobility receivers, a situation which is commonly encountered in heavyweight construction. The mobility mismatch simplifies the transformation of laboratory measurement data to prediction of transmitted power in-situ. Three case studies were performed. In the first study, the power injected by a simple test source into a resiliently supported aluminium plate was determined using direct and indirect methods. Source substitution was investigated with different calibration options: steady-state excitation, transient excitation, and spatial averaging. The source power could be determined within 4 dB, compared with direct measurements of the injected power. In the second study, the power injected by a second source into a concrete transmission suite floor was determined. The third study was of a combined heating and power unit on a masonry wall. In this study, a reference sound pressure level in a receiver room was calculated and compared with a criterion curve for the assessment of low-frequency noise complaints. The case studies demonstrate that structure-borne sound source substitution is a promising development of the reception plate method. While the latter can be used if a free reception plate is available, the former circumvents problems of determining the transmitted power into coupled plates and therefore has application to real building conditions. The use of the instrumented hammer for the calibration and the use of spatial averaging significantly simplify the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on determination of uncertainty and individual contributions to the measurement uncertainty on the nano-CCM NNM-1 instrument fitted with the touch-probe scanning system Gannen XP. Ruby ball diameters with various nominal diameters are used as the measured objects. Two main methods to determine the measurement uncertainty, the substitution and multi-position methods are addressed in detail. The paper also summarizes and specifies calculation methods to determine the measurement uncertainty, and provides results of representative sets of measurements, including determination of the expanded measurement uncertainty, in a new, unpublished way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a writing system with a large number of signs, in particular in the case of a pictorial script, some similarity of two graphic designs is an insufficient basis for considering them to have the same reading value. This paper seeks to apply concepts developed in the graphic analysis of other pictorial writing systems to the still undeciphered script of Rapa Nui (Easter Island). The following technical terms are adapted and defined from both theoretical and practical points of view: sign, reading value, graphic design, allograph, graphic variant, seeming graphic variant, iconic formula, and complete, incomplete and false substitution. A modified version of the substitution method (method of inverse sign substitution) is proposed for verifying equivalences and differences between readings values corresponding to the graphic designs analysed in this paper. This method is based on the assumption that two graphic designs that possess the same reading value are in free distribution, so the probability of sign substitution between them should be close to the probability obtained by multiplying the probabilities of their occurrences in texts. Application of these technical concepts to the parallel texts discovered by Boris Kudrjavtzev shows that many graphically similar signs with different reading values have not been previously recognised. This conservative graphic analysis also has permitted the identification of allographs in the strict sense of the word, i.e., signs that look different but possess the same reading value. However, technically speaking, “allograph” in the strict sense of the word is an antonym for “graphic variant”. It is suggested that the method of iconic formulae provides a useful foundation for future iconographic analysis of the highly pictorial signs of the Kohau Rongorongo script. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]