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Den EU-Binnenmarkt zu schützen ist fundamentale Grundvoraussetzung für die Existenz und den Fortbestand der Europäischen Union. Im Lichte dessen wurde am 14. Dezember 2022 die VO 2560/2022 zur Regulierung verzerrender drittstaatlicher Subventionen auf dem EU-Binnenmarkt erlassen. Sie trat im Januar 2023 in Kraft. Das neue Regelungsregime ist dabei ein Novum; überwindet es bisherige klassische dogmatische Grenzen auf EU-Ebene, verbindet klassisch kartellrechtliche Elemente, Elemente des EU-Beihilferechts, des EU-Vergaberechts und des EU-Außenwirtschaftsrechts mit dem Ziel, den EU-Binnenmarkt robuster gegenüber Verzerrungen durch drittstaatliche Subventionen zu machen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung macht es sich zur Aufgabe, die neue Verordnung umfassend auf ihre Rechtmäßigkeit im Sinne der aufzuzeigenden Problemstellung hin zu untersuchen. Dabei liegt den Ausführungen insgesamt die These und deren Überprüfung zugrunde, dass die Verordnung zukünftig keine, wie teilweise gefordert, faktisch völlige Gleichbehandlung zwischen mitgliedstaatlichen Beihilfen und drittstaatlichen Subventionen sichert, die Verordnung gleichwohl aber zum Schutz fairer Wettbewerbsbedingungen auf dem EU-Binnenmarkt beitragen wird.

The European Union is one of the most outward-oriented economies in the world, and free trade is one of its founding principles. As such, instruments intended to ensure that international trade is conducted on a level playing field have been part of the EU's policy toolbox since the beginning of European integration. Adapting to the current changes in international trade, these instruments have since undergone major reforms. This work provides an overview of the EU's legal framework on the use of its trade defence instruments, in particular measures under the Trade Barriers Regulation, the Basic Anti-Dumping Regulation and the Basic-Anti Subsidy Regulation. The book shares valuable insights into how EU institutions currently apply these instruments and places their application in the broader political context in which international trade takes place, which has been shaped e.g. by developments related to the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU and the ongoing blockade of the WTO Appellate Body.

This book deals with de minimis aid and demonstrates that it is both a sui generis legal concept in the context of State aid and subject to a complex regime. On the one hand, it is a sui generis concept in that (i) it seeks to strike a balance between simplifying the grant process and not distorting competition in the internal market, while being a tool that Member States are able to apply easily and (ii) it is subject to ex ante control by Member States. On the other hand, it is complex in that (i) it requires determining the sectors of economic activity it applies to; (ii) a few notions specific to the regime are not easy to understand, such as the notion of'single undertaking'; and (iii) it requires combining four de minimis regimes (one general and three special), which in turn requires reconciling those regimes with each other and with other aid, not least because of the cumulation rules. Lastly, these particularities were also reflected in the recovery regime for unlawful de minimis aid. Aimed at lawyers, legal consultants and those working in undertakings as well as students, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the current de minimis regimes and is clear and complete, while also proposing a fresh view on the area of EU State aid law. Ricardo Pedro is Researcher at the Centro de Investigação de Direito Público (CIDP), Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.

The fourth edition of Conor Quigley's highly acclaimed book provides lawyers, regulators and public officials with a definitive statement of the law and practice of State Aid. The book places State Aid law and policy in its economic, commercial and industrial context, exploring the concept of State Aid and its function as a tool of EU law.All of this is achieved by a thorough examination of the jurisprudence of the European Courts and the decisions, legislation and guidelines of the Commission in declaring aid compatible or incompatible with the internal market.The fourth edition includes new chapters on: - COVID-19 and Ukraine emergency measures- Brexit- EU foreign subsidy regulation- UK Subsidies Control and updated guidelines and block exemption regulations on:- Regional aid- R&D&I - Environmental protection and climate change

This revised and updated Research Handbook on European State Aid Law brings together established academics and practitioners to provide a wide-ranging coverage of the field. Incorporating political science, economics and the law in its analysis, it provides a strong overview of the salient issues in State aid law and policy.Chapters address the significance of State aid to various aspects of the political and legal systems of the Member States, including taxation, the financial sector, and the interplay between EU rules on State aid, free movement and public procurement. The Research Handbook further examines the application of the State aid rules to major sectors of the EU economy and introduces brand new themes for State aid analysis, such as arbitration, social services and the impact of Brexit.Featuring theoretical explorations and empirical studies, this Research Handbook will be crucial reading for scholars and researchers of EU State aid law, especially those searching for new avenues of research. It will also be a useful reference point for officials in national governments and the European Commission who are engaged in the State aid approval process. Judges hoping to expand their knowledge of EU State aid law and policy will also benefit from this insightful Research Handbook.

Public services or more precisely, to use the EU's terminology, services of general economic interest have traditionally played a vital role in the normal functioning of the society in the Member States. Yet, their equity or non-economic components have often caused tensions with the internal market components, such as the free movement of production factors, competition and economic efficiency. To put it simply, their place within the internal market has been for a long time a persistent irritant in the European public debate. However, the situation has changed over time, in particular after the Lisbon Treaty which introduced the “new context” which seems to be more friendly to services of general economic interest than ever before. In this regard it is worth noting that, given the place occupied by services of general economic interest in the shared values of the EU as well as their role in promoting social and territorial cohesion, the EU and the Member States, each within their respective powers and within the scope of application of the Treaties, must take care that such services operate on the basis of principles and conditions, particularly economic and financial conditions, which enable them to fulfil their missions. It is a kind of joint responsibility for the effective provision of services of general economic interest which indicates that also the EU institutions must accept them as a building block of the European (market) integration process. In fact, the recent case law seems to support this thesis. The Post-Lisbon state of play in the discussed field is in the center of the book but for practical reasons it also offers a broader view to a reader. The book consists of the three interrelated chapters which relate in one way or another to services of general economic interest and corresponding supranational legal framework. The latter is par excellence topic of the EU (law). The introductory chapter is designed as the EU law toolkit which explains the values and aims of the EU, its competences and institutional structure, the fundamental legal principles and concepts which are of particular importance for services of general economic interest. This is followed by the second chapter, which sets the scene by explaining the socio-political background at the both levels, national and supranational. In addition, the second chapter discusses the concept of services of general economic interest and related concepts. The third chapter is the very core of the book because it discusses the present EU's legal framework for services of general economic interest. In addition to the general and sector-specific hard law, it includes most relevant case law and soft law. The main emphasis is, however, on the primary (constitutional) EU law, predominantly on the part relating market competition, e.g. Art. 101–109 TFEU, and on the part which directly address services of general economic interest, e.g. Art. 14 and the related Protocol, Art. 106(2) TFEU, and Art. 36 CFREU. As such, the book could be interesting for all those who, in one way or another, deal with public services or services of general economic interest. Namely, the book is primarily oriented towards experts dealing with those services within the EU, however, due to its structure as well as gradualist and systematical approach, it can reach other readers as well and enable them to understand the EU's legal framework for services of general economic interest.

This new edition of an immensely useful book follows the same proven format as its predecessors, updates its analysis of case law with hundreds of new decisions by the courts of the European Union (EU), and thus remains the quickest source of reference for practitioners working with EU State aid matters. Following a highly organized sequence of subject headings, it presents extracts from all judgments and orders of both the Court of Justice and the General Court of the EU on the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) rules on State aids. All the relevant case law of both courts until the end of 2018 is covered. There is a new chapter on legal protection and additional material on the concept of State aid, advantages for undertakings, selectivity, forms of State aid, procedures and unlawful aids. With this book practitioners will quickly find relevant paragraphs and full citations regarding all issues raised by Articles 107–109 TFEU, including the following and much more: territorial scope of State aids; Article 107(1) EC and WTO Agreements; conditions for categorizing a national measure as State aid; free movement of goods; undertakings; private versus public investment; justification of selective measures; interstate trade and competition; tax measures; restructuring aids; procedural aspects; and locus standi of trade associations. In many areas, the extracts relate to points of the judgments which are not or only partially covered in official summaries. For accessibility of this case law, this updated edition of the preeminent analysis of EU State aid case law has no peers. Practitioners in this key area of EU competition law will find this book indispensable.

New Perspectives on Fiscal State Aid Legitimacy and Effectiveness of Fiscal State Aid Control Edited by Carla De Pietro Based on a project co-funded by the European Commission, this book focuses on fiscal state aid – an increasingly important topic – with a number of high-profile cases ongoing and with serious implications for sustainable growth and the future of the internal market. The project, conducted by four universities, consisted in seminars, workshops and a final conference aimed at training national tax judges from the four different countries involved (Austria, Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands), with discussion and reflection by international academics and other tax professionals who participated as speakers and/or discussants. This book presents an in-depth analysis of the topics the project dealt with, taking a giant step towards defining the connection between effective state aid control, its legitimacy and a desirable functioning of the internal market for the twenty-first century. The core elements of this fundamental analysis include the following: selectivity as applied in the case law of the Court of Justice; whether and to what extent state aid law limits European Union (EU) Member States in designing anti-tax avoidance measures; protection of legitimate expectations; to what extent national judges are required to apply state aid rules ex officio; powers of national judges in connection with the national obligation of guaranteeing an immediate and effective recovery on the basis of an order issued by the European Commission; and connection between legitimacy of state aid law and effectiveness of state aid control. The book includes a thorough investigation of the notion of fiscal state aid, also by focusing on the most recent decisions of the European Commission concerning mismatches. Representing, as it does, an important and concrete contribution to the intense debate about the interpretation of the notion of fiscal state aid, with different normative views about the goals and functions of control, this book will stimulate solutions in terms of legitimacy of fiscal state aid control that also take into consideration the most desirable functioning of the internal market. It will be welcomed not only by academics in taxation and EU law but also by national tax judges, tax authorities and practitioners.

Das Europäische Beihilfenrecht (Art. 107 und 108 AEUV) verankert ein grundsätzliches Verbot nationaler Begünstigungen zugunsten von Unternehmen, von dem nur die Europäische Kommission eine Ausnahme erteilen kann. Dieses Politikfeld der EU ist daher von großer Relevanz für alle nationalen Stellen, weil sämtliche finanzwirksamen Maßnahmen auf die Einhaltung dieser Vorgaben überprüft werden müssen. Das betrifft auch die kommunale Ebene. Hinzu kommt, dass bestimmte Bereiche des EU-Beihilfenrechts infolge von unionalen Rechtsakten in die unmittelbare Anwendung überführt wurden. Der vorliegende Band entfaltet die Bedeutung des EU-Beihilfenrechts für die Kommunen anhand einer Behandlung aktueller kommunalrelevanter beihilfenrechtlicher Sachverhalte. In den einzelnen Kapiteln werden die einschlägigen Probleme analysiert und Lösungsmöglichkeiten für beihilfenrechtskonforme Gestaltung aufgezeigt.

This EYIEL Special Issue is devoted to the European Union's Trade Defence Instruments (TDIs). The recent legislative changes at the EU level are indicative of global policy trends and legal challenges surrounding trade remedies law. Although TDI measures have always been a fiercely debated topic in international economic law, they have received increased attention in recent years. This book offers a comprehensive and insightful legal analysis of the recent legislative changes at the EU level and investigates TDIs in the context of regional trade relationships, including the United Kingdom in post-Brexit times. Beyond the EU, it examines the national trade defence law frameworks of important trading partners such as Switzerland, the United States, China and Vietnam.The selected contributions in this edited volume examine the recent trends in trade defence law from a legal and practical perspective and offer analytical insights from EU officials, legal practitioners and leading academics. A unique collection of essays in a changed global framework, this EYIEL Special Issue provides an up-to-date overview of the state of play of trade defence in the EU and around the globe.

This important new work offers a comprehensive and compelling account of State aid law and policy and its application to the energy sector. Clearly structured and offering meticulous detail and robust analysis, it is required reading for all practitioners in the field. The volume explores general questions from the definition of State aid to its application in Member States by national courts. It also examines questions of procedure, questions of compatibility, and State aid and the EEA. It is an invaluable tool for lawyers, policymakers and tax professionals specialising in State aid law and energy law, written by a team of leading practitioners and academics in the field.

This book explores the tools that the European rules on State aid place in the hands of competitors when it comes to fighting subsidies and other state measures of financial assistance to firms. In order to do so, the book scrutinises the means of redress available to competitors before national courts (private enforcement), as well as the opportunities that they have to make their voice heard in the course of the European Commission's enforcement procedures (public enforcement). The insights provided by the book lead to a better understanding of the rights of private parties under the rules and practices that govern the enforcement of State aid law.

Dagmar Liebscher setzt sich mit der Frage der adäquaten Gestaltung der Kostenrechnung unter Beachtung des EU-Beihilferechts im Bereich Forschung, Entwicklung und Innovation an Hochschulen auseinander. Ziel ist es, ein Kostenrechnungssystem so auszugestalten, dass es diesen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen genügt. Dafür werden Anforderungen aus der Rechtsnorm an die Kostenrechnung abgeleitet. Die Autorin diskutiert mögliche Ausgestaltungsvarianten theoretisch und erarbeitet Gestaltungsempfehlungen für die Praxis, die anhand der Anforderungen bewertet werden. Durch die Umsetzung dieser Gestaltungsempfehlungen werden Hochschulen in die Lage versetzt, den EU-Anforderungen besser gerecht zu werden als bisher.

How has the evolution and transformation of the Common Market affected the legal concept of State aid? How has State aid adapted to the development of the European Union? These questions and more are answered in Juan Jorge Piernas López's examination of the historical, political, constitutional, and economical events that have affected the development of State aid in the EU. Examining three key, interwoven arguments, this book provides a richer understanding of current formulas which depict the concept of aid through the prism of policy and enforcement considerations. First, the book demonstrates that the concept of aid is a'living instrument'that has been applied in accordance with the main policy priorities of the European Commission. Second, contrary to what has been affirmed in other literature, the evolution of this concept has been influenced by the broader advancement of the case law of the Court of Justice in different periods of the integration process. Third, the author contends that the study of the evolution of the concept of aid in light of policy and case law provides a holistic outlook valuable to the decision making process of difficult cases. In this regard, the book provides criteria to interpret and discuss cases including Sloman Neptun, Philip Morris, and Azores, beyond the analysis traditionally adopted in this field.

Diese Arbeit stellt die mit der globalen Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise einhergehenden Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet des europäischen Beihilferechts dar. Diese sind der Ausgangspunkt für die kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage, ob sich das Beihilferecht in der Krise bewährt hat. In diesem Rahmen wird untersucht, ob die Kommission grundsätzlich an der neuen Praxis des Beihilferechts festhalten sollte, was zu dessen Weiterentwicklung geboten ist und ob beziehungsweise inwieweit es einer grundlegenden Neuorientierung bedarf. Die Verfasserin kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich das Beihilferecht insgesamt bewährt hat und es somit keiner grundsätzlichen Neuorientierung bedarf.

Recent years have seen the rise of EU State aid law as a crucial component of the European economic constitution. To date, however, the literature has neglected the contribution of this area of EU law to the internal market. This book seeks to fill this gap in our understanding of the economic constitution by exploring the significance of State aid law in addressing questions that go to the core of the internal market project. It does so by examining the case law relating to three different activities that Member States engage in: market participation, market regulation, and funding for Services of General Economic Interest. Each of these areas offers insights into fundamental questions surrounding the economic constitution, such as the separation between the State and the market, the scope for Member States to engage in regulatory competition, and the tension between market and nonmarket concerns.

This book provides an essential overview of how EU State aid rules are applied in practice by national courts across the 27 Member States. Revised in 2010, it is based on the update of the Commission Study on Enforcement of State Aid Law at National Level conducted by Hogan Lovells in 2009 and on an analysis of more than 660 cases. The book is made up of 27 national reports, in which the relevant legal framework of each EU Member State is detailed and analysed with references to landmark relevant court cases on the application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU. The reports place specific emphasis on the role played by national courts in private enforcement and the rights of action offered to competitors and other third parties in the field of State aid. They are also available online on www.concurrences.com for the State Aid Thesaurus. This analysis offers national judges, national and EU officials, lawyers and interested parties (grantors, beneficiaries, third parties, investors) an extensive and practical overview of the remedies available before national courts in State aid issues.

Das große Praxishandbuch zum EU-Beihilfenrecht.EU-BeihilfenrechtDas Werk ist eine überarbeitete, erweiterte, auf den internationalen Praktiker ausgerichtete Fassung des in deutscher Sprache erschienenen »Handbuch des Europäischen Beihilfenrechts«. Es berücksichtigt die Änderungen durch den State Aid Action Plan sowie die Maßnahmen der Kommission im Hinblick auf die Situation nach der Finanzkrise.Aus dem InhaltVerhältnis von Beihilfe zum VergaberechtTatbestand der BeihilfeVereinbarkeit von Beihilfen mit dem Gemeinsamen Markt gem. Art. 87 Abs. 2 und 3 EGVGruppenfreistellungsverordnungenÖffentliche UnternehmenVerfahren vor der Kommission nach VO 659/1999 des RatesVerfahren vor den Gemeinschaftsgerichten

Nach dem Urteil des Europäischen Gerichtshofs in der Rechtssache «Altmark Trans» stellen Ausgleichsleistungen der öffentlichen Hand zur Erbringung gemeinwirtschaftlicher Verpflichtungen Beihilfen im Sinne des Art. 87 Abs. 1 EG dar, wenn im Rahmen ihrer Gewährung die vom Gerichtshof entwickelten «Altmark-Kriterien» nicht eingehalten werden. Damit stellt sich die Frage, welche Bedeutung möglichen Verstößen gegen das EG-Beihilfenrecht im Rahmen mitgliedsstaatlicher Verwaltungsentscheidungen zukommt. Dies wirft interessante Fragen des Zusammenspiels der gemeinschaftsrechtlichen und nationalen Rechtsnormen auf, hat aber auch erhebliche Folgeaspekte der Praktikabilität. Am Beispiel personenbeförderungsrechtlicher Genehmigungsverfahren im chronisch defizitären straßengebundenen Öffentlichen Personennahverkehr untersucht der Autor, ob die Frage beihilfenrechtskonformer Finanzierung bereits Gegenstand wirtschaftsverwaltungsrechtlicher Genehmigungsentscheidungen sein muss oder ausschließlich der Europäischen Kommission vorbehalten ist. Die Untersuchung kommt nach einer umfassenden Auslegung der einschlägigen Rechtsnormen zu dem Ergebnis, dass eine Pflicht zur Berücksichtigung von Beihilfenfragen bereits im wirtschaftsverwaltungsrechtlichen Genehmigungsverfahren aus dem Gemeinschaftsrecht und deutschem Verfassungsrecht folgt. Die für den Bereich des Öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs im Dezember 2009 in Kraft getretene EG-Verordnung 1370/07 steht diesem Ergebnis nicht entgegen.

An examination of the legal framework of the EU internal market as established in the case law of the European Court of Justice, discussing in particular EC competition law, the free movement of goods, services, persons and capital and the evolution of the interpretation of the provisions. The'State'has been retreating from direct intervention in economic life as more goods and services, the provision of which was once thought to be a'public'responsibility, are delivered through market mechanisms. Given the need for consistent application of EC law in the internal market, a common core conception of public authority, shielded from the discipline of EC competition law, is needed. The resulting realignment of public and private functions and responsibilities is not a linear and coherent process, especially in light of the changing nature of the European legal integration project and the progressive incorporation of non-economic values in the Treaties.

Das Beihilfenrecht hat mittlerweile in Wissenschaft und Praxis stark an Bedeutung gewonnen, von einer die praktischen Bedürfnisse befriedigenden dogmatischen Durchdringung dieser Materie kann jedoch nach wie vor nicht die Rede sein. Folko Bührles Untersuchung des Beihilfenwesens und des Beihilfenrechts erstreckt sich von der theoretisch-außerrechtlichen, über die verfassungs- und allgemein europarechtliche Problematik bis hin zu den konkreten Problemen der einzelnen Tatbestandsmerkmale des Beihilfenverbots. Er behandelt grundlegende rechtliche und außerrechtliche Fragen, die doch letztlich bei der Rechtsanwendung im konkreten zu beantworten sind. Das Beihilfenrecht liegt inmitten des gleichermaßen politischen wie rechts- und wirtschaftstheoretischen Problemkreises der Abgrenzung zwischen ökonomischer und staatlicher sowie zwischen privater und hoheitlicher (nationaler wie europäischer) Sphäre. Diese Problematik spitzt sich im Beihilfenrecht in der Frage zu, wo und nach welchen Kriterien zwischen verbotener Protektion und erlaubter Gestaltung unterschieden werden muß. Lösungsansätze insbesondere zur Kompetenzabgrenzung und zur Zügelung einer Gemeinschaft, die zusehends ihre Rolle als Schutzmacht des Marktes gegen die eines sachpolitischen Gestalters vertauscht, sieht der Autor in der strikten Einhaltung eines klar bestimmten beihilferechtlichen Funktionsrahmens, im entsprechend konkretisierten Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz oder auch in einer je nach Integrationsstand differenzierten Verteilung von Einschätzungsprärogative und Beweislast.

Die Rolle der nationalen Gerichte bei der Anwendung des gemeinschaftlichen Beihilferechts rückt zunehmend in den Blickpunkt des wissenschaftlichen Interesses. Dies nimmt die Verfasserin zum Anlass für eine eingehende Auseinandersetzung mit Aufgaben, Befugnissen und Stellung der mitgliedstaatlichen Gerichte bei der Anwendung der EG-Beihilferegeln auf die staatliche Subventionstätigkeit. Ute Reußow zeigt auf, dass eine klare Aufgabentrennung zwischen der Europäischen Kommission und den nationalen Gerichten im Bereich der Beihilfekontrolle besteht. Sie begründet, warum nach der gegenwärtigen Konzeption des EG-Beihilferechts die materielle Beihilfeüberwachung im Wesentlichen der Kommission vorbehalten bleiben muss und in welchem Umfang insoweit eine Einbindung der nationalen Gerichte erfolgen kann. Die formelle Beihilfekontrolle erfolgt bereits weitestgehend dezentral. Dort, wo der Schutz des Einzelnen bzw. die Interessen des Gemeinsamen Marktes es erfordern, verfügen nationale Gerichte und Kommission über parallele Befugnisse. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit stellt die Autorin die verschiedenen möglichen beihilferechtlichen Klagekonstellationen auf nationaler Ebene dar. Die Verfasserin schließt mit der Untersuchung des Zusammenspiels kommunitärer und nationaler Kontrollbefugnisse. Die Kontrolltätigkeit der nationalen Gerichte ergänzt die auf EG-Ebene erfolgende Beihilfeüberwachung und entlastet die Kommission. Weiteres Entlastungspotential birgt für die Zukunft die materielle Vereinbarkeitskontrolle. Ausgezeichnet mit dem Promotionspreis der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald 2004.