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Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the key barriers in chemotherapy, leading to the generation of insensitive cancer cells towards administered therapy. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of the cells are the consequences of MDR, resulted in drug resistivity, which reflects in impaired delivery of cytotoxic agents to the cancer site. Nanotechnology-based nanocarriers have shown immense shreds of evidence in overcoming these problems, where these promising tools handle desired dosage load of hydrophobic chemotherapeutics to facilitate designing of safe, controlled and effective delivery to specifically at tumor microenvironment. Therefore, encapsulating drugs within the nano-architecture have shown to enhance solubility, bioavailability, drug targeting, where co-administered P-gp inhibitors have additionally combat against developed MDR. Moreover, recent advancement in the stimuli-sensitive delivery of nanocarriers facilitates a tumor-targeted release of the chemotherapeutics to reduce the associated toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents in normal cells. The present article is focused on MDR development strategies in the cancer cell and different nanocarrier-based approaches in circumventing this hurdle to establish an effective therapy against deadliest cancer disease.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects human lungs. The progression of drug-susceptible TB to drug-resistant strains, MDR-TB and XDR-TB, has become worldwide challenge in eliminating TB. The limitations of conventional TB treatment including frequent dosing and prolonged treatment, which results in patient’s noncompliance to the treatment because of treatment-related adverse effects. The non-invasive pulmonary drug administration provides the advantages of targeted-site delivery and avoids first-pass metabolism, which reduced the dose requirement and systemic adverse effects of the therapeutics. With the modification of the drugs with advanced carriers, the formulations may possess sustained released property, which helps in reducing the dosing frequency and enhanced patients’ compliances. The dry powder inhaler formulation is easy to handle and storage as it is relatively stable compared to liquids and suspension. This review mainly highlights the aerosolization properties of dry powder inhalable formulations with different anti-TB agents to understand and estimate the deposition manner of the drug in the lungs. Moreover, the safety profile of the novel dry powder inhaler formulations has been discussed. The results of the studies demonstrated that dry powder inhaler formulation has the potential in enhancing treatment efficacy.

Wounds associated with diabetes mellitus are the most severe co-morbidities, which could be progressed to cause cell necrosis leading to amputation. Statistics on the recent status of the diabetic wounds revealed that the disease affects 15% of diabetic patients, where 20% of them undergo amputation of their limb. Conventional therapies are found to be ineffective due to changes in the molecular architecture of the injured area, urging novel deliveries for effective treatment. Therefore, recent researches are on the development of new and effective wound care materials. Literature is evident in providing potential tools in topical drug delivery for wound healing under the umbrella of nanotechnology, where nano-scaffolds and nanofibers have shown promising results. The nano-sized particles are also known to promote healing of wounds by facilitating proper movement through the healing phases. To date, focuses have been made on the efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in treating the diabetic wound, where these nanoparticles are known to exploit potential biological properties in producing anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. AgNPs are also known to activate cellular mechanisms towards the healing of chronic wounds; however, associated toxicities of AgNPs are of great concern. This review is an attempt to illustrate the use of AgNPs in wound healing to facilitate this delivery system in bringing into clinical applications for a superior dressing and treatment over wounds and ulcers in diabetes patients.

The worldwide prevalence of lung cancer is amongst the greatest of all cancers, and deaths due to lung cancer are the highest. Current researches are focusing on a molecular understanding of the cancer microenvironment to obtain maximal efficacy of the projected chemotherapeutic formulations. Overexpressed receptors are frequently observed in cancer cells to assemble nutrients and to provide the needs for uncontrolled growth. In this chapter, we discuss the receptors generally overexpressed in lung cancer cells. Each receptor plays an important function at different stages of growth and tumor progression. Therefore, this discussion will be of value for researchers who aim to link the expression of these receptors to optimize and develop target-specific delivery of chemotherapeutics in order to obtain future prospects of cancer prevention with superior efficacy and decreased systemic toxicities.

Background: Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) is an annual herb with traditional appreciation for various pharmacological properties; however, the scientific information on this herb is insufficient. The aim of the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate flavonoidal fraction of A. leptophyllum fruit (FFALF) against diarrhoea on albino rats. Methods: The antidiarrhoeal study was conducted by castor oil induce diarrhoea, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced enteropooling and intestinal transit by charcoal meal test. The rats were divided into five groups (six/group). Group I served as control and received orally 2% acacia suspension; Group II served as standard and received orally loperamide (3 mg/kg) or atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg); Group III, IV and V served as test groups and received the FFALF at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg orally, respectively. Results: In castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model, the FFALF significantly (p

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of edible seaweeds Sargassum wightii and Ulva fasciata with an objective to establish these seaweeds as add-on therapy for controlling diabetes. The ethyl acetate extract of Sargassum wightii (EAS) and Ulva fasciata (EAU) at 100 and 200 mg/kg dose was examined for antidiabetic activity in the high fat diet and multi-low-dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic mice. Plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT], lipid profile, liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content, triglycerides, superoxide dismutase [SOD], body and organ weight was estimated at the end of the study. Consequently, histopathology of liver was also studied. Both EAS and EAU showed significant reduction in plasma glucose level and the area under curve [AUC] of OGTT was significantly (p

Rotigotine, a non-ergot dopamine agonist, is used in the management of early Parkinson's disease (PD) as monotherapy or an adjunct to levodopa. However, its clinical application is limited due to poor oral bioavailability (1%), high first-pass metabolism and fast plasma elimination (half-life of 5–7 h). The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate rotigotine mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (RMNE) for intranasal delivery. In this study, RMNE was developed and evaluated for physico-chemical characteristics, morphology, thermodynamic stability, in vitro release, mucoadhesive strength, and ex vivo permeation. Photon correlation spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that developed RMNE had a nanodroplet size of

Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) is an annual herb with traditional appreciation for various pharmacological properties; however, the scientific information on this herb is insufficient. The aim of the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate flavonoidal fraction of A. leptophyllum fruit (FFALF) against diarrhoea on albino rats.The antidiarrhoeal study was conducted by castor oil induce diarrhoea, prostaglandin EIn castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model, the FFALF significantly (p 0.001) reduced the frequency of diarrhoea, defecation and weight of faeces as well as increased the sodium-potassium ATPase (NaThe study reveals that the FFALF possess anti-diarrhoeal properties mediated through inhibition of hyper secretion and gastrointestinal motility which support the traditional use of the plant.