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Background/Aim. Multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography (MCTPA) has emerged as the most suitable method for diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism (APE) in hemodynamically stable patients. In addition to its diagnostic role, MCTPA facilitates the measurement and calculation of certain parameters that can be used as prognostic markers for outcomes in APE. Since the introduction of the method, there have been a lot of studies that pointed out there may be a significant difference in the prognostic value of MCTPA for APE concerning sex. Methods. The study population consisted of consecutive patients with a diagnosis of APE confirmed by MCTPA. Positive MCTPA findings and a diagnosis of APE were established if the patient had at least one segmental artery thrombus. APE severity was estimated using the simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI). All-cause and APE-related intrahospital deaths were the coprimary outcomes of this study. Results. In total, 1,612 patients were enrolled in the study (750 men and 862 women). Women with a centrally positioned pulmonary thrombus detected on MCTPA were more likely to die from PE-related death than those without one (10.4% vs. 4.2%, respectively; p = 0.016). Women with a right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) diameter ratio (RV/LV) > 1 died almost twice as often as those with a ratio ≤ 1 (15.5% vs. 8.6%, respectively; p = 0.017). Women with an RV/LV > 1 detected with MCTPA were significantly more likely to die from PE than those with a ratio ≤ 1 (11% vs. 5.2%, respectively; p = 0.017). Women who died from PE-related causes had a significantly higher value of the embolic burden score system (EBSS) than did the surviving women (18.00 vs. 11.00, respectively; p = 0.025). Independently of age, sPESI, and renal function, the presence of a central thrombus [odds ratio (OR) 2.278, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.050–4.944, p = 0.037] and the RV/LV ratio > 1 (OR 2.015, 95% CI: 1.042–3.893, p = 0.037) were associated with intrahospital PE-related death in women. Conclusion. In women, MCTPA parameters, a centrally placed thrombus, the RV/LV ratio, and the EBSS had prognostic significance for PE-related mortality. The RV/LV ratio had prognostic significance for all-cause intrahospital mortality. In men, the MCTPA parameters had no prognostic significance for both overall and PE-related mortality.

Background/Aim. The role of antithrombin (AT) activity in predicting early mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), measured at an early stage of the disease, has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the predictive value of AT activity for all-cause 30-day mortality, measured in consecutive PE patients on admission to the hospital. Methods. This single-center clinical retrospective cross-sectional study followed consecutive patients with acute PE from 2014 to 2021. On admission to the hospital, venous blood was taken from patients for laboratory analyses including determination of AT activity. The basic parameters of the patients were recorded on admission, and through the univariate analysis, their connection with 30-day mortality was tested. The predictive significance of AT values for 30-day mortality was tested through quartile values by comparing the first quartile with all others together. Cox regression model analysis was used in the multivariate analysis where one parameter, marked as significant in the univariate analysis, was added to the basic model (AT, age, and risk affiliation in two groups). Results. A total of 378 PE patients were included in the study. The total all-cause 30-day mortality was 7.9% (30 patients). Patients with AT activity in the first quartile had significantly higher early mortality compared with those having AT activity in the other quartiles combined (log-rank p = 0.001). AT retained a significant predictive value for early mortality in the multivariate analysis despite the comorbidity present, which also significantly affected mortality. Conclusion. Low AT activity measured on admission in PE patients is a significant and independent predictor of 30-day mortality.

Background/Aim. The evaluation of blood levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), D-dimer, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) on admission and during the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE) are the part of routine diagnostic process and estimation of mortality risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of these biomarkers on admission for all-cause 30-day mortality in consecutive PE patients regarding whether they classified as spontaneous, transiently provoked, or permanently provoked PE. Methods. This retrospective analysis was gained from the data of 590 PE patients from the Serbian University Multicenter Pulmonary Embolism Registry (SUPER). Patients had at least one of these biomarkers (BNP, CRP, cTnI, and D-dimer) measured during the first 24 hours upon admission. Results. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses demonstrated that BNP had the highest prognostic accuracy for 30-day mortality in patients (n = 219) who had data for all examined biomarkers. BNP provided an AUC of 0.785 (p < 0.001). Separately, BNP had the highest c-statistic for all three groups of patients. CRP had a modest predictive value for the 30-day all-cause mortality in the group with transient provoked PE. Troponin I had a very modest predictive value for the 30-day all-cause mortality only in patients with spontaneous PE, and D-dimer was a very weak predictor of this end-point only in patients with persistent provoked PE. Conclusion. Patients with spontaneous, transient provoked, and persistent provoked PE have a significantly different pro-file of blood biomarkers level with different prognostic significance for early all-cause mortality.

Background/Aim. The prediction role of gender in early mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is still debatable. The aim of the study was to examine sex-specific factors in all-cause 30-day mortality in patients suffering from acute PE. Methods. Acute PE subjects (n = 532), 49.6% men, were derived from a “real-life” observational multicenter study. We assessed independent risk factors as predictors for early (one-month) fatal outcome in men, women and total population using univariate Cox regression analysis. Results. Age, obesity, hypertension, renal dysfunction, anemia, community-acquired pneumonia, and smoking history presented statistically significant sex-specific differences. One-month mortality was 13.7%, without significant difference in survival based on sex (Log Rank test; p = 0.324). Tachycardia at admission [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.61, p = 0.004], coronary artery disease (HR = 2.30, p = 0.047), immobilization four weeks prior to a PE episode (HR = 2.31, p = 0.018) and older age (HR = 1.03, p = 0.017) in women, while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (HR = 4.03, p < 0.001) and leukocytosis (HR = 1.19, p < 0.001) in men significantly increased one-month mortality risk. Conclusion. Patient's sex did not prove to be the independent predictor for 30-day mortality in PE patients. We found that tachycardia at admission, older age, coronary artery disease and limb immobilization four weeks prior to PE in women, whereas COPD and elevated leukocyte count in men were associated with higher chance of all-cause early mortality.

Background/Aim. Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) may have different clinical manifestations. Also, its outcome can range from complete recovery to early death. Major bleeding (MB) as a due of the therapy also contributes to the overall adverse outcome. So far, it is unknown what the best predictors are for short-term mortality and MB among the several commonly used biomarkers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of Creactive protein (CRP) and other biomarkers for the prediction of adverse clinical outcomes. Methods. This clinical, observational, retrospective-prospective study included 219 consecutive adult patients treated for APE. Results. Among 219 patients, 22 (10%) died within the first month after diagnosis. Twenty seven patients (12.3%) had at least one episode of MB. Composite end-point [netadverse clinical outcome (NACO)] was estimated in 47 (21.5%) of patients. The average values of all biomarkers were higher in the group of patient who died, and differences were statistically significant. Similar results were obtained for composite end-point. In terms of MB, none of biomarkers did not have significance, but CRP had a slight tendency toward significance. Results from univariate logistic regression model showed that troponin was statistically significant predictor of 30-day mortality. However, after adjusting for other variables, in multivariate logistic regression model troponin failed to be significant independent predictor of 30-day mortality. Unlike troponin, CRP and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were significant in all models – uni and multivariate (they were independent predictors of 30-day mortality). Conclusion. CRP has a good predictive value for 30-day mortality and NACO, and potential for MB in patients treated for APE.

Background/Aim. Some electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns are characteristic for pulmonary embolism but exact meaning of the different ECG signs are not well known. The aim of this study was to determine the association between four common ECG signs in pulmonary embolism [complete or incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB), S-waves in the aVL lead, S1Q3T3 sign and negative T-waves in the precordial leads] with shock index (SI), right ventricle diastolic diameter (RVDD) and peak systolic pressure (RVSP) and embolic burden score (EBS). Methods. The presence of complete or incomplete RBBB, S waves in aVL lead, S1Q3T3 sign and negative T-waves in the precordial leads were determined at admission ECG in 130 consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a single tertiary medical center in a 5-year period. Echocardiography examination with measurement of RVDD and RVSP, multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography (MDCT-PA) with the calculation of EBS and SI was determined during the admission process. Multivariable regression models were calculated with ECG parameters as independent variables and the mentioned ultrasound, MDCT-PA parameters and SI as dependent variables. Results. The presence of S-waves in the aVL was the only independent predictor of RVDD (F = 39.430, p < 0.001; adjusted R2 = 0.231) and systolic peak right ventricle pressure (F = 29.903, p < 0.001; adjusted R2 = 0.185). Negative T-waves in precordial leads were the only independent predictor for EBS (F = 24.177, p < 0.001; R2 = 0.160). Complete or incomplete RBBB was the independent predictor of SI (F = 20.980, p < 0.001; adjusted R2 = 0.134). Conclusion. In patients with pulmonary embolism different ECG patterns at admission correlate with different clinical, ultrasound and MDCT-PA parameters. RBBB is associated with shock, Swave in the aVL is associated with right ventricle pressure and negative T-waves with the thrombus burden in the pulmonary tree.

Background/Aim. Multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography (MCTPA) has emerged as the most suitable method for diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism (APE) in hemodynamically stable patients. In addition to its diagnostic role, MCTPA facilitates the measurement and calculation of certain parameters that can be used as prognostic markers for outcomes in APE. Since the introduction of the method, there have been a lot of studies that pointed out there may be a significant difference in the prognostic value of MCTPA for APE concerning sex. Methods. The study population consisted of consecutive patients with a diagnosis of APE confirmed by MCTPA. Positive MCTPA findings and a diagnosis of APE were established if the patient had at least one segmental artery thrombus. APE severity was estimated using the simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI). Allcause and APE-related intrahospital deaths were the coprimary outcomes of this study. Results. In total, 1,612 patients were enrolled in the study (750 men and 862 women). Women with a centrally positioned pulmonary thrombus detected on MCTPA were more likely to die from PE-related death than those without one (10.4% vs. 4.2%, respectively; p = 0.016). Women with a right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) diameter ratio (RV/LV) > 1 died almost twice as often as those with a ratio ≤ 1 (15.5% vs. 8.6%, respectively; p = 0.017). Women with an RV/LV > 1 detected with MCTPA were significantly more likely to die from PE than those with a ratio ≤ 1 (11% vs. 5.2%, respectively; p = 0.017). Women who died from PE-related causes had a significantly higher value of the embolic burden score system (EBSS) than did the surviving women (18.00 vs. 11.00, respectively; p = 0.025). Independently of age, sPESI, and renal function, the presence of a central thrombus [odds ratio (OR) 2.278, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.050–4.944, p = 0.037] and the RV/LV ratio > 1 (OR 2.015, 95% CI: 1.042–3.893, p = 0.037) were associated with intrahospital PE-related death in women. Conclusion. In women, MCTPA parameters, a centrally placed thrombus, the RV/LV ratio, and the EBSS had prognostic significance for PE-related mortality. The RV/LV ratio had prognostic significance for all-cause intrahospital mortality. In men, the MCTPA parameters had no prognostic significance for both overall and PErelated mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]