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Biofilm-formation is one of the most important virulent factors in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections. Biofilm is a complex microbial population protected by exopolysaccharides (EPS), which presents with adaptive resistance against antimicrobials. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a methanolic extract of Mangifera indica seed kernels (MISK) against uropathogenic bacteria collected from urine samples. In total, n = 21 uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains were identified from n = 30 urine samples. Among the n = 21 strains, n = 17 E. coli strains were biofilm-producers in different in vitro model systems (tube-based method, microtiter-plate based method, Congo Red Agar, EPS production). Uropathogens were identified by traditional microbiological methods. MISK is a potential natural source of phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, proteins, stearic and linoleic acids. In the present study, 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL of methanolic extract of MISK exhibited prominent antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against the clinical UPEC strains. In addition, qualitative phytochemical characterization of methanolic extract of MISK showed the presence of bioactive compounds such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, polyphenols, and glycosides. Moreover, the characterization of the methanolic extract by UV–VIS, FTIR, and GC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of a phenolic profile, namely mangiferin (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2 -β-D-glucoside). Furthermore, in silico analysis was also investigated to validate that mangiferin can bind to the specific active sites of CAMP LpxC in E. coli. Based on the collective findings of our in vitro and in silico analyses, mangiferin may be the principal compound responsible for the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm effects of the extract.

Datura metel L. is an important medicinal plant of Solanaceae family which has extensive pharmacological properties. The present investigation was aimed to identify the presence of phytoconstituents and assess in vitro antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and wound healing efficacy of D. metel leaves extract. Among different solvent extracts, methanolic extract showed higher amount of phenolic (124.61 ± 0.68 mg GAE/g), alkaloid (88.77 ± 1.01 mg AE/g), flavonoids (42.24 ± 0.18 mg QE/g), and tannins contents (38.72 ± 0.51 mg GAE/g). The extract exhibited not only significantly (P 90% of cell viability in the presence of methanolic extract, thereby indicating its non-toxicity effect. Wound healing assay indicated that methanolic extract at 50 µg/mL closed 100% of wound gap after 24 h with high rate of migration and proliferation. Furthermore, GC–MS chromatogram revealed the presence of several components in methanolic extract, including neophytadiene, hexadecanoic acid, and hentriacontane as principal phytoconstituents. In conclusion, methanolic extract of D. metel leaves could be used as potent therapeutic agent not only for treating metabolic diseases but also superficial chronic diabetic wounds.

This study was aimed to determine total phytochemical components as well as in vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and wound healing attributes of Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. leaves extract. Among different solvent extracts tested, methanolic extract revealed maximum alkaloid, flavonoids, phenolic, and tannin contents of 90.41 ± 0.15 mg atropine equivalent/g, 156.64 ± 0.97 mg quercetin equivalent/g, 155.44 ± 1.65 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, and 121.31 ± 2.34 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract, respectively. Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract was determined against indicator pathogens using agar well diffusion assay which exhibited potential activity against Bacillus subtilis. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and wound healing attributes of methanolic extract were analyzed using standard methodologies. The extract exhibited potential antioxidant traits by scavenging ABTS (IC50 value − 224.2 µg/mL) and DPPH (IC50 value − 76.24 µg/mL) in a concentration dependent manner. Further, the extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activities at varied doses with IC50 value of 55.7 µg/mL. The methanolic extract exhibited promising rates of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values of 49.45 and 38.72 µg/mL, respectively. Further, the extract showed no toxicity on L929 mouse fibroblast cell lines (99.66 ± 0.14% cell viability). Most importantly, the treatment of cell monolayer of L929 mouse fibroblast cell lines with methanolic extract showed high rate (100%) of wound healing trait. GC–MS analysis of methanolic extract revealed the presence of Mome inositol, 13-Docosenamide, (Z)-, Cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl-, and Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester as predominant compounds. In conclusion, the biological properties of S. auriculata leaves suggested its vast role as ideal antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and wound healing agents in future.

Globally, traditional herbal medicines have played a vital role in health systems, and are used to treat various acute and chronic conditions without or minimal toxic effect. Herbal plants are often used as a natural remedy to cure various health problems including tuberculosis, cancer, diabetes mellitus, heart diseases, wound healing, asthma, pharyngitis, hypertension etc. Plants rich in bioactive phytomedicine compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols have been used to cure illnesses because of their various pharmacological properties. India is always known to be rich depository of medicinal plants and various forms of herbal medicine practices are considered as “living tradition”. However, there is no collective report on the significant Indian medicinal plants and their current progress in medicinal plant research. Hence, the prime focus of this review is to identify and report the majorly used Indian medicinal plants that have grown in India and neighboring countries based on a complete research survey of local and international research articles. The review mainly summarizes the prominent Indian medicinal plants, their extract and its corresponding pharmacological properties such as anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer etc. The significance of this review is aimed to provide a detailed and collective scientific evaluation of the key phytocompounds and its pharmacological action for the possible development of new ethnomedicine in the future.

BACKGROUND Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are growing families of chemicals that are regarded as emerging contaminants and are becoming a serious threat to the environment. Adsorptive removal of micropollutants has been extensively studied using activated carbons derived from agro‐poultry waste biomass and byproducts. The non‐sustainable resources and steep supply chain costs further accelerate the search for finding new renewable materials for adsorbent preparation. In the present study, the carbon prepared from Pleurotus floridanus biomass obtained as a value‐added product from laccase production was used as an adsorbent for the removal of a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, namely piroxicam (PRX). RESULTS: The prepared carbon was activated using zinc chloride (ZAC) and showed an excellent Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of about 285.1 m2 g−1. ZAC displayed a rapid adsorption capacity for PRX of about 6.08 mg g−1 with an adsorption equilibrium time of 90 min. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations were best fitted to the experimental data. The results of kinetic studies were fitted best with pseudo‐first‐order kinetic models. Conclusions: Fungal biomass obtained as a value‐added product of fermentation media can be converted into carbon, which is effective in adsorbing PPCPs such as PRX. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  The test fungus Trichoderma harzianum was isolated from the Western Ghats area of Tamilnadu, India. The study involves the feasibility of using T.harzianum to remove erioglaucine from an aqueous solution in batch mode. The batch mode experimental parameters such as effect of agitation time and initial dye concentration, adsorbent mass and pH were determined. The results revealed that, the fungal biomass at 1.5 g/50 ml adsorbent mass removed 75.67–88.05% of dye (10–50 mg/l) in 105 min at pH 4.0. The adsorption equilibrium data followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. From the Langmuir isotherm, the adsorbent had adsorption capacity (Q 0 ) of 3.09 mg/g. Pseudo first and second order rate kinetic equations were applied to the experimental adsorption data. The results indicate that the adsorbent system followed second order rate kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an extremely cataclysmic neurological disorder and the inhibition of oxidative stress following TBI could effectively protect the brain from further impairments. An injectable thermosensitive chitosan/gelatin/β-Glycerol phosphate (C/G/GP) hydrogel for the controlled release of the phenolic antioxidant ferulic acid (FA) to inhibit the neurological oxidative stress was demonstrated. The C/G/GP hydrogel ensures an excellent clinical expediency with a gelation temperature of 32.6 °C and gelation time of 75.58 s. In-vitro cytotoxicity assays of C/G/GP hydrogel and FA have revealed an excellent biocompatibility with the Neuro-2a cells. 500 μM of FA was considered to be an effective concentration to reduce the oxidative stress in Neuro-2a cells. TUNEL staining images evidenced that the H 2 O 2 induced DNA fragmentation was comprehensively controlled after FA treatment. The mRNA gene expression profiles markedly authenticate the neuroprotectivity of FA by down-regulating ROS, inflammatory and apoptosis related markers. The outcomes of this study suggest that, C/G/GP hydrogel carrying ferulic acid could effectively protect further secondary traumatic brain injury associated impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal laccases are widely known for the degradation of recalcitrant xenobiotic compounds. Hence, it is of interest to study the interaction between laccase from Trichoderma laccase and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical (EDC) named Bisphenol A. The molecular docking analysis of laccase from Trichoderma laccase with 23 xenobiotics and bisphenol A was completed. We show Bisphenol having optimal binding features (Glide score of -5.44 and the Glide energy -37.65 kcal/mol) with laccase from Trichoderma laccase., (© 2020 Biomedical Informatics.)