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Abstract This paper investigates the determinants and the time pattern of the subjective well‐being of private business owners. We find that both personal and enterprise‐level factors have a significant influence on subjective status of private business owners. Meanwhile, we find supportive evidence of Easterlin paradox among Chinese private entrepreneurs: both personal income and operating revenue enhance subjective status in a certain period, but subjective status declines as time goes by, even as incomes continue to rise. A further Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition suggests that the competition and provincial factors are the keys to explaining the paradox. Finally, we try to verify the positive effect of political connection on entrepreneurs' subjective status to provide some helpful advice for the government.

Private enterprise governance is influenced by how status is perceived by business owners. In this essay, the role of business owners' subjective statuses on their decisions on pollution control is discussed, along with social-psychology-based justifications. This study distinguishes front-end pollution treatment from back-end pollution treatment and finds the following: (1) A higher subjective status increases the front-end pollution control input but has no discernible impact on the back-end pollution control input. (2) Both the front-end and back-end control inputs are significantly influenced positively by a subjective economic status (ability motive). (3) A subjective social status only increases the front-end pollution control input (altruistic motive). (4) A subjective political standing (prestige motivation) significantly lowers environmental violations of businesses more than it does front-end or back-end inputs. (5) A subjective status can also boost owner expectations and business confidence, as well as help businesses to make the best pollution control measures. The optimum of private firms' pollution control strategies depends heavily on their subjective status when the government's pollution regulations are lax. The importance of subjective status is also influenced by how well capitalized private businesses are. This paper offers a novel perspective on the value of social governance from the viewpoint of maximizing the pollution management of private firms. It argues that raising the subjective status of private entrepreneurs has value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have found that a relationship between subjective status and measures of human health persists even after controlling for objective measures, including income, education, and assets. However, few studies have probed how status shapes health among adolescents, particularly those in low-and-middle-income settings. This study examines the relative effects of subjective and objective status on mental health among Ethiopian adolescents. Using data from two waves of the Jimma Longitudinal Family Survey of Youth (N = 1,045), this study uses a combination of linear regression and linear mixed-effects models to examine the relationships between objective social status, subjective social status, and mental well-being among adolescents in Ethiopia. Three measures of objective status, including household income, adolescent education, and a multidimensional measure of material wealth, were assessed. Social network and support variables were constructed using factor analysis. A community version of the 10-rung McArthur ladder was used to assess the subjective socioeconomic status of adolescents. The self-reporting questionnaire was used to assess mental well-being during both waves of the study. The significant effect of higher subjective status on reports of fewer non-specific psychological distress (−0.28; 95% CI: −0.43 to −0.14) was not mediated by objective status, material deprivation, or social support covariates. The observed relationship between status and mental well-being was consistent across successive study waves. Among a cohort of adolescents in Jimma, Ethiopia, several measures of objective status are associated with subjective status. However, akin to research among adults, the findings of our study suggest that the relationship between adolescent subjective social status and mental health persists above and beyond the effects of objective status. Future research is needed on the factors, environments, and experiences that inform adolescent perceptions of status and well-being over time.

Subjective social status measures a person’s perception of their social class relative to other people and has theoretically and empirically been positively associated with health and wellbeing. A widely used measure of this construct is the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, which asks people to report their social status by placing themselves on a ladder which represents the social hierarchy of their society or community; the scale has been used with many different populations across many countries. In this research note, we describe two cases where we encountered unexpected reactions to the MacArthur Scale that we believe highlight (a) the salience of relative social status for people’s wellbeing in contemporary society and (b) the concomitant sensitivities raised by measuring this subjective experience. We discuss the implications of these observations for future research.

Subjective social status measures a person’s perception of their social class relative to other people and has theoretically and empirically been positively associated with health and wellbeing. A widely used measure of this construct is the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, which asks people to report their social status by placing themselves on a ladder which represents the social hierarchy of their society or community; the scale has been used with many different populations across many countries. In this research note, we describe two cases where we encountered unexpected reactions to the MacArthur Scale that we believe highlight (a) the salience of relative social status for people’s wellbeing in contemporary society and (b) the concomitant sensitivities raised by measuring this subjective experience. We discuss the implications of these observations for future research.

Background: Subjective socioeconomic status (SSES) and objective socioeconomic status (OSES) have been independently associated with body composition and eating behavior in children. While low OSES may constrain access to healthier foods, low SSES has been associated with increased preference for and motivation to consume higher energy foods and portions independent of OSES. Despite these distinct ways that OSES and SSES may affect children's eating behavior and adiposity, their joint contributions remain unclear. We investigated the independent and interactive associations of SSES and OSES with children's BMI, fat mass index (FMI), and caregiver-reported hyperphagia. Methods: Data were derived from the Children's Growth and Behavior Study, an ongoing observational study. Multiple linear regressions used child's SSES and OSES of the family as independent factors and modeled the statistical interaction of SSES and OSES with BMI ( n  = 128), FMI ( n  = 122), and hyperphagia and its subscales ( n  = 76) as dependent variables. Results: SSES was independently and negatively associated with hyperphagia severity and OSES was independently and negatively associated with both FMI and hyperphagia severity. There was a statistical interaction effect of SSES and OSES on hyperphagia severity-lower SSES was associated with greater hyperphagia severity only at lower levels of OSES. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a relationship between low OSES and child adiposity and that the relationship between child SSES and hyperphagia severity may be most relevant for children from households with lower family OSES. Future research on socioeconomic disparities in children's body composition and eating behaviors should examine the interaction of SSES and OSES. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02390765.

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Sociología is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The consensus view among political scientists is that the subjective social status of low-skilled workers has declined over the last decades, and this status loss of the working class is seen as contributing to the rise of the radical right. We examine the micro-foundation of this claim by tracing the evolution of subjective status for different social classes in Europe and the US. We use all available survey rounds of the International Social Survey Programme 1987–2017 and replicate findings with the European Social Survey 2002–2016. While unskilled workers perceive their status to be lower than members of the middle class everywhere, we find no relative or absolute fall in their subjective social status over time. Unskilled workers were at the bottom of the status hierarchy in the 1990s and 2010s. Our findings throw doubt on the narrative that sees workers' falling subjective social status as a prominent driver behind the rise of the radical right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We study how life course objective socioeconomic position (SEP) predicts subjective social status (SSS) and the extent to which SSS mediates the association of objective SEP with nutritional status and mental health outcomes. Methods: We use data from participants of the INCAP Longitudinal Study 1969–2018 (n = 1258) from Guatemala. We use the MacArthur ladder for two measures of SSS - perceived community respect and perceived economic status. We estimate the association of SSS with health outcomes after adjusting for early life characteristics and life course objective SEP (wealth, schooling, employment) using linear regression. We use path analysis to study the extent of mediation by SSS on the health outcomes of body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), psychological distress (using the WHO Self-Reported Questionnaire; SRQ-20) and happiness, using the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). Results: Median participant rating was 5 [IQR: 3–8] for the perceived community respect and 3 [IQR: 1–5] for the perceived economic status, with no differences by sex. Objective SEP in early life and adulthood were predictive of both measures of SSS in middle adulthood as well as health outcomes (BMI, SRQ-20 and SHS). Perceived community respect (z-scores; 1 z = 3.1 units) was positively associated with happiness (0.13, 95 % CI: 0.07, 0.19). Perceived economic status (z-scores; 1 z = 2.3 units) was inversely associated with psychological distress (−0.28, 95 % CI: −0.47, −0.09). Neither measure of SSS was associated with BMI. Neither perceived community respect nor perceived economic status attenuated associations of objective SEP with health outcomes on inclusion as a mediator. Conclusions: Subjective social status was independently associated with happiness and psychological distress in middle adulthood after adjusting for objective SEP. Moreover, association of objective SEP with health was not mediated by SSS, suggesting potentially independent pathways.

System justification theory proposes that people are motivated to perceive the existing social system as fair, legitimate, and desirable. However, status‐legitimacy effect, understood as the most disadvantaged living in the most unequal contexts experiencing this need most strongly, has only found mixed support in empirical works. This article presents a comprehensive test of the original reading of status‐legitimacy hypothesis which implied that those with lower objective status are the most motivated to system justify and of the respecified version that posits subjective powerlessness to be the driver of undue system legitimization. Multilevel mixed‐effects linear regression analysis of International Social Survey Programme modules on social inequality, covering almost 50,000 respondents from 28 countries, shows that the mean effects of both subjective and objective status are in line with predictions of economic rationality. To model contextual inequality, we distinguish between an objective measure, Gini, and perceived amounts of income differences as reported by respondents. The analysis testing contextual moderation lends support for the original reading of status‐legitimacy hypothesis—the objectively, rather than subjectively, disadvantaged experience greater motivation to defend the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective status, an individual's perception of her socioeconomic standing, is a robust predictor of physical health in many societies. To date, competing interpretations of this correlation remain unresolved. Using longitudinal data on 8430 older adults from the 2000 and 2007 waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey, we test these oft-cited links. As in other settings, perceived status is a robust predictor of self-rated health, and also of physical functioning and nurse-assessed general health. These relationships persist in the presence of controls for unobserved traits, such as difficult-to-measure aspects of family background and persistent aspects of personality. However, we find evidence that these links likely represent bi-directional effects. Declines in health that accompany aging are robust predictors of declines in perceived socioeconomic status, net of observed changes to the economic profile of respondents. The results thus underscore the social value afforded good health status.

ObjectiveLower subjective socioeconomic status (SSS) consistently shows associations with poorer health with the strongest relationships emerging with global self-rated health. Though often interpreted as reflecting the impact of low SSS on health, the association could also arise from confounding SSS with negative affect. In this research we sought to determine if negative affect confounds, or alternatively, is on the causal pathway linking SSS to self-rated health.MethodThree-hundred adult participants--recruited from throughout the United States--were randomized to experience sadness, shame, or a neutral mood induction in which they wrote about and visualized a particularly emotionally evocative event. Participants subsequently completed measures of SSS, self-rated health, depression, and negative mood.ResultsConsistent with predictions, neither SSS scores nor the association of SSS with self-rated health, depression, and chronic negative affect differed by mood induction condition, controlling for demographic factors that covary with SSS (e.g., age, gender, education, income). Moreover, chronic negative affect partially explained the relationship between SSS and self-rated health, independent of manipulated mood.ConclusionsThese findings support the utility of the measurement of SSS, and provide evidence suggesting that chronic negative affect is a likely mediator of the SSS association with global health rather than a confounder.

Copyright of Studia Paedagogica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effectiveness of the patients with the vitreoretinal pathology with different quality of life (QL) comparative evaluation methods. Methods. 129 patients (before and after standard vitrectomy) with the 3 types of the vitreretinal pathology were examined (38 — with intraocular hemorrhage, 43 — proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), 48 — retinal detachment). Complex examination (36 clinical, haemodynamic and electrophysiological indications) were performed before and 1 month after surgery. QL research was based on the QL-25 (Russian type of the VFQ-25), QL-9 (Russian type of VF-14) and authorial QL-20 questionnaire. Results. QL increasing was detected after the surgery (15.8–20.9%) in all cases of the vitreoretinal pathology type. Correlation analysis of the different QL hasshown obvious QL-20 advantages, comparing to QL-9 and mostly QL-25, that was indicated by the statistically significant difference of the middle (all 36 indicators) KK (0,44±0,02; 0,35±0,02; 0,15±0,03) and higher KK relating to prognostic informative vision indicators (0,75–0,84; 0,69–0,74; 0,21–0,70). Conclusion. Results indicate actuality of the QL-20 method adaption in dispensary observation of the patients with different types of vitreoretinal pathology.

Western industrial countries show substantial similarity when people's subjective status in social hierarchy is measured on a ten-point scale using ISSP dataset of 1987 through 2009. Americans show a similar distribution of subjective status as people in other industrial countries. Among industrial countries, the Nordic welfare states have more people in the middle than does the United States, and more people there indicate their status above the middle. During the period of 1987 through 1999, the gap in subjective status between whites and non-whites has been narrowed, and the gap between men and women has been narrowed too. As a result, in the 2009 survey, non-whites' and women's subjective status in American society approached that of whites and men respectively. This findings suggest that the superior status of white men is challenged not only in objective conditions but also in the minds of minorities. A regression analysis suggests that the values worshipping youth negatively affect people's subjective status independently of education, income, and occupation. To conclude, American's status consciousness follows the general patterns prevailing in Western industrial societies, even though there are some minor differences between the US and the Nordic countries. The causal path to effecting subjective social status varies between race and gender on the one hand and age on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to develop a methodology for assessing the quality of life in patients with different types of vitreoretinal pathology. The first stage is detection of target group, collection data of diseases, choosing the key features and principles of valuation developed questionnaire. The detailed list of questions, determination the type of questionnaire, method of data collection, as well as developing (if necessary) scaling system (indexation) of answers is made on the second stage. The preliminary version of questionnaire on the base on 2 first stage. At the final stage of development assess the reliability, validity and sensitivity of the method of construction with the possibility of some modification of both the questionnaire and psychometric evaluation of the parameters of the test should be accessed. We conducted a broad survey of 28 experts-ophthalmologists (mean age 42.4 years), with extensive experience as a general clinical practice (average work experience is 20.4 years), and immediate surgical operation in the field of medical and surgical treatment of patients with various types of vitreoretinal pathology. The list of suggested questions for patients (total 37 questions), and the time of occurrence of the symptom criteria for psychometric scale responses was presented to the every expert. The choice of psychometric rating scale is (along with the definition of specific issues) the basic methodological position of developing the questionnaire. The most appropriate time scaling with the month period. Therefore the answers were presented in the the form of «permanent», «once a day», «every week», «every month», «absent». From a practical point of view it is extremely important to the The consideration of a quantitative estimation of the responses is extremely important from the practical point of view.

Pride is a status-related self-conscious emotion. The present study aimed to investigate the nature of status behind pride in four studies with using the two-facet model of pride, status maintenance strategies and with differentiating subjective social status (SSS) and objective social status (OSS). In Studies 1 and 2, we used questionnaire methods with structural equation modeling (SEM) in order to identify the relationship patterns between SSS, OSS, status maintenance strategies and pride. In Studies 3 and 4, we used vignette method and SEM to identify these links. All four studies gave evidence for the SSS → prestige status maintenance strategy → authentic pride relationship pattern. Similarly consistent result was found regarding the dominance status maintenance strategy → hubristic pride link. Depending on the assessment method (questionnaire vs. vignette) and the evaluative frame of reference (self vs. other), OSS was related to either authentic and hubristic pride, only hubristic pride, or neither of them. Based on these results, one thing can be taken for granted: pride is a subjective status-related emotion. However, the present results suggest that it is not necessarily true for OSS.

Pride is a status-related self-conscious emotion. The present study aimed to investigate the nature of status behind pride in four studies with using the two-facet model of pride, status maintenance strategies and with differentiating subjective social status (SSS) and objective social status (OSS). In Studies 1 and 2, we used questionnaire methods with structural equation modeling (SEM) in order to identify the relationship patterns between SSS, OSS, status maintenance strategies and pride. In Studies 3 and 4, we used vignette method and SEM to identify these links. All four studies gave evidence for the SSS → prestige status maintenance strategy → authentic pride relationship pattern. Similarly consistent result was found regarding the dominance status maintenance strategy → hubristic pride link. Depending on the assessment method (questionnaire vs. vignette) and the evaluative frame of reference (self vs. other), OSS was related to either authentic and hubristic pride, only hubristic pride, or neither of them. Based on these results, one thing can be taken for granted: pride is a subjective status-related emotion. However, the present results suggest that it is not necessarily true for OSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous research has demonstrated that status significantly affects consumer behaviour, most studies have examined objective status rather than perceived status. The present article, therefore, aims to examine how a perceived change in status affects consumers' status consumption as well as the underlying psychological mechanisms for this behaviour. Study 1 manipulates participants' perceived status change and measures their tendencies toward status consumption. Results show that both participants undergoing status improvement and those perceiving a threat to their status are more inclined towards status consumption than participants in a control condition. Study 2 manipulates participants' perceived status change and measures their self-presentation motivation, self-compensation motivation, and status consumption tendency. A series of mediation analyses shows that self-presentation, rather than self-compensation, mediates the positive effect of status improvement on consumers' status consumption and that self-compensation, rather than self-presentation, mediates the positive effect of status threat on consumers' status consumption. Results of our studies suggest that consumers who perceive status improvement seek status consumption for self-presentation purposes, while consumers who perceive status threat seek status consumption for selfcompensation. The article concludes by discussing the theoretical contribution of this research and offering practical suggestions regarding product marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher socioeconomic status is linked to higher mental well-being, but modern individuals inhabit multiple hierarchies and reference groups—and thus well-being may be determined between as much as within socioeconomic statuses. Drawing on proprietary national data collected by Gallup in 2017, I find that inconsistency between one’s perceived standing in society and one’s standing in more local hierarchies based in neighbors or friends is quite common. Individuals with negative status inconsistency (lower perceived status among one’s neighbors or friends relative to society) exhibit diminished mental well-being relative to those without. Relational or interpersonal mechanisms, including lower closeness to others, anomie or social disengagement, and diminished meaning in life, appear to partially or mostly explain how status inconsistencies undermine well-being. However, these relational mechanisms vary in their explanatory importance across types of inconsistencies and types of well-being. Positive and negative status inconsistencies both show links to lower-quality social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective social status measures a person's perception of their social class relative to other people and has theoretically and empirically been positively associated with health and wellbeing. A widely used measure of this construct is the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, which asks people to report their social status by placing themselves on a ladder which represents the social hierarchy of their society or community; the scale has been used with many different populations across many countries. In this research note, we describe two cases where we encountered unexpected reactions to the MacArthur Scale that we believe highlight (a) the salience of relative social status for people's wellbeing in contemporary society and (b) the concomitant sensitivities raised by measuring this subjective experience. We discuss the implications of these observations for future research., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2023 Moss RH et al.)

Numerous studies have found that a relationship between subjective status and measures of human health persists even after controlling for objective measures, including income, education, and assets. However, few studies have probed how status shapes health among adolescents, particularly those in low-and-middle-income settings. This study examines the relative effects of subjective and objective status on mental health among Ethiopian adolescents. Using data from two waves of the Jimma Longitudinal Family Survey of Youth (N = 1,045), this study uses a combination of linear regression and linear mixed-effects models to examine the relationships between objective social status, subjective social status, and mental well-being among adolescents in Ethiopia. Three measures of objective status, including household income, adolescent education, and a multidimensional measure of material wealth, were assessed. Social network and support variables were constructed using factor analysis. A community version of the 10-rung McArthur ladder was used to assess the subjective socioeconomic status of adolescents. The self-reporting questionnaire was used to assess mental well-being during both waves of the study. The significant effect of higher subjective status on reports of fewer non-specific psychological distress (-0.28; 95% CI: -0.43 to -0.14) was not mediated by objective status, material deprivation, or social support covariates. The observed relationship between status and mental well-being was consistent across successive study waves. Among a cohort of adolescents in Jimma, Ethiopia, several measures of objective status are associated with subjective status. However, akin to research among adults, the findings of our study suggest that the relationship between adolescent subjective social status and mental health persists above and beyond the effects of objective status. Future research is needed on the factors, environments, and experiences that inform adolescent perceptions of status and well-being over time., Competing Interests: None., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Objective: Relative socioeconomic status (SES) may be an important social determinant of health. The current study aimed to examine how relative SES, as measured by subjective SES, income inequality, and individual SES relative to others in the community, is associated with a wide range of adolescent health outcomes, after controlling for objective family SES. Method: Adolescents (13-16 years; N = 2,199) from the Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey were included. Socioeconomic measures included adolescents' subjective SES; parental education and household income; community education/employment, income, and poverty rate; and community income inequality. Health outcomes included self-rated health, mental health problems, dietary and exercise health behaviors, substancerelated health behaviors, reported physical health, and biomarkers of health. Best-fitting multilevel regression models (participants nested within schools) were used to test associations. Results: Findings indicated that lower subjective SES was associated with poorer health outcomes. After accounting for family SES, lower community education/employment had an additional negative effect on health, while lower community income had a protective effect for certain health outcomes. There was less evidence for an independent effect of income inequality. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of measures of relative SES that span across a number of levels and contexts, and provide further understanding into the socioeconomic gradient in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the psychological costs of incarceration, with a particular focus on how psychological factors are related to the social and economic difficulties of reentry. Using descriptive information from a nationally representative survey, this study reveals considerable anxiety, fear, and uncertainty among former inmates. The evidence also reveals that psychiatric disorders are, in some cases, even more disabling among former inmates than among others. The article situates this evidence within the larger debate on the social consequences of incarceration and discusses its implications. Psychological factors are certainly not the only barriers former inmates will face, but they are neglected in the literature and play an important role in how former inmates respond to other difficulties. They are also at the center of a persistent dilemma: former inmates must establish social connections upon release, but they must do so while harboring the stigma of a criminal record. Furthermore, former inmates who have a psychiatric disorder may be particularly disadvantaged because they experience two stigmas simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, this study explores the effects of incarceration on the subjective status of men, based on the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status (or the ''ladder"). The study makes several crucial distinctions. First, it distinguishes subjective status in one's community and subjective status in the United States generally, thereby exploring differences between the local and global meanings of incarceration. Second, it distinguishes crime, arrest, and incarceration, thereby exploring the added effects of contact with the criminal justice system, apart from offending. The results reveal that contact with the criminal justice system results in progressively lower status: those who committed a crime report lower subjective status than those who did not, those who were arrested report lower status than those who only committed a crime, and those who were incarcerated report lower status than those who were only arrested. Although these differences along the crime-to-sentencing continuum are strong, the effects of crime, arrest, and incarceration are, if anything, even stronger among African Americans than whites. The results also suggest that the effects of incarceration are similar to-if not greater than-those of other stigmatizing statuses, including having spent time in a psychiatric hospital. The effects of arrest and incarceration are not driven entirely by the social or economic consequences of incarceration, although these consequences further deflate subjective status among former inmates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study uses the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey to explore the relationship between mortality of men age 65 or younger and intragenerational mobility, measured objectively through household income and subjectively through social ranking. This relationship is considered in light of the social selection and social causation mechanisms developed in the literature as well as a proposed mechanism in which mobility itself is a consequential life event. The analysis spans the years 1994–2010, which covers the transitional period in Russia characterized by labor market restructuring and economic crisis as well as a later period of economic growth and recovery. Using Cox proportional hazard models, immediate and longer-term associations between mobility and mortality are estimated. Both subjective and objective downward mobility had an immediate positive association with mortality risk (increased by 44% and 24%, respectively). In contrast, upward mobility had a more pronounced effect over a longer-term horizon and lowered mortality risk by 17%. Controlling for destination status attenuated some associations, but findings were robust to the adjustment of selection-related factors such as alcohol consumption and health status in the year preceding mobility. Findings suggest that the negative relationship between upward mobility and mortality may be driven by social causation, whereas downward mobility may have an independent effect beyond selection or causation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There is growing concern in the United States about avoidable, unjust differences in health associated with sociodemographic characteristics, such as socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. This concern has sparked research to identify how disparities develop and how they can be reduced. Studies showing that disparities occur at all levels of socioeconomic status, not simply at the very bottom, suggest that psychosocial factors play an important role. The author discusses both content and process issues in psychological research on disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Associations between subjective status and health are still relatively unexplored. This study aimed at testing whether subjective status is uniquely confounded by psychosocial factors compared to objective status, and what factors that may predict subjective status. Design A cross-sectional analysis of a population-based, random sample of 795 middle-aged men and women from the southeast of Sweden. Questionnaires included subjective status, objective measures of socioeconomic status, life satisfaction, and a battery of psychosocial factors. Associations were controlled for effects of age and sex. Results Both subjective status and occupation were significantly associated with self-rated health also after control for psychosocial factors. Stepwise regression showed that subjective status was significantly influenced by self-rated economy, education, life satisfaction, self-esteem, trust, perceived control, and mastery. Conclusion The association between subjective status and self-rated health does not seem to be uniquely confounded by psychosocial factors. Both resource-based measures and psychological dimensions seem to influence subjective status ratings. Comparative studies are required to study whether predictors of subjective status vary between countries with different socio-political profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is only limited research on subjective social status (SSS) and its effect on health in general and in minority US populations in particular. This study first investigates the determinants of SSS and the relationship between SSS and objective social status. It then explores the relationships of SSS to self-reported physical health, self-reported mental health, and self-rated health (SRH). The study population consists of Mexican-origin individuals living in low-income neighborhoods in Texas and grouped into acculturation categories based on nativity and use of the Spanish language. We also investigate the role of reference groups. Results indicate that there is no disjuncture between subjective and objective status in this population but that the less acculturated groups rank their social status based on different criteria than the more acculturated. People compare themselves mainly with those similar to them and average subjective status in the different acculturation groups accurately reflects the objective status of the group. Sociocultural factors, in particular perceived differences in opportunities, explain differences between subjective and objective status. Subjective status was associated with all health outcomes. When controlling for objective status, subjective status was associated with mental health and SRH but not with physical health. Objective status indicators were consistently associated with all health outcomes, indicating the prominence of objective socioeconomic status in affecting health in this low-income minority population. Sociocultural characteristics appear to mediate the effect of SSS on health. In particular, perceived victimization might mediate the effect of SSS on mental health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this study was twofold—(1) investigate the role of subjective social status as a predictor of ill-health, with a further exploration of the extent to which this relationship could be accounted for by conventional measures of socioeconomic position; (2) examine the determinants of a relatively new measure of subjective social status used in this study. A 10 rung self-anchoring scale was used to measure subjective social status in the Whitehall II study, a prospective cohort study of London-based civil service employees. Results indicate that subjective status is a strong predictor of ill-health, and that education, occupation and income do not explain this relationship fully for all the health measures examined. The results provide further support for the multidimensional nature of both social inequality and health. Multiple regression shows subjective status to be determined by occupational position, education, household income, satisfaction with standard of living, and feeling of financial security regarding the future. The results suggest that subjective social status reflects the cognitive averaging of standard markers of socioeconomic situation and is free of psychological biases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: We study how life course objective socioeconomic position (SEP) predicts subjective social status (SSS) and the extent to which SSS mediates the association of objective SEP with nutritional status and mental health outcomes., Methods: We use data from participants of the INCAP Longitudinal Study 1969-2018 (n = 1258) from Guatemala. We use the MacArthur ladder for two measures of SSS - perceived community respect and perceived economic status. We estimate the association of SSS with health outcomes after adjusting for early life characteristics and life course objective SEP (wealth, schooling, employment) using linear regression. We use path analysis to study the extent of mediation by SSS on the health outcomes of body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ), psychological distress (using the WHO Self-Reported Questionnaire; SRQ-20) and happiness, using the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)., Results: Median participant rating was 5 [IQR: 3-8] for the perceived community respect and 3 [IQR: 1-5] for the perceived economic status, with no differences by sex. Objective SEP in early life and adulthood were predictive of both measures of SSS in middle adulthood as well as health outcomes (BMI, SRQ-20 and SHS). Perceived community respect (z-scores; 1 z = 3.1 units) was positively associated with happiness (0.13, 95 % CI: 0.07, 0.19). Perceived economic status (z-scores; 1 z = 2.3 units) was inversely associated with psychological distress (-0.28, 95 % CI: -0.47, -0.09). Neither measure of SSS was associated with BMI. Neither perceived community respect nor perceived economic status attenuated associations of objective SEP with health outcomes on inclusion as a mediator., Conclusions: Subjective social status was independently associated with happiness and psychological distress in middle adulthood after adjusting for objective SEP. Moreover, association of objective SEP with health was not mediated by SSS, suggesting potentially independent pathways., Competing Interests: None., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The external long-distance manifestations of the subjective status of a human being are analyzed. The subjective states of a human being can be objectively recorded at a long distance. A contact-free long-distance effect of human subjective status on the physicochemical parameters of the blood is demonstrated. The concept of the specific phenomena in the brain, which cannot exist in dead nature, is formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]