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In-band network telemetry (INT) is one of the promising technologies for achieving fine-grained and real-time visibility into the network, however, it brings non-negligible traffic overhead due to the increased packet length. Several sampling methods have been introduced to reduce the INT overhead; although, the provision of satisfactory network visibility was not well investigated. In this paper, we introduce a utility-based INT sampling rate allocation scheme, namely uINT, that aims to reduce data redundancy while improving network visibility. We conducted experiments using the software switches and demonstrated that uINT reduces redundantly collected INT data by up to 15% compared to sINT.

Ligilactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive lactobacilli commonly found in the intestinal tracts of vertebrates. It has been granted a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) status from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). One specific strain, Ligilactobacillus salivarius B4311, was isolated from fecal samples of broiler chickens from a farm associated with Chung-Ang University (Anseong, Korea). This strain was observed to have inhibitory effects against Listeria monocytogenes. In this paper, we present the complete genome sequence of Lig. salivarius B4311. The whole genome of strain B4311 comprises 2,071,255 bp assembled into 3 contigs representing a chromosome, repA-type megaplasmid, and small plasmid. The genome contains 1,963 protein-coding sequences, 22 rRNA genes, and 78 tRNA genes, with a guanine + cytosine (GC) content of 33.1%. The megaplasmid of strain B4311 was found to contain the bacteriocin gene cluster for salivaricin P, a two-peptide bacteriocin belonging to class IIb.

In this work, we generated submicron bubbles (nanobubbles) using nanobubble generating nozzles (NBGNs) with diamond pattern notches. NBGNs are of great interest because they can generate nanobubbles within vortices at high flow rates without any external energy supply. However, the mechanism that generates nanobubbles has not been fully understood due to the lack of characterization of nanobubbles and quantitative evaluation of nanobubble effects. Here, we revealed the presence of nanobubbles generated by NBGNs in turbulent flow using a high-speed camera with a high magnification lens and found the optimal flow conditions to generate nanobubbles. In addition, using a dynamic light scattering system, we confirmed the size distribution of nanobubbles. Furthermore, based on the type and material of NBGNs, the effect of nanobubbles was experimentally investigated. As a result, we found that the working fluid with nanobubbles produced by the NBGNs had low viscosity and high antibacterial properties due to the effect of nanobubbles. Moreover, the nanobubble effect was persisted or intensified for at least one day. As a result, we showed that NBGNs generated nanobubbles with a long-term effect on bacterial viability and liquid viscosity.

To investigate the spatial and temporal variability of air quality (CO, NO2, O3, and PM2.5) with a high spatial resolution in various adjacent micro-environments, 30 sets of sensor-nodes were deployed within an 800 × 800 m monitoring domain in the center of the largest megacity (Seoul) in South Korea. The sensor network was operated in summer and winter. The daily variation in air pollutant concentrations revealed a similar trend, with discernible concentration differences among monitoring sub-sites and a government-operated air quality monitoring station. These differences in pollutant levels (except PM2.5) among the sub-sites were pronounced in the daytime with high volumes of traffic. The coefficient of divergence and Pearson correlation coefficient showed that spatial and temporal variability was more significant in summer than winter. Ozone displayed the greatest spatial variability, with little temporal variability among the sub-sites and a negative correlation with NO2, implying that ozone concentrations were primarily determined by vehicular NOX emissions due to NO titration effects under the urban canopy. The PM2.5 concentration displayed homogeneous spatial and temporal distributions over the entire monitoring period, implying that PM2.5 monitoring with at least a 1 × 1 km resolution is sufficient to examine the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in urban areas.