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A study was conducted to find out the effect of phytochemicals on multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in lambs. A total of 212 rectal swabs were collected from 1 to 90-day-old diarrhoeic lambs of various districts in Andhra Pradesh. Escherichia coli was isolated and confirmed using cultural, biochemical, and molecular techniques. Among them, Shiga toxinproducing E. coli (STEC) was identified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR). Antibiotic resistance of STEC was detected by the disc diffusion method. The effect of clove oil and cinnamic acid on multidrug-resistant E.coli was detected using disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. The overall prevalence of E. coli-associated diarrhoea in lambs was 80.18%. Out of 170 isolates, 148 (66.13%) were identified as STEC. Among 148 STEC and 22 non-STEC isolates, 82 (55.40%) and 7 (31.81%) showed multidrug resistance, respectively. Clove oil showed the highest antimicrobial activity of 70 and 50% against multidrug-resistant STEC through well and disc diffusion methods, respectively, while cinnamic acid did not show any antibacterial effect on the multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study indicated that clove oil may be used as an alternative to antibiotics in controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to find out the distribution of Extended-spectrum â lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolates from diarrhoeic lambs in Andhra Pradesh. A total of 212 rectal swabs were collected from 1 to 90-dayold diarrhoeic lambs from Vizianagaram, West Godavari, and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh of which 170 (80.18%) E. coli were isolated based on cultural, biochemical, and molecular characterization. Among the E. coli isolates 140 (87.05%) were Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). An ESBL phenotype was confirmed in a total of 72 STEC isolates of which 51.38% (37/72) of isolates showed ESBL production when tested with CCL combination discs whereas 51.38% (37/72) and 48.61% (35/72) of the isolates exhibited ESBL production when tested with CEC and CAC combination discs, respectively. DDST test revealed Only 47.79 isolates were ESBL producers. This study concluded that CCL and CEC combination discs were found more sensitive in the detection of ESBL in STEC. Further, these methods in conjunction with antibiotic sensitivity tests will be useful in formulating therapeutic strategies to control lamb diarrhoea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proteus mirabilis is one of the organisms which is often associated with urinary tract infections of humans as well as animals. As a member of Enterobacteriaceae family, the level of antimicrobial resistance tend to pose a significant public health risk. Hence, the present study was undertaken to study antibiogram profiles, multidrug resistance P. mirabilis isolates and detection of ß-lactamase activity in them. Methods: A total of 175 P. mirabilis isolates from different sources were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity/resistant test by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Detection of ESBL production was done phenotypically by Phenotypic Screening Test and Phenotypic Confirmation Test as recommended by CLSI guidelines and genotypically using multiplex PCR assay to detect different classes of ß-lactamase genes. This study was carried out from March 2017 to August 2018 in and around areas of Krishna District Andhra Pradesh. Result: Out of 175 P. mirabilis isolates screened, antibiogram revealed highest sensitivity towards gentamicin (76.57%), followed by ampicillin (64.57%), kanamycin (61.14%), amikacin (60.57%) and streptomycin (43.42%). Higher resistance was observed for erythromycin (71.42%), nalidixic acid (62.85%), ciprofloxacin (62.85%), tetracycline (60%), polymyxin-B (60%), cefoxitin (49.14%) and amikacin (36%). ß-lactamase genes were detected in a total of 23 isolates (13.14%). Prevalence rates of ß-lactamase genes among different samples was 23.6%, 11.1%, 10.8% and 42.8% from chicken, pork, poultry cloacal swabs and human urine samples, respectively with blaTEM being the predominant gene detected (69.56%) followed by blaOXA (26.08%), blaAmpC gene FOX (13.04%), blaCTX-M group I (4.34%), blaSHV (4.34%) and blaAmpC gene CIT (4.34%) among all the tested P. mirabilis isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of many economically important diseases in a wide range of hosts. The mechanisms by which these bacteria can invade the mucosa, evade innate immunity and cause systemic disease are slowly being elucidated. Many key virulence factors are yet to be identified, including those required for initial attachment and invasion of host cells and for persistence in a relatively nutrient poor and hostile environment. This has led to intensive research to understand host adaptation mechanisms and virulence factors in order to develop effective vaccines. Methods: The present study was carried out to know the distribution of virulence genes viz., haemoglobin binding proteins (hgbA and hgbB), outer membrane protein (ompH), fimbrial antigen (ptfA), filamentous haemagglutinin (pfhA) and transferrin binding protein (tbpA) by PCR in P. multocida CapA isolates from apparently healthy or carrier animals and CapB isolates from field Haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) cases to monitor the epidemiological associations of virulence genes in Cap A and Cap B isolates. Result: The study revealed that all the six virulence associated genes were present in Cap B isolates. None of the Cap A isolates harboured tbpA and pfhA genes. These two genes were closely related to serotype B causing Haemorrhagic septicemia and were epidemiologically associated with disease status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to lay the basis for a comparative study of the diagnostic tests namely haemagglutination assay and polymerase chain reaction for their efficacy in detecting the Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) from fecal samples. A total of 342 samples (vaccinated 61 and unvaccinated 281) were used for the comparative assessment of the diagnostic assays. Out of 342 samples tested for haemagglutination assay, only 71 were positive and they were further confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition assay. Polymerase chain reaction detected 234 samples positive for Canine parvovirus indicating that PCR is more efficient than haemagglutinating test in detecting the parvovirus from the fecal samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), a transmissible lung tumor in sheep, caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) can inflict fatality as high as 50% in the infected flock following initial detection of the disease. The routine diagnosis of OPA is entirely dependent on clinical signs that appear only at the terminal stages of the disease, followed by confirmation upon macroscopic and microscopic pathological investigations that requires sacrifice of the infected sheep. Serological tests are not available due to lack of JSRV specific antibodies. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a useful tool for molecular diagnosis of OPA in sheep. This study aims to appraise the identification of OPA based on gross and histopathological lesions followed by molecular diagnosis of exogenous JSRV (ex- JSRV) by U3-hn PCR. A total of 150 lung samples of sheep suspected for OPA were collected from different slaughter houses and field mortalities in Andhra Pradesh for this investigation. Of these, 22 samples (14.7%) were positive for OPA based on gross histopathological findings and specific U3-hn PCR. Grossly, the affected lungs showed either consolidated areas or clearly demarcated tumor nodules in varying sizes. A few lungs revealed both. Histologically, papillary growth pattern was observed in 9 OPA lung samples. Acinar and bronchoalveolar growth patterns were observed in 7 and 4 lungs respectively. Two lungs showed more than one type of pattern in the same neoplastic tissue. Advanced lesions were characterized by dense fibrous tissue, thickened alveolar septa and infiltration of mononuclear cells in the interstitium. U3-hn PCR was conducted for molecular diagnosis and confirmation of OPA. An amplified product of 176bp was detected in positive samples. To improve the sensitivity, the product of the first round PCR was amplified by using a primer internal to the PCR product (P-VI) that was paired with primer P-I in the second round of hn PCR and a product of 133bp was detected. Electrophoretic analysis revealed the presence of bands of expected sizes in the PCR products in OPA positive animals. The study tends to conclude that U3-hn PCR may be used as a confirmatory inquest to detect the presence of ex-JSRV in OPA affected tissues in addition to gross and histopathological lesions and may be useful in epidemiological studies and disease control of OPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutrient utilization ability of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) budded on five rootstocks (viz., Sathgudi, Rangpur lime, Cleopatra mandarin, Troyer citrange, and Trifoliate orange) in Alfisols at the experimental farm of the Citrus Improvement Project, S. V. Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. Results of the study revealed that all the five rootstocks showed differential behaviors in terms of nutrient absorption from the soil. Rootstocks exhibited significant variation in the leaf content of potassium (K), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) at all the three stages of sampling. Concentrations of the following key nutrient elements significantly varied: phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and Cu at stage 1; K, Ca, Mg, Zn, iron (Fe), and Mn at stage 2; and nitrogen (N), P, Zn, Fe, and B at stage 3. The performances of rootstocks in terms of relative nutrient accumulation indices (RNAIs) were in the order of Sathgudi (1.00) > Rangpur lime (0.98) > Cleopatra mandarin (0.96) > Trifoliate orange (0.76) > Troyer citrange (0.69). The present study clearly demonstrated that citrus rootstocks employed had differential nutritional behavior and different abilities to utilize plant nutrient elements. Thus, the findings of the present study and the methodology adopted can help the horticultural breeders and nutritionists choose the best rootstock/scion combination having the desirable traits of nutrient utilization ability and also to plan effective fertilizer schedule programs for achieving greater yields. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses a study on the control of an epidemic of Brucellosis, a reproductive disease of livestock, at organised sheep and buffalo farms in India. The most commonly used method for diagnosing such bacterial infections is said to be serology. The research involved 180 sheep and 80 buffaloes in the respective farms. Also noted is the use of a combination of Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Standard Tube Agglutination test (STAT) for the diagnosis of the disease.